QUALIFICATION: ANIMAL PRODUCTION SWINE NCII

SCHOLARSHIP: SPECIAL TRAINING FOR EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

TRAINER: ROMMEL A. HINGGOSA

CORE COMPETENCIES
1. HANDLE BREEDERS
2. HANDLE FARROWING SOWS AND SUCKLINGS
3. RAISE WEANLINGS
4. PRODUCE FINISHERS
5. MAINTAIN HEALTHY ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
6. APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

A. HANDLE BREEDERS
BREEDS OF SWINE
1. LAND RACE 6. BERKSHIRE
2. DUROC 7. POLAND CHINA
3. PIETRAIN 8. PHILIPPINE NATIVE
4. LARGE WHITE
5. HAMPSHIRE

SIGNS OF HEAT
1. VULVA MAYBE SWOLLEN AND RED 5. FREQUENT ATTEMPTS TO
2. CLEAR VISCOUS VAGINAL DISCHARGE LITTLE OR NO DISCHARGE
3. RESTLESS
4. MOUNTING BEHAVIOR

HEAT DETECTION TECHNIQUES

1. HAUNCH-PRESSURE TEST 4. TEASER BOAR
2. RIDING-THE-BACK TEST 5. SOUND TEST
3. SEMEN-ON-THE-SNOUT-TEST

BREEDING SYSTEM
1. OUTBREEDING 4. UPGRADING
2. CROSSBREEDING 5. PUREBREEDING
3. OUTCROSSING 6. INBREEDING
SEMEN EVALUATION FOR FERTILITY
1. COLOR 2. CONCENTRATION 3. MOTILITY 4. VOLUME

 Boar should be tested for brucellosis and leptospirosis by a competent veterinarian.

IDEAL BOAR

 PEDIGREE – boar must possess genetic potential

 LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE – growth rate and carcass quality should be considered.
 PHYSICAL FITNESS – free from physical defect
 HEALTH – free from parasites and diseases
 BODY CONFORMATION – legs and feet are strong, testes should be normal in shape and
size.
 TEMPERAMENT – Bad behaviour, aggressive, and cannibalism
 ADAPTABILITY – able to adapt the current climatic condition

IDEAL SOW

 AGE – not parturated 3-times should be selected

 LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE – Look for records, highest level of performance should be
chosen.
 PHYSICAL FITNESS – free from physical defect.
 HEALTH – free from diseases
 BODY CONFORMATION
 TEMPERAMENT
 QUALITY OF PRODUCTS – produce high quality meat
 MOTHERING ABILITY
 ADAPTABILITY
 PROLIFICACY – able to give larger litters

SIGN AND INDICATOR OF PREGNANT SOW

1. CALENDAR 2. PHYSICAL CHANGES 3. BEHAVIORAL CHANGES

BREEDING LOAD (BOAR)

AGES (months) No. of Services per week

7 or less NONE
7-9 2
9-12 5-7
12-18 7-8
18 and over 8-10
BOAR SELECTION, MANAGEMENT AND USE

 SELECT BOARS THAT ARE FREE FROM DEFECTS

 GROW FASTER THAN AVERAGE
 HAVE LESS BACK FAT THAN THE AVERAGE OF THE BREED
 A GOOD BOAR WILL REACH 90kg LIVE WEIGHT BEFORE ITS 140 DAYS OLD
 BUY BOARS AT LEAST FOUR OR FIVE WEEKS BEFORE THEY TIME. THIS WILL
ALLOW YOU TO HAVE TIME TO KEEP THEM IN QUARANTINE AND THEY WILL ADEPT
TO THE NEW ENVIRONMENT.

REPLACEMENT OF BOARS

 Too large to serve most of the sow on the farm

 Maximum working life of 18-24 months. Replaced at 30-36months.
 Infertile ones should be replaced as soon as possible. Keep a record always.
 Low Sex drive.

CULLING OF SOWS

 Sow is usually removed from the herd when her litters start to become smaller.
 Failed to heat
 Not Pregnant
 Failure to conceive at service (dli magawas ang anak/dli maka anak)
 Abortions
 Lameness [limp (foot or leg infections)]
 Old age
 Disease
 Lack of Milk or no milk let down
B. HANDLE FARROWING SOWS AND SUCKLINGS

SIGNS OF FARROWING/PAGBUBUNTIS
1. Biting or hurdles the guard rails
2. Sows on a sitting dog position.
3. Distention and enlargement of the udder
4. Enlargement and swelling of the vulva
5. Frequent urination
6. Milk let down
7. Mucous discharge

FARROWING PROBLEMS

1. MASTITIS – inflammation of the udder

2. METRITIS – retains the placenta
3. DYSTOCIA – difficult to give birth
4. AGALACTIAE – No milk let down
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN PIGLETS
At birth:
CLEANING AND DRYING  CUTTING OF UMBILICAL CORD  COLOSTRUM FEEDING 
IDENTIFICATION  TAIL DOCKING (optional)  WEIGHING
After Birth:
TOOTH CLIPPING – done on 2nd or 3rd day
IRON INJECTION – 0 to 3rd day
CASTRATION – 5 to 10 days
CREEP FEEDING – 7 to 14 days
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE DAILY FEED ALLOWANCE
 Stage of Lactation
 Condition of the Sow
 Litter Size
COMMON DISEASE FOR PIGLETS
 E.COLI – sudden death (DIARRHEA)
 COCCIDIOSIS – diarrhea at 10-21 days
 OVERLAY/TRAUMA – sudden death
 STARVATION – weakness death
 STILLBIRTH – born dead
 MISCELLANEOUS – lameness, sudden death and infections
 EXUDATIVE EPIDERMITIS – skin lesion, death
C. RAISE WEANLINGS

FEEDING PROGRAM
1. COMPLETE DIET SYSTEM
2. COMPLETE SUPPLEMENT SYSTEM
3. BASE MIX SYSTEM
4. PREMIX SYSTEM
FEEDING SCHEDULE
 Pre-starter  5 days old to 1.5 months
 Starter  1.5 months to 3 months
 Grower  3 months old to market age
 Breeder mass  Boar, Sow and Gilt
FORM OF FEEDS
1. Mash 2. Crumble 3. Pellets
TYPE OF FEEDS COMMON FEED STUFF
1. Pre-starter (booster) Rice bran, Corn bran, Ground Corn, Corn grits
2. Starter Copra meal, Soya meal, Fish meal, Ipil-ipil leaf meal
3. Grower and Molasses
4. Lactating
5. Gestating

D. PRODUCE FINISHER
 Average daily gain (ADG) – average daily increase in weight
 Feed Conversion Ratio – amount of feed given from the start of finishing until the pigs are
marketed and is needed in computation of FCR.
 HACCP – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
 GAP – Good Agricultural Practice

DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM MARKET WEIGHT FOR A GROUP OF PIGS

1. BASE VALUE (BV)  amount of carcass yielded from each pig multiplied by the carcass
market price.
BV = Pig live weight (lb) x carcass yield (%) x carcass base price ($/carcass weight)
Carcass Yield (%) = Hot carcass weight (lb) / pig weight at the farm (lb)
2. PREMIUM VALUE  previous marketing data from the packer. (porkgateway.org)
(anaay software dw, calculate using quadratic regression line)
3. GROSS VALUE  Base value ($/pig) + Premium Value ($/pig)
4. FEED COST  Feed cost = Feed efficiency (lb feed/lb gain) x Live body weight (lb) x
feed cost ($/lb)
 5. FACILITY COST = days required for growth x facility cost ($/pig)
E. MAINTAIN HEALTHY ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT

IDENTIFYING HEAT STRESS

 Panting
 Increased Respiration Rate, Salivation And water intake
 Loss of Appetite
 Listless/Lethargy
 Severe Cases: Unconscious

6 COMMON POLLUTANTS

1. Carbon Dioxide 4. Nitrogen Dioxide

2. Ground Level-Ozone 5. Particulate Matter
3. Lead (Pb) 6. Sulfur Dioxide

WATER QUALITY TESTING

1. CHEMICAL CONTENT – metals, hardness (calcium and magnesium) and others

2. PHYSICAL CONTENT – turbidity (kalubogon), color and odor
3. BIOLOGICAL CONTENT – fecal and total coliform, viruses

CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF TANKS AND PIPES

1. Cleaning the tanks/pipes

2. Disinfecting the tank
3. Chlorine testing

F. APPLY BIO-SECURITY MEASURES

TYPES OF IMMEDIATE THREATS AND EFFECTS

1. Natural Calamities – typhoon, tsunami, wildfires, ashfall and others

2. Physical Threat
 Pollution
 Synthetic Chemicals
 Oil Spills
 Toxic Metals

BIO-SECURITY- protection of health through avoidance of disease

BIO-SECURITY MANAGEMENT – management practices to protect livestocks from diseases

and pathogens
BIOLOGICAL RISK MANAGEMENT – overall process of evaluating the facility based on the
risk of infectious disease entry and spreading.

Vulnerability of Animals on a Farm to disease is influenced by a number of factors including:

Cleanliness, Stress and Nutrition, and other Management Factors.

3 MAIN ISSUES TO ADDRESS IN SUCCESSFUL BIO-SECURITY MANAGEMENT

1. ISOLATION
2. TRAFFIC CONTROL
3. SANITATION
BIO-SECURITY BIOLOICAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONSIDERED 5 MAIN ROUTES

 Aerosol Transmission – through air droplets

 Direct Contact – example. Blood, saliva, rubbing or biting, breeding (Venereal
transmission), dam to offspring (In-utero transmission)
 Fomite Transmission – needles, clippers, contaminated brushes and others
 Oral Transmission – Contaminated feed, water or chewing objects
 Vector-borne Transmission – Flies, Mosquitoes and Cockroaches
Neck is recommended injection site.

TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
1. Sunlight 3. Hot water
2. Heat 4. Fire

RECORD KEEPING
1. Identify each animal --- you can use ear tags, ear notching, or neck ropes
2. Keep Maintain Records on All Animals on Pertinent Production Parameters,
Vaccination Given and other Drugs Treatment
3. Periodically Review Records for Completeness and Accuracy

5 WAYS TO INJECT OUR SWINE

1. INTRAMUSCULAR (IM INJECTION) – muscles
2. SUBCUTANEOUSLY or SQ – under the skin
3. INTRAPERITONEALLY or IP – abdominal
4. INTRAVENOUS or IV – in the veins
5. INTRANASAL or IN – in the nasal passage (nose)