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CHAPTER 3 - Actuators
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Figure 3.1 - a typical cylinder 
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CYLINDERS 
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Cylinders are linear actuators. Their output force, or motion, is in a straight (5)
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The double acting cylinder is the most common cylinder used in industrial
hydraulics. Pressure can be applied to either port, giving power in both
directions. These cylinders are also classified as differential cylinders
because of their unequal exposed areas during extend and retract. The
difference in effective area is caused by the area of the rod that reduces the
piston area during retraction. Extension is slower than retraction because
more fluid is required to fill the piston side of the cylinder. However, more
force can be generated on extension because of greater effective area. On
retraction, the same amount of pump flow will retract the cylinder faster
because of the reduced fluid volume displaced by the rod. Less force,
however, can be generated due to less effective area.

Figure 3.2 - double acting/ rod cylinder

A double rod cylinder is considered a non-differential type cylinder. The

areas on both sides of the piston are equal, thus providing equal force in
both directions. An application for such cylinders would be where it is
advantageous to couple a load to both ends or where equal speeds are
needed in both directions.

DESIGN
The cylinder assembly is constructed of a steel cap end head, a steel barrel
assembly, a rod end head, a rod bearing, a piston, and piston rod. Tie rods
and nuts are used to hold the heads and barrel assembly together. Static
seals keep the joint pressure tight. A rod wiper is provided to prevent
foreign material from entering the bearing and seal area. Sealing a moving
surface is provided by the rod seal, which prevents fluid from leaking past
the rod, and by the piston seals, which prevent fluid from bypassing the
piston. Fluid is routed to and from the cylinder through the rod end port and
the cap end port.


 Figure 3.3 - typical cylinder design

MOTORS
Hydraulic motors are classified as rotary actuators. Motors very closely
resemble pumps in construction. However, instead of pushing on the fluid
as the pump does, the fluid pushes on the internal surface area of the
motor, developing torque. Resistance from the load is encountered and
pump flow provides a continuous rotating motion. Since both inlet and
outlet ports may be pressurized, most hydraulic motors are externally
drained.

Figure 3.4 - a hydraulic motor is a common actuator


 Figure 3.5 - the three most common types of hydraulic motors

APPLICATION
Hydraulics motors are primarily rated according to displacement and
torque. The first consideration should be torque. Hydraulic motors are rated
in foot or inch-pounds of torque per given psi, typically inch-pounds per 100
psi. Torque is equal to load times radius.

Torque = Load x Radius

Figure 3.6 -  an example of torque calculated with a 10 lb load and 4 in

being radius.

Large displacement motors usually have a greater radius for the hydraulic
fluid to push against; therefore, they create more torque at a specific
pressure.
Example 3.1 - In Figure 3.8, a hydraulic motor rated at 100 inch-
pounds of force per 100 psi is rotating a winch with a radius of 4
inches. The load is 500 pounds. What is the required torque?
Based on the torque rating of the motor, the operating pressure
is 2000 psi.
Torque = 500 lbs x 4 in = 2000 lbs
Answer: 2000 in.lbs


 Figure 3.7 - a hydraulic motor with a 4 in radius lifting 500 lbs

SUMMARY

The actuator is the interface component that converts hydraulic

horsepower back into mechanical horsepower.
Cylinders are linear actuators.
Hydraulic motors are classified as rotary actuators.
Hydraulics motors are primarily rated according to
displacement and torque.

Read More:
Basic Hydraulics - Pumps
Basic Hydraulics - Fluid Power Physics

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