Lesson 2 Quantitative Research

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Old Nalsian Road, Nalsian Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines 2418
Tel. No. (075) 522-8032/Fax No. (075) 523-0894/Website www.philcst.edu.ph
ISO 9001-2015 CERTIFIED, Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU)
Philippine Association of Maritime Institution (PAMI)
LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
After this lesson, you should be able to:

1. familiarize themselves with vocabulary terms to clarify
things about quantitative research;
2. communicative with others using the newly learned
vocabulary terms;
3. speculate about quantitative research;
4. define quantitative accurately;
5. compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research
based on some criteria or standards;
6. draw distinctions between a qualitative question from a
quantitative question;
7. ask questions any quantitative research seeks to answer; and
8. analyze the power of print media or electronic devices to
trigger off students' quantitative questioning.
Definition of Quantitative
Research
Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking,

statistical methods, and measurement signal the existence of
quantitative research. One word that reflects the true nature of this
type of research is numerical. This term, numerical, is a
descriptive word pertaining to or denoting a number or symbol to
express how many, how much, or what rank things are or have in
this world. Expressing meaning through numericals or a set of
symbols indicates specificity, particularity, or exactness of
something.
Quantitative research make you focus your mind on specific

things by means of statistics that involve collection and study of
numerical data. Thus, to give the basic meaning of quantitative
research is to say that research is a way of making any
phenomenon or any sensory experience clearer or more
meaningful by gathering and examining facts and information
about such person, thing, place or event appealing to your senses.
You use mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
division, and multiplication to study and express relationships
between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers or symbols.
Involving measurements and amounts, quantitative research seeks
to find answers to questions starting with how many, how much,
how long, to what extent, and the like. Answers to these questions
come in numerals, percentages, and fractions, among others.
(Suter 2012; Russel 2013).
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
Since quantitative research uses numbers and figures to

denote a particular thing, this kind of research requires you to
focus your full attention on the object of your study. Doing this
you tend to exclude your own thoughts and feelings about the
subject or object. This is why quantitative research is described as
objective research in contrast to qualitative research is subjective.
Characterized by objectiveness, in which only the real or factual,
not the emotional or cognitive existence of the object matters
greatly to the artist, quantitative research is analogous to scientific
or experimental thinking. In this case, you just do not identify
problems but theorize, hypothesize, analyze, infer, and create as
well. Quantitative research usually happens in hard sciences like
physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine; qualitative research in
soft sciences such as humanities, social sciences, education, and
psychology, among others.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research:
1. It utilizes deductive reasoning

2. The researcher progresses logically through a series of steps
3. Information gathered is numeric
4. The researcher is concerned with the use of numbers and
statistically analysis.
Weaknesses:
1. It is a limiting method for studying human being who are

inherently complex
2. It focuses on a relatively small portion of the human experience.
a. Weight gain
b. Depression
c. Chemical dependency
3. It is narrow and inflexible of vision.
Strengths:
1. Testing and validating already constructed theories about how

and why phenomena occur.
2. Data collection is relatively quick
3. Data analysis is relatively less time consuming (using statistical
software)
4. It is useful for studying large numbers of people.
5. It provides precise numerical data
6. It may have higher credibility with many people in power.
When to use Quantitative Research?
1. When quantitative/numerical answer is sought for;

2. When numerical change can accurately be studies using
quantitative methods.
Example: What is the percentage of the increase of SHS

this school year?
3. Useful for conducting audience segmentation. How? Dividing the

population into groups for research purposes.
4. Useful to quantify opinions, attitudes and behaviors and find out
how the whole population feels about a certain issue.
Example: to determine the level of awareness of

customers about bangus ice cream.
5. It is suitable to explain some phenomena
Example: What factors influence the interest of students

in enrolling tech-voc track?
6. It is suited in testing hypotheses.
Example: Relationship between students’ achievement and their

self-esteem.
CLASSIFICATION
Quantitative research is of two kinds: Experimental and Non-

experimental. Each of these has sub-type. Falling under experimental are
these specific types: true experimental, quasi-experimental, single subject,
and pre-experimental.
Quasi-experimental comes in several types such as matched

comparative group, time series, and counterbalanced quasi-experimental.
Non-experimental research, on the other hand, has these sub-types:
survey, historical, observational, correlational, descriptive, and
comparative research.
Importance of
Quantitative Research
The importance of quantitative research lies greatly in the

production of results that should reflect precise measurement and an in-
depth analysis of data. It is also useful in obtaining an objectives
understanding of people, things, places, and events in this world; meaning
attaching accurate or exact meanings to objects or subjects, rather than
inflated meanings resulting from the researcher's bias or personal
attachment to things related to the research. Requiring the use of reliable
measurement instruments or statistical methods, a quantitative study
enables people to study their surroundings as objective as they can. This
kind of research is likewise an effective method to obtain information
about specified personality traits of a group or of the group as a whole as
regards the extent of the relationship of their characteristics and the reason
behind the instability of some people's characteristics. (Muijs 2011; Gray
2012)
Quantitative vs.
Qualitative Research
Having obtained much knowledge about qualitative and quantitative

research, you are now able to compare and contrast the two based on some
standards or criteria appearing in the following table. (Muijs 2011; Sharp
2012)
Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Mental survey of reality Results from social Exists in the physical world
interactions
Clause-effect relationship Explained by people's Revealed by automatic
objective desires descriptions and circumstances
or conditions
Researcher's involvement with the Subjective; sometimes Objective; least involvement
object or subject of the study personally engaged by the researcher
Expression of data, data analysis, Verbal language (words Numerals, statistics
and findings visuals, objects)
Research plan Takes place as the research Plans all research aspects
proceeds gradually before collecting data
Behavior toward research aspects/ Desires to preserve the Plans all research aspects
conditions natural setting of research before collecting data
features
Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method
Standards Qualitative Quantitative

Purpose Makes social intentions Evaluates objectives and
understandable examines cause-effect
relationships
Data-analysis technique Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based methods
competence-based
Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific, or
systematic
Sampling technique More inclined to purposive Random sampling as the most
sampling or use of chosen preferred
samples based on some criteria
Research is the process of gathering data or information to solve a

particular or specific problem in scientific manner (Manuel and Medel)
Research Design - It contributes an outline of what the researcher
will do until the final analysis of the data. It is synonymous to the term
"method" of research.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Classifications Description Examples

1. Descriptive It focuses on prevailing Study on the learning
conditions or how a person, attitude of PHILCST SHS
group or thing behaves.
2. Historical It describes the present situation Study on why Filipinos are
in terms of past events lavish in festivities
3. Developmental It is the systematic study of Development of
designing developing and computer
evaluating processes and application/program
products that must meet criteria
of consistency and
effectiveness.
4. Case or Field It is an inquiry that investigates Study on why PHILCST
Study a phenomenon within its real grew this big
life context
Classifications Description Examples

5. Correlational Research It is Study on how drugs
Studies/Associational frequently used in affect the life of a
psychology to look for person
relationships between
variables. It is oftentimes
used in criminal justice
and criminology
6. Ex-Post It focuses on the analysis Study on the
Facto/Causal- of possible effect of a determination of
Comparative factor which cannot be incidence of lung
Research manipulated and cancer among heavy
(Yango, et.al) controlled smokers
7. Experimental It is the probing of a Study on the
(Yango, et.al) cause of an effect by effectiveness of a
exposing one or more homemade fertilizer to
experimental groups to the growth of mango
one or more treatments or
conditions
8. Exploration The investigation is after Project Feasibility
(Yango, et.al) probing of exploring Study
areas where little is
known about research
problem
9. Action Research It is intended to resolve Extent of the level of
(Soriano, 2011) some immediate policy satisfaction
concerns
RESEARCH
PROCESS
Steps Process Description

1. Idea  Researcher starts with his interest
Generating  Once interest is identified, the researcher has to start.
Phase - Reading articles and books
- Converse which people who are knowledgeable in
the area.
2. Problem  It involves the following activities:
Definition Phase - Identifications and definitions of variables
- Development of theoretical and conceptual
framework
- Formulation of major and specific problems
- Formulation of hypothesis
3. Procedures  Researcher has to decide on the methods and procedures
Design Phase he/she will use in the collection and analysis of data.
 The following are activities to be done:
- a. decision on what research
 methodology to employ
- b. selection of research participants
- c. development and validation of data – gathering
tools
- d. specification of the procedures to be observed in
the actual collection of data and the analysis of the
same.
Steps Process Description

4. Data  Data are gathered from the subject of the study.
Collection Phase
5. Data Analysis  Data are recorded, coded and tabulated.
Phase
6. Interpretation  Interpretation to base on how the data and in responding
Phase the research problem.
 After generating answers to the problem, the researcher
has to compare the result predicted based on the
theoretical framework.
7.  The researcher has to prepare a written or oral report on
Communication the study conducted.
Phase - a. publication
- b. presentation to colleagues or panel of experts.
A. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- It focuses on specific things by means of statics that involve the collection
and study of numerical data.
- It uses the mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, division and

multiplication to study and express relationship between quantities or magnitude
shown by numbers of symbols.
B. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- It pertains to the observable behaviors and activities and how they occur in
certain natural context.
- Researchers engages in QUALI research are participant - observers

themselves.

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PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

After this lesson, you should be able to:

Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking,

Quantitative research make you focus your mind on specific

Since quantitative research uses numbers and figures to

Characteristics of Quantitative Research:

1. It utilizes deductive reasoning

1. It is a limiting method for studying human being who are

1. Testing and validating already constructed theories about how

When to use Quantitative Research?

1. When quantitative/numerical answer is sought for;

Example: What is the percentage of the increase of SHS

3. Useful for conducting audience segmentation. How? Dividing the

Example: to determine the level of awareness of

5. It is suitable to explain some phenomena

Example: What factors influence the interest of students

6. It is suited in testing hypotheses.

Example: Relationship between students’ achievement and their

Quantitative research is of two kinds: Experimental and Non-

Quasi-experimental comes in several types such as matched

The importance of quantitative research lies greatly in the

Having obtained much knowledge about qualitative and quantitative

Standards Qualitative Quantitative

Research is the process of gathering data or information to solve a

Classifications Description Examples

Classifications Description Examples

Steps Process Description

Steps Process Description

- It uses the mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, division and

- Researchers engages in QUALI research are participant - observers

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