On tdp sink hoe niing cao 9 + 12 CAC CONG THUC TINH TOAN PHAN I, CAU TROC ADN L. Tinh sf nucl@out sila ADN hodc cia.gen ~ Trong ADN , 2 mgeh 66 sung nhau , nen s8 nu va chidw di cba 2 mach bing ahaw . Ane Tre Gre Xpm Ty +p 6 X40) = + Trong cling mot mach, A va T cng nlueG vi X , khOng lien két bd sung nén khOng abst thigt phi bAng hau. Sy bd sung chi ¢6 gia 2.mach : Aca mach nly bé sung vai T cla mach kia, Geila mach nay bé Sang vi X cla mach kia . Vi vdy , #6 ou mi Logi d mach 1 bang sf nu logi bs sung mach 2 Apes Trey 7GreXy s Nye Gy 2 Dai vi ci 2 mach : + $6 nu mdi fost ca ADN IA 80 nix bogi 6.9 cd 2 much ; AsToAy + Ay = Ty+Ty = Art Ty @ Ay 4 Ty GaN eG, +G, =X,4X; = G14 Xp 2G) +X) Chit 9 :khi tinh 18% Gea we T= BANSAL MTT 2 2 Gu %X= serena? a1 ston ” Ghinhd - Téng 2 toxi mu khée nhém b6 sung ludn ludin bing nita si nu cila ADN hose bling 50% 56 nu ADN : Nuntic Iai nd biét; + Tong 2 logi nu = N/2 Hoge bing SO% ih) 2 Logi nu 46 phi khde nhom bd sung + Téng 2loai nu khde N/2 hoe khic $0% UN 2 logi nu 6 phi cng ohdm b8 sung ‘Téng sf nu cia ADN a tdng af ca 4 logt nu A +T + GX. Nhumg theo nguyen the bi sung (NTBS) A=? GeX . Vi voy. tong 9 nu cla ADN due (inh ta: N=2A+2G =21+2N hay N22 A+G) do dsasa =% Hose "RA + %G = SOM 4. Tinh si chu kixodn (C) Mot chu ki xodn gbm 10cdp nu = 20 oy , khi bi€t 1Gng x6 na ( Nycda ADN: NeCr10 = cx §. Tinh kho) Inting phan ur ADN (ML); Mot nu oo kbd) lung trung binh fh 300 Ave. khi bigt dng sO nu suy ra Mx Nx 300 dre Phan i ADN 1a I chubi gém 2 thach din chay song song va x déu 4$n quanh I uye. vi voy chidu Ai cla ADDN a chiéu dai ca I mach va bling chiéu dij truc cla nd Midi mach od x mucledtit, dd dai cla | qua 3,4 A°On tdps sink hye wing cuo 9 + 12 be > .ada Bon .vi thing slang; . I mieromet = 10* angstron ( A") . | micromet = 10" pandmet ( at) . Lm = 10" micedinet = 10mm = 107A? ‘Ti Tinh a8 Hen ket Hide va lin ket Hida Te DP 1. SO Men Wet Hides CEL) + Acda mach nay nd) voi T & mach kia Wang 2 Hen Ke hidrd + Gola mach may noi vi X 9 mach kia bing 3 lid kOe bided ‘Vay 86 lin két hided eda gen IA: H=2A +3G hoge H=274+I3N 2 SO lien ket hod tr} (HT) a) $6 lid két hod tri nd eSe ma tr | mach gen: a oN ‘rong mdi mach don cba gen 2 mo n6i vai nbn bhag 11k hos tr, 3 nu ni nau bg 2 Mk hos tj. su n6i nan Bing “1 b) Sd lien ket hod tr] nd ede pu tron 2 mach gen : at A) Do sf lida két hod tri nOi git cc nu trén 2 mach cla ADN: at -1) ©) S lién ket hod tr} dung — phorphat trong gen (HT pe) Ngoai cic lién két hod tri n6i gidta cde nu trong gen thi trong mBinu e6 I Ii bod tr) edu thdah phdin cha HsPO, vio think phiin dutng . Do dé 36 lin két hod uj B = P tronged ADN 13 + Mora 2 +1) 4N=2(N-1) PHAN. CO CHE TY NHAN DOI CUADN 1. TINH S6 NUCLEOTIT TY DO CAN DUNG + Khi ADN wiahin di hotn tobn 2 mach dBu lién két ede mW Uo theo NTBS : Asa m6 v0 Try. vb gute 101; Gan HO VOL X ry oo VA nguide lai. VI vay 56 hu edo indi logi edn ding bing so nu ma loai nd bé sung AusTyeA=T; Gus Xu=GaX 4+ $6 nu uy do clin ding bing so nu cia ADN ~ Pay Husng ~ Jen _On tp sink hoe wing cao 9 + 12 Nuan %.Qua nbiéu dyt wy nhin doi (x dut) + Tins ADN con =. ADN me qua I dgt ty nhin di tao 2 = 2" ADN con +L ADN me qua 2 dgt ty nhdin dO) go 4 = 2! ADN con + LADN me qua3 duit of ahdn d0i (go 8 = 2’ ADN con + LADN ing qua x dgt ty niin 01 10 2" ADN con Vay: Tdng 6, ADN con = + Did dot ty nin d6i mao , trong 66 ADN con qo ra tit | ADN ban du , vin cé 2 ADN con mi mi ADN con nay cé chita | mach cd cla ADN mg . Vi vay 8 ADN con con Iai Ih c6 ci 2 mach cu thnh hon ton tir nu méi cla mdi trutmg ndi bho . SO ADN con cé 2 mach déu mdi = 2'= 2 ~ $6 nu ey do cn ding th) ADN trdi qua x dt cy:nhin di bing ting s8 nu sau cng coup trong cfc ADN con trif 56 nu ban diu cla ADN me © Téng sf nu sau cing trong trong céc ADN can : N.2* ¢ S& nw ban ddu cla ADN mg :N Vi vy t8ng sf nu ny do-cén diing cho | ADN qua x dot ty nha dai: Live N2-NaN 2D = $6 nu ty do mdi Jozi clin ding 1a: Y4w= Vw = ac"-s) Vous Dia = Gera) + Néu tinh 58 nu ty do cla ADN con mi c6 2 mach hon than mdi : LN sana cate ma = NY 2¥- 2) LA sata nie w= LT a = ACI TE setninne = TX y = G2" 2) ITINH SG LIEN KET HIRO ; HOA TR] B- P DUOC HINH THANH HOAC BI PHA VO 1 a. Tinh sf én két hidrOb| phi v2 vA sO Hn k€t bided dutyc binh think Khi ADN ty nhin d0i hodn todn : = 2mych ADN tich ra, ce lldn két hided gia 2 mach du bj phd vO ndn sO lidm két hidro bi pha vO bing sO lin kéthided cin ADN Hbj ditt =H aon - MBi mach ADN déu ndi c&e nu wf do theo NTBS bling ce i8n ket hidré nén sO Hen két hide duc hinh thanh 1a (ng s6 lin két hides cla 2 ADN con Hhinh thanh=2. Hapy b. SO Men ket hod tej duye hints (hiuh ‘Trong qué winb ty nhlin dOi eda ADN , lién két hod tr] BP adi ede nu trong mdi mach cla ADN khong bj phd. va. Nhung ede nu ur do déy bé sung thi duye n6i vdi nhaw bing lin két hod tej dé hioh thdnh 2 mach mai Vi vay s6 lide két bod tr duye hinh thigh bing sé lien két hod ur] n6i cdc nu vai nhaw trong 2 mach cla ADN ae S,SSYSv ~ Pray Hlaténg ~ Sea 5On tdp sink hoe nang euo 9+ 12 IT didge hinh thanh = 2( — -1)aNe2 2.Qua obidu dut ty nhl dali x ddt ) . 4. Tinh (6g 86 Wen Ket hide bl phd vil vik tng sé lien ket hidrd binh thanh : “Ting si Nida k&t hided bj phd vO: E Wb pha va =H (2"- 1) + Tég x lien ke hided duye hint thanh : XY Whdnb thanb = 12° b. Tdhg sé Hen ket hod tr] duye Hinh thank ; Lign két hod tr] due hinh thinh ti nhang lién két hos trj nd cde nu uy do Iyi than chudi mach polinucl&dtit mai $6 1ién kEt hod te} 08h che nu trong mdi mach dun = g “] = Trong tng si mach don cia ede ADIN con con co 2 mgch ed cha ADN me dutic gid lai ~ Do dé sf mach moi trong cic ADN con lit 2.2" - 2, vi vay (Sng sO Vién két hod tr] duc hinh thinh he 7 En hink thin = “DAP = 2)2(N-)(2-D IIL TINH THOI GIAN SAO MA C6 thé quan niém sy lign két cde nu ty do vie 2 mach ela ADN It ddng thai, khi mach nay tiép hin va déeg gép difyc bao nhiéu nu thi mach kia ofing Tien két duye bay nhiéu nu +S nu dite Uiép dhdn vi lig két trong 1 eiiy 1. Thdi gian dé 2 mach eda ADN tip nhin va kién két nu ne do ~ Khi biét thati gian d€ tip nhdn va | ién ket trong | nui dt, thd pint tu sau dutgc tinh [a : TGatsa0 2d. % + Khi bidt We dd ny sao (endl gily lin két dutde bag nhiéu nu dhi thiti gian wy nhan doi cla ADN 14 TG Wsao= N: the df texa0 PHAN tI, CAUTRUC ARN LTINH SO RIRONUCLEOTIT CUA ARN: SAR tuning gdm 4 loai ribinu : AUG, X va duge tSng hgp ttt I mach ADN theo NTBS . Vi vay 86 ibn eda ARN bing 6 nu | mach cla ADN rN srAerU +rG4rx= X + Trong ARN A vi U cing nh G vi X khong lién ket b6 sung nén khOng nhitt thigt phdi bing nhau. Sy 26 sung ch 6 gia A, U GX cia ARN ld hut vi T, A,X ..G eda mgch gée ADN', Vi vy a6 eibdny mdi logi eda ARN bing sO nu bé sung d mych ge ADN , rA=T gc jrU= Agdc 1G =X pbc 1X = Ggie £ Chui ti Ngwye lai , 86 lugng vi ti Ig % ting togi nu eda ADN dutge tinh nur sau : Say Nag = desOn ip sink hye ning cao 9+ 12 + SO lying : AsT= rA 41U GaN aR +X +THe &: Nort er 2 YerG+ Mert 2 A oho Ga %N= A TINTE KHOL LUGNG PHAN TU ARN (Mau) MOt ribénw cd khdi hegng trang binh 1h JOO dve, nga: Maw = rN. 300dve = £ - 300 dve TL Tint CHreU DALVA SO LIN KET HOA TRY D=P CUA ARN 1 Tinh chigu dal : = ARN gém od mgch tN ribdnu voi dd did tin 1a 3,4 A. Vi vay chigu dai ARN bing chidv dai ADN tng hdp nn ARN dé = Vivly apy © Ean 20.3409 = Sagat 2. Tinh sf Hen két hod tr] D-P: + Trong chudi mych ARN : 2 ribonw ndi nhau bhng | lién kéthod ti ,3 ribénu adi ohau bling 2 tien ket hod trj Do 46 5 lida kéthos tr) adi e&e ribdau trong mach ARN {h AN — 1 + Trong mbi ribdnw c6 1 1ién két hod tri gn than phéin axit HyPO. vio thinh phan dutng . Do dé 6 lien Kt ha tr) logi nby o6 trong rN ribs th rN Vay 8 liém két hod tr) D =P cola ARN : AT aa= rN 1+ eN 2a PHANTY . CO CHE TONG HOP ARN 1. Tint S6 RIBONUCLEOTIT TY DO CAN DUNG 1. Qual lin sao ma: Khiténg bgp ARN . chi mach géc cla ADN lim khudn miu lién cde ribonu ty do theo NTBS = Aga? U any 5 Tap nit A ae Grown Kaen 5 Xanwndit Gay Viviy: + Sd ribonu us do mdi fogi cn dang bang 36 nu log ma nd b6 sung wen mac goc cla ADN rAg= Tye ¢ a= Ags rGu= Xp, Xue Gy, +88 ribdau ty do cfc logi edn dng bing 98 mu cw ¥ mgch ADN ae 2. Qua nhiéu dn sao ma (kk 1dm) MOj lin sao mil tao nén | phi ni ARN nth sf phiin ti ARN sinh ru tir f gen blag x6 ldn sao ma oda gen ds. SO phint® ARN =S6ldn suomi = K ~ Puny: tuidng ~ Sea, $On tip vith hoc mang cao 9442 ae 7 SB tbr wf do cin ding Wb 46 ribOnd edu than ede phn iF AlN. Ve vay quit K tn think cde phn wd ARN thi wing x6 ribdou ny do cdn ding fas EB Nas KerN 4 Suy Indin cng «y, <6 ribénu ty do mai Boat cdn ding 1a: Yds sks. Te 5 YL Uae KK. Ae EtG eKiGeK Xp i ZY hy eK XK. Gee © Cho y : Khi biét x0 ribdnu ty do cla ding eta load: + Mudin xc dinh mach khudin miu va xi Mn sao ma thi chia 66 ribdna d6 cho x6 wu logi b6 sung O mach | via mach 2 cda ADN => $6 Kin san md phai Ii ite 36 gitta 66 ribbOnu a6 vi s6 nu loat bé sung a mach khudn miu + Trong tntiing hyp clin cif vao I foot ribau wr do cdn ding ma chita dd née dinh mach géc cin 6 8 ribdnu ny do logi khde th) sin sac ma phii [8 ude s6 churig gilte £6 rib6nu ny do mdi foai cn ding wai 38 pu logi bd sung cla mach gic 11. TINT SO LIEN KET HIDRO VA LIEN KET HOA TRI D -P: 1, Qua t Hin sao ma: a, SO lin két hidro : Hdd =H any Wohin than = FH ane => dit = H hinh thank = Hany b, Siem ket hos er: AT hinh think =N=1 2. Qua nhiéu tin sao ma (K in): a, Téing 56 lida k&t hidd bj pha ¥0 EM phd a= k b. Téng 56 tin ket hod tr) hinh thinh : LAT hinh tanh = K (rN - 1) ILL. TINH THO GIAN SAO MA : * Tée dd sao mA : Sé ribénu duge Sp nhlin va Hien ket nhaw trong | giddy. “Thiti glan sao mil: = DSLvdi mil in sao mi + 1h 1hai lan dé much poe cia gon tiép nhdin va lien ket cdc ribOnw we do think cde pluin wr ARN: +Khi biét thoi gian dé viép nisin | ribGou 1h dt th) thai ginn sao ml la: TG sao md = dt rN + Khi biét We dO sao mil ( mdi gidy fldn ket diye buo ohiéu ribOnu ) th) thi gian sao mil IA: TG soo md = FN: (6c dp x00 md + B61 vdi nbidu lila sao mi CK iin): + N&u thili gian chuyén tigp gitta 2 Mn sao ma md khOng ding ké thi thii gian sao ms mhiéw ln la: TG sao ma nhidu tin = K TG sao mi | ln 4 Néu TG chuyén tip gidu 2 Mn suo ena lin wep ding ké 1h At thi gian sao mA nhiéu Mn th : ‘TG sao md nbidu lin = K TG sito ma 1 Ady + (K-1) at ~ Pay Matay ~ deo 6On tdp sinh hoe ndng cao 9+ 12 PHANIV . CAUTRUC PROTEIN 1. TINH SO BO BA MAT MA - 80 AXIT AMIN +Ci3 nu ké tiép nhan én mach ge cha gen hop thinh | by ba md ge, 3 ribsnw ke tiép eds mach ARN thong tin (@ARN) hyp thanb | 9 ba nll sao . Vi sd ribOnu cla mARN bing vol x0 nu cda mach gdc , néns6 bo ba mA géc trong gen bing s6bd ba mi sav trong mARN . S068 ba mars =X =e + Trong mach ge cia gen cfing abit trong 48 ma sa0.clla mARN thi 06 Jb ba ms két in Cac bd) ba cdn Isi co m4 hod a.amin S8b6 ba c6 md hod a amin (asémin chill polipepetiy= x “de S t + Ngodi ma két thc khong mii héaa junta md ddu ty c6 mA boa a amin , nhumg aamin nity bi edt bd khOng thangia vio cfu tiie protéin $6 a ain cia phan ti protein (a.amin ped hoan chinh )= 5 +25 x 23 U1, TINH S6 LIEN KET PEPTIT + SO lin ket peptit hinh think = 80 phan it H,0 tao ra + Haj a amin o6i nba bhng | lien két pépilt . 3a amin od 2 lién két peptit min th) 0 lidn két peptit IA = Sd'lidn kit peptit =m =1 chubi polipeptit c6 1. Tint S6 CACH MA HOA CUA ARN VA SO CACH SAP DAT A AMIN TRONG CHUOI POLIPEPTIT Cée logi a amin va cde bd ba mi hod: C6 20 Logl a amin thuOng gip trong céc phiin t prdtéin aby saw : 1) Glixérin: Gly 2) Alanin ; Ala 3) Valin : Val 4) Loxin : Lew 5) Lrolaxin : He 6) Xerin : Ser 7) Treonin : The 8) Xistein : Cys. 9) Metionin: Met 10) A. aspartic: Asp 1 }Asparagin: Aso 42).A glutamic : Glu 13) Glutamin :Gln 14) Arginin: Arg. 15) Livin: Lys 16) Phenilalanin :Phe 17) Tirozin: Tyr 18) Histidin : tis 19) Triptofan : Trp 20) Prdlin : pro Bang bG ba mdt ma A ~ uuu UX UAU | Tyr vaUy U - oux late UX VAX UGX J cys | x UUA UXAfser |UAA™ = |UGA** A UUG Leu_|ux UAG UGG Tp |G xUU xxU xauy His |XGU u xux LLew/Xxx [Pro |XA XGX x x |XUA XXA XAA XGA [Arg | A xUG XXG xaG J Gin [XGG G Fe ~ Peay bideng ~ Jew coOn tip sinh hoe nang can 9 + 12 Kihita:* ma ma ddu 7 Oem KEE the PHAN V.cOCHE TONG HOP PROTRIN 1TINH SG AXIT AMIN TY DO CAN DUNG: Trong qui tinh gidi ma , tng hop protein, chi b6 ba nko cia mARN cé mil hod amin thi mdi duoc ARN mang 4 amin én gidi ms. 1) Gidi mi wo thanh | phan uf protein: © Khi riboxdm chuy6n djch tirdiu nay dén div no cia mARN 4€ hinh thinh chudi polipeptit thi so 9 amin ty do cn ding duge ARN vin chuy€t mang 4&n Wa dé gidimi md div va che mi ké tiép . mA cui ching khong duye gid. Vi vay s0 a amin ty do cin dingh cho mi Hin téing hdp chubi potipeptit IA : iN $6 a amin t¢do cdn dong: SO amy -4 tr 3 «Kh dl khdi riboxOm , rong chudi polipeptit khdng cin a amin ting dng voi anh md dhu Do a6, 66 a amin Wf do cn ding dé cu thhnh phan td protein (thum gia vao cu tric prowin dé thre hign che ming sinh hoe ) la: $60 amin ty do cin ding a€ eu (hank protéin hoan chink: MyM 88 nip Mae a 2.) Gidi mi too think abidu phan ud proiin > © Trong qué trinh gidl ma , (rig hyp provéin , mdi tugt chuyén dich cba ribdxdm trea mMARN sé tao. than’ 1 cbudi polipeptit . (Con riboxomchuyén dich qua MARN va khong tnd toi fh oO n hayh tray oda ribéxdm , Do dé x phan ut protein ( gdm 1 chudi potipeptit = 6 Lungt trvegt cada riboxdm tye nhidu phn tit mARN cong loi. MbimARN déu 66 a lugt Ld md Wi K plain tif mARN 8 tg0 ra 66 phan Wt prosdin . Motgen sao ma nhiéu Mo, ribOxOm truyt qua thi qua (nati gi ~ Maruy tldig - JaOn tip sink how ning wae 94 42 ¥ si Ps dng 90 ligt trvgt RB = Kn © Téng 66 axit amin ny do thu due hay ty dong vita dé tham gia yao cfu tnic cic phiin tir protein vita dé cham gia ma md du. Vi vby : -Téng 6 axit amin ty do duyse ddng cho qué tinh gidi ma 1d «6 axit amin ham gia vdo cu tnic phéin ut Protein va 56 anit amin thjam gia vio vide gidi mi md dau (dutye ding 1 iia md md thOi). Ean = sor (2 ny = Km + Téng 86 a amin tham gia cfu inde protéin dé thye hign chde nang sinh hoc ( KhOng ké a amin md du ) ¥ ar sso -2) 11. TINH SO PHAN TU NUGC VA SO LIEN KET PEPTIT ‘Trong qué trinh gidi mihi chudi polipeptit dang hin thinh thi ctf 2 axit amin ké tiép noi nhau bing Bn ket peptit thi dng thi: gidi phing | phiin tid mute, 3 axit amin ni nhau bang 2 fién két paptit, dng thoi gidi phong 2 phan tir nude. Vi voy + © SOphan wf nitde due gidi phing trong qué tinh gidi mata | chudi polipeptit 1A SS phn tiy HO gidi phong = * 22 * Téng sf phiin ti nude duge gili phong trong qué (rink (Sng hip nhidw phiin tit protein (mdi phan tir protein 14 1 chudi polipeptit ). L W.O util phing = o6 phon Wtprosein. 2 © Khi chudi polipeptit rit khdi riboxom tham gia chife nding sinh hoc thi axit amin md ddu tach ra 1 mdi én két peptit di anit amin dé khOng con Ys6 Hen kél peptit thye ay two If p duge Ib 2 Je sf aap-1. vi vay Sng sf lien kes peptit thy ay hinh thin wong ede phiin tik protein th : Z peptit = Téng so phan tt protein 7 <3) 286 PU66 wap -1) U1. TINH SO ARN VAN CHUVEN (1ARN) Trong qué tint i6ng bgp protein, (ARN nang axit amin dén gidi ma. MOi luyt gidi ni, WARN cung e&p 1 axit amin > mot phan th ARN gidi ma bao nbidw lugy th) cung cffp bay nhiéy axit amin Sy gidi ma eda LARN cé thé khOng gidng nhau : 6 lowi gid ma Ftdn, e6 ogi 21Mn, UML = N€uco x pliin af gidi ma ln > s6 aado ching cung cp ta 3x. y phin td gidi mi 2 lin > lady. zphin ur gidi ma Piin > 1h 2 Vay tng s6 axit amin c&n dling IA do céc phin tit (ARN vin chuyén 3 loei dé cung clip > phe tinh Sx+dyte= F aantdocdnding ~ Fany Huang ~ Jer 9On tip sink hye ming can 9 +12 IV. SY DICH CHUYEN CUA RIBOXOM TREN ARN THONG TIN LW$n t6e trvfgt cda riboxom trén mARN - LA 4) dai MARN mi riboxom chuyén dich dite won 1 gidy. + C6 thé lish vin te trvdt bing cdch cla chiéu dai mARN cho thiti gian riboxom tnaye to du ao dén ddu kia. (erst h&t Maen ) ve ! (At) + T8c dd gidi ma eda RB; ~ LA s6 axit amin eda chudi potipeptit kéo di trong 4 gidly (sib) ba dufgc gidi trong | gidy ) = S6 bd ba mA RB trig trong | gidy . + C6 thé tinh bing cach chia so'bd ba cba mARN cho thoi gian RB nyo hét MARN, ‘Toe A) gidl ma = sO bd ciim MARN : 2. That gian tng hop t phan at protein (phan nt protein gdm 1 chudi polipeptit ) - Khi riboxom tragt qua md két thiic, réti khOi mARN thi m¢t8ng hop phan tit protein cla Hiboxom dé duc xem 7A hodn lt, Vi vay thoi gia Winh thank 1 phiin tir protein e@ng th thai gian riboxom tnggt hét chidu dai mARN (tir ddu nodén du kia). ct 3. Thot glan mdi riboxom tritgt qua hot MARN ( ké tif hic ribOxdm 1 bat ddu trangt ) Goi dt: khodng thai gian ribOxdm sau tug! chim hon rikoxdm tne = DS WRB Ist = Doi vIRB2:t+ Ar > Boi vei RB 3:14 2a - Tuong ty 861 vol cdc RB edn Iai VL TINH 36. AAMIN TY DO CAN DUNG DOT VOI CAC RIBOXOM CON THEP XUC VOI mARN ‘Téng sf a amin ty do cin dong 461 vai cdc tiboxom eb Hgp xe ¥Oi L MARN 1A tng cla cae diy polipepti ma mdi riboxom dé gibi end durye : £ dae = at art —ta, Trong dé zx = 36 riboxdm 5.4) 03 .. = si a amin ca chudi polipeptit cia RBI, RB2__ * Néu trong ede riboxom eich déu haw 1h) sa antin trong chudi polipeptit cia mi riboxom 46 thn gt hon nhaw Wt Thing $8; > 96 « amin ciiw ing riboxom hop thanh I diy ep $6 cng : + SO hang dtu a; © 56 | wumnin cw RBE + Céng sai d= sd a amin 0 RB sau kein Hon 36 a amin insic dé , + SO hang eda dy x = sf riboxom od tip xde MARN ( dang tru itn MARN ) Téng sa amin ty docdn ding th tng chu Way cfip 16 cOng dé: Sem Fa+(e- 194)On tp sink hoc nang cup 9 + 12 PHAN T, CAU TROC ADN L.Tinh.s# nveltatit cia ADN bode cia. gen 1.14) val mdi mach cin gen; + Trong ADN , 2 mach bS sung nhau , néns6 nu vd chidu dai cia 2 mach bing mhau MAT +G6)6N8 Tye Ae Xie =e + Trong cng mot mach, Ava T cng nbu G va X, khong Hen két b6 sung nén khdng obit thiét phai bing nha. SUBS sung chi cd gifta 2 mach; Ala moch ny 6 sung vai Toda meh kia, G cba mach nhy bé sung voi X cla mach kia. Vi way , sO nu mdi fogi d mach 1 bling 56 nu loai bé sung mach 2. Ay =Ts Tre Ap j Gre My § Xr= Ge 2G) vai ca.2 mach : - $6 nw mBi logi cba ADN TA 46 pu togi 46-8 cd 2 mach : AsT 2 Apt Ars Ty Ty 2 At Ty & ADOT G=N =G,+G, =N,+X, = Gt XN, = G14 My Choi 9 ski tinh AF 18% Gietie Halenee sri _ WGI+G2 WALLA er Ghinkd : Téng 2 loai nw khée shém b6 sung lub ludn bing nifa s6 nu cia ADN hodc bang 50% si nu ADN : Nguge lai néu bidt: + Tdng 2 Jogi ny =N /2hode bAng SO% thl 2 lopi nu dé phai khdc nhom bé sung + Téng 2loai nu kha N/2 hole khdc 50% thi 2 fogi nu 46 phdi cing nhém bd sung %G=GN= ‘Téng 56 nu cia ADN 1a tng 56 cia 4 togi nw A+T + Ge X . Nhung theo nguyén tic bd sung (NTBS) A=7 G=X. Vivéy , ng sO nu cla ADN duye Unb IA: N=24+2G 227 +2X hay N= 2(A+G) Dod6A+G =~ hobe HA +%G =S0% Mot chu ki xofn gém 10 chp nu = 20 ou, khi bist ng 66 nu (NY edu ADN = Necri@ =» cod 20 ‘S. Tinh khdi Itng phéin it ADN (M): MOt nu od khdl luda trang blah Fh 300.dve , kil BIEL Sng sO a0 kuy ea M = Nx 300 dve Tinh chity dil sia phn i ADN (L):Phia ti ADN ti | chudi gdm 2 mach dan chay song song vit x déu din quanh 1 tryc. vi vdy chidu dhi ca AON In chiéu dai cda | mich vi bing chigu di uc eda né MBimach od nuct8Oi, 40 di cn Inu 34 A?On tip sink hoe nang cao 9 + 12 Don vithittng ding; . 1 micrémet = 10" angstron (A) . L micrdmet = 10° nandmet (am) . Hmm = 10! mictdmet = 10'nm = 107 A° y =P 4 + Acila mach ndy agi vdi Td mach kia bing 2 idm két hidrd + Gia mach miy nbi voi Xd mach kin bing 3 Hien ket Hideo Vay 38 Hn két hide’ ola gen ta; H=2A +3G hoe W=2T43N 4. SO Hen ks hod tr} (HT) a) SO 1idn kel hod tri ndi cde nw ten | mach gen: ot wiz N Trong mnbi mach doin ca gen , 2 mu n6i vii nhau bing. tk hod tej, 3.nu nl nhaw bing 2 tk hod ti — tu a aban bag 1 b) S86 kEt hos tr} nBi cde nu trén 2 mach gen : yX Do s6 lign kEt hod tri néi gift ede nu trén 2 moch céa ADN ; ae 1) ©) $8 lién kELhos tr] dung — photphat trong gen ( HTor) Ngodi céc lien két hod tr 0G gitta cde nu trong gen thi trong mBi nw c6 1 tk hod ui gén thanh phan cba HsPO, vao thinh phiin dudng . Do dé s6 lien két hod trj D— P trong ¢d ADN Id: Wior= AX 1) += 20-1 PHAN IL CO CHE TY NHAN DOLCUADN 1. Tin SO NUCLEOTIT TY DO CAN DUNG 1.0ua 1 Mii tir nhdin 481 + Khi ADN ty min d0j hods ton 2 mach du Hien kt ede nu ty do theo NTBS : Axon aSi vei Try.a. vib guide lai; Gauw nl vOiX ry aq Vil nguttc lal. Vi vily sO nu ty-do mdi lowi clin ding bing 86 nu ma loaind bd sung AuaTus Ast; Gae Nua Geax + SO nu ty do edn ding bling sO nu eda ADN Nu=N ~ Fang Wang ~ Sea 12On tip sinh Woo ndng cao 94 12 + Tinh. ADN con = LADN me quia | dgt ty nhdn dOi yo 2= 2! ADN con = LADN me qua 2 dot ty nhdn J6i go 4 = 2? ADN con +L ADN me qua3 dot tynhin di tao 8 = 2" ADN con +L ADN me qua x dgt irnhin doi to 2° ADN con Voy: Téng 6 ADN con = 2 = DO A dgt yy ahdn d5i MAO , Wong M6 ADN con Wo ra tir | ADDN ban diu , vineé 2 ADN con ma mii ADN con nly o6 chita | mach ct) cla ADN me . Vi vay # ADN con edn Iai Ih e6 ch 2 mach edu thin hodn todn tir nu mdi ca mdi inting Adi bao 38 ADN con cé 2 mach déu mai = 2*~ 2 = $0 nw ty do edn dong th ADN tnli qua x dgt ty alin d0i bang tng s6 nu nau cing coup trong cdc ADN con trir 5S nu ban diu ela ADN me © Téng 6 mu sau cling teong trong cde ADN con : N.2" © Sd nw banddu cia ADN me :N Vivdy tng 58 aw ty do clin ding cho | ADN qua x dot ty niin Abi : DiasN.2- NaN 2-1) ~ SO nu ty do mdi logi edn dung 1d: Laue Die = A2* Tees LXe =672*-1) + Néu tinh sf nu wy do cla ADN con mh'cé 2 nigch hoin than mdi: N strata cain mas 2 NC 2" <2) Fa detente = DT oe = AC 2*-2) LE arate nian = LM = 22) 11 TINH S6 LIEN KET HIDRO ; HOA TRID- P DUGC HINH THANH HOAC BI PHA VO 2 Qua) ddl tv obiin dal a. Tinh sO Wen kot hidrd bj phi wi vi so Hin ket hidrd duye hinh think Khi ADN ng nhin di hon todn = = 2mach ADN tich ra, cde lim kEt bided gia 2 mock dou bj pha vd nén sO lién ket hidrd bi pha vd bing 66 liém két hidrd eda ADN H bj ditt =H any - Mi mgch ADN dé nd cide nu (yuo theo NTS hing cic lien ket hidrd nen 66 liém ket hided due hinh thinh th ng sO lien ket hidrd cla 2 ADN con Hhink thanh = 2, Hao b, SO lidn ket bod tr] duége tink tanh : ‘Trong qui tinh ty hin ddi cla ADN , tién ket hod tr] B =P nd cic nu trong mdi mach cla ADN khong bj phd vd . Nhung ede pu wy do d&ny 6 sung 1h dive N61 v4i nhow bAng li8n két hod tr) dé hinh thanh 2 mach mdi Vi way sf lidn kéthod tri dude hinh thinh bh ug x6 lién két hod tr] nf) cde nu vai nbaw trong 2 mach cda ADN HF dunge hinh thon = 2( * Tyan ~ Fay Mery Sen iyOn 16 sinh hoe ning cue 9+ 12 2.Qy0. nhindgtiy nhon dol Cx dt) a. Tinh tOny sf Hen KEE hideb bf phd va va (dng sf én két hide hinh thinh = -Téng a8 tide ket hidrd bi phi wd: JW bl phd woe W210) = Téng 96 lidn ket hided duye hinh than : YL Wht thanh = H 2 b. Thing si len ket hod tr} dutye hinh thinh : - Lide ket hod tri duge hinh tinh Wa nhimg én ket hod tr} n6i céc nu ty do tai thin ehubi mach polinucléouit mdi = $8Uienkét hod tabi ede no trong mbi mach dan: «1 = Trong téng sf mach dun eda cde ADN can edn cf 2 mgeh cf cla ADN img due pi lai = Do dé 88 mach moi trong cde ADN con 1a 2.2"+ 2. viviy tng s6 1ién két hod tr) diye inh thank ua: : we hinh enanh eX «4 22"- 2) v2" =) I. TINH THOL GIAN SAO MA C6 thé quan nim sy lidn kéi ese nw ty do vo 2 mych cha ADN ta déng thai , khi mach nby tiép hin vi déng gop dine bao nhiéu nu th) mach kia cOng lin két dugc bay nhidu ne Tike 40 ty sio : SS pu dude iép nhdn va én ket trong | gifly 2 2. Tinbithdi gian whan do) deur sao.) Thai gian dé 2 mach cia ADN tip nhdn va kidn két ni ty do + Khi biét thai gian 4 tép nhiin va bién kt trang 1 nu HA dt , thai ginm ty sao dutge tinh Ts = TG 1190 = dt. & = Khi bide We 46 ty s20 (indi gidy Hin kot dye bao nhieu nu Mh thi gian wf Min dOi cia ADN 1a TG ttiao= N: We dp texan PHAN. CAUTRUC ARN LTiNH SO RIBONUCLEOTIT CUA ARN: = ARN thiting gém4 logi bona: A,U,G ,X vi duye tdng hop tir | mach ADN theo NTBS , Vi vay J ribonu cia ARN bing snu | mach cla ADN IN =A ¢rU +rGrex= © + Trong ARN A vi Uecding nhuG va X khong Hién kot b6 sung nén khong abil thiét phii bang nhau. Sy b6 sung chi ed gifta A, U,G,X eda ARN din ligt val T, A,X, G ca mach g6c ADN . Vi vay sf ribinu Bi ogi cla ARN bing s6'nu bd sung & mach ge ADN . rAaT gic jrU= Agde 1G =X gie 5 rX = Ggde | Cha g Ngunie |i , sf lng va ti 16 % timg fogi au cn ADN dutye tink nhys sau : + 56 lugng : A=T= rA +r ~ Fany Huing ~ Jin irOn tip sinh koe nang cao 9 + 12 GX aR +N +TiR SE: oA were tard + YorU! 3 GN 2 TL TINH KHOI LUGNG PHAN TU ARN (Mae) Mt ribiinu o6 khdi hing trung bint 1A 300 dive, nén: Many 27. 300tve = : = 100 dre I. TINH CHIBU DAL VA SO LIEN KET HOA TRIB - PCUA ARN 1 Tinh chi dal : = ARN ghm cé mach ¢N ribonu vai dd ddi F nu th 3.4.4", 01 way chidu dai ARN bang chidu dBi ADN dng hop nén ARN dé “Vivby Lan = Laren. 34a" = 234d? 2, Tinh sf lien ké't bod tr] BP: + Trong chadi mach ARN : 2 ribinu adi nhau bing 1 itn kéthod tr] , 3. ribdnu n6i nbau bing 2 Hen ket hod tr) Do dé s6 Lidn ket bod oj ndi cdc ribonu trong mach ARN lar = 1 + Trong mdi nibdnu 6 | lién két hod i gdm thinh phan anit H)PO, vio thinh phin dutiag . Do 46 #6 tien Et hoa trj logi may od trong FN rib 1 rN Vay 18 lin ket hod iri D -P cla ARN : HT gaye N= be rN a2 aod PHAN IV, CO CHE TONG HOP ARN 1. Tint sé RIBONUCLEOTIT TY DO CAN DUNG 1.Qua 1 Hin sao ma : Khi tng hop ARN , chi mach ge etia ADN Jim khudn milu He ede ribOnu ty do theo NTBS = Agen Uae 5 Tanwar A any Gund X ane 5 Xanvndl Gow Vivdy + So ribdnu ty do mdi foal cm ding bang ¥6 nu logi ma né bd sung wen mach géc cha ADN thal 5 amg Ow =X 5 hua = Gre + SO ribOnu ty do cdc Lowi clin ding bing 66 nucia 1 mach ADN N Nu 2 2. Qua nbidu Min sao ma (kin ) Mi dn sao mi tao nén | phdn tik ARN nén'sé phin i ARN sint ra tir | gen bhng sé Un sao ma eda gen dé. SO phn ARN =SO6lnsao md #K +86 ribOnu ty do edn ding la sd ribOnu clu thinh cde phn i ARN . Vi vgy qua K lin sao mi tao thanh cdc phin ti ARN thi Sng 46 ribonu w do can ding la: 2 Pury Nattg ~ Ten \s