Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Array Specified by Only Its Nulls. Radiation Pattern of A General Array
Array Specified by Only Its Nulls. Radiation Pattern of A General Array
Objectives
Array synthesis.
In practice we need to design a variety of radiation patterns with a very tight control over the nulls and the side lobe
amplitudes. A user specifies the radiation pattern and the antenna engineer is asked to design an array which can give the
radiation pattern as close to the specified pattern as possible.
In general we have to control the complex currents of the individual elements of an antenna array to get the desired
radiation pattern.
The array synthesis problem is not a very straight forward problem as there may not be unique array for a given radiation
pattern.
The interfering signals can be suppressed by placing nulls of the array factor in the directions of their arrival.
Let there be an array of elements with complex currents respectively, where (i.e. currents
--------------- (A)
The array currents can be obtained from the knowledge or the nulls of the radiation pattern i.e. an array can be
synthesized for given nulls in the radiation pattern.
Note :
In this case there is no control over the direction of the main beam of the array and the array is completely defined by its
nulls.
The excitation currents are complex in general. The center element of the array is the reference element and its phase is
zero by definition. The elements around the center have conjugate symmetry, i.e. equal amplitudes but opposite phases.
The RHS is the Fourier series expansion of the array factor in with having period .
The array synthesis problem therefore reduces to the Fourier expansion of the AF. The Fourier coefficients give the
complex currents of the array.
Note:
To represent a periodic function, in general the Fourier series has infinite terms. However, the AF is expanded with a
truncated series of N terms. Consequently, the synthesized radiation pattern is an approximation to the prescribed pattern.
Larger the array (i.e. more elements in the array) better is the approximation to the desired pattern.
Module 7 : Antenna
The synthesized pattern is the least square fit to the desired radiation pattern.
The Fourier synthesis needs the radiation pattern specified in the -domain, whereas in practice the radiation pattern is
specified as a function of .
Conversion from to needs the knowledge of the inter-element spacing, d. For the Fourier synthesis, the array
designer has to select a-prior the inter-element spacing.
For the visible radiation pattern the angle , i.e. . This is called the visible range of .
The visible range of is a function of the inter-element spacing, d, whereas for the Fourier expansion the period is always
. For a unique synthesis, therefore the inter-element spacing should be equal to .
Some times the number of elements are not decided a-priori but the rms error between the synthesized and the desired
pattern is specified. In this case the rms deviation between the two patterns is calculated for different values of N and
satisfactory choice of N is made.
Module 7 : Antenna
Recap
Array synthesis.