Software Design and

Architecture

Lecture#3
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Res ou rces:
The de s ign, manufacture and life of all pr oduc ts and
syste msde pe ndupon the materials,to ols and skills upon
whichwe can call.
• de ve lop menttoo ls ,
• run ti me suppo rtsys te m s ,
• hu manres o urc e
• applic ationdo main-spe c ifictoo lsand equip me nt,
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Synthesis:
• All fe aturesof a pr oduc tmust c o mbineto satisfyall the
charac teris tic s we expe ct it to pos ses s with an
acc e ptablere lativeimportanc efor as long as we wish,
be aring in mind the re s ourc esavailable to make and
us e it.
• trade -offsbe twee nde s irablefe ature sand func tio ns
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Iteration :
• Desi gnre quire spr oce sse sof evaluati onthatbe ginwith
the firs t intentionsto explorethe ne e dfor a pr oduc tor
syste m.
• de s igns have to be changed to c orrec t errors and to
impro vequality.
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Change:
• Desi gnis a pr oce ss of change, an activityunde rtaken
not only to me e t changing circumstance ,but als o to
bring about changes to those circumstance sby the
nature of the pr oduc tit create s.
• The de s ign of a s oftware syste m must take into
c onsiderati onhow it changesthe way that we will work
and live as the c onse que nceof us ingthe syste m.
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Relationships:
• Desi gnwork cannot be unde rtakeneffec tivelywithout
es tablishe dworkingre lati onshipswithall stakeholde rs

• C us t o m e r s , U s e r s , S y s t e m ad m in i s t r at o r , P r o j e c t
m an a g e r s , D e v e l o p e r s , R e qu i r e m e n t s an al y s t s ,
D e s i g n e r s ,P r o gr a m m e r s ,T e s t e r s:
 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Co mpet ence:
• Desi gnc o mpe te nc eis the ability to create a synthes is
of fe atures that achieves all de s ire dcharac teris tic sin
te rms of the ir re quire d life and re lative value, us ing
availableeffec tiveinformati on

• c o mpe te nc eof the de s igner.

 FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
The Principleof Service:
• D e s i g n m u s t s at i s f ye v e r y b o d y ,and n o t j u s t t h o s e for
who m its pr oduc tsare dire ctlyintende d.
• it must be eas y to maintain,
• eas yto re use ,
• eas yto transportto otherope rationenvir onmentsand
to
• be inter- operabl eto others oftwaresyste ms ,etc.
 Definition:Co mponent

Co mpon ent
•A co mpo nentis an encapsulatedpart of a s oftware
syste m
•A co mpo nenthas an interface
•Co mponents s erve as the building bl ocks for the
structureof a syste m
•At a pro gramm ing-langua g elevel, co mpo nentsmay
be repres entedas m odul es,class es,obje ctsor as a s et
of relatedfunctions
 Definition:Subsyste m

Subsystem
•A subsyst emis a set of collaboratingco mpon ents
perf or minga giventask
•A subsyst em is considered a separat e entity
withina softwarearchite ctur e
•It perf or ms its designated task by interacting
with othersubsyst emsand co mpon ents…
 Definition:ArchitecturalStyle

ArchitecturalStyle
•An archite cturalstyle is a des criptio nof co mpo nent
typesand theirtopolo gy
•It als o includes a des criptio nof the pattern of data
and control intera ctionamon g the co mpo nentsand
an inf ormaldes cripti onof the benefitsand drawbac ks
of using that style
•Archite ctural styles are important engine ering
artifacts be caus e they define class es of desi gnsalong
withtheir ass ociatedknownproperti es
 ArchitecturalStyle

•They offer experie nce-bas edevid ence of how each

class has be enus ed histo rically,along with quali tative
reas oningto explain why each class has its specifi c
properti es
•"An archite ctural style is a co ordinated s et of
archite ctural constraints that restricts the
rol es / features of archite ctural ele m ents and the
allow ed relations hipsamon g thos e ele m ents within
any archite cturethat conform sto that style."
 Definition:Framework

Fram ework
• A se t of assumpti ons,c once pt s,values ,and prac tic esthat
c onstitute sa way of viewingthe curre ntenvir onment
• A s oftwareframe w orkis a partiallyc o mpletes oftware(sub-)
syste mthatis intende dto be instantiate d
• It de fines the arc hite cturefor a fa mily of (sub-) syste ms
and pr ovidesthe basic buildingbl oc ksto createthe m
• It als o de fines the place s whe re adaptati ons for spe cific
funct ionalityshouldbe made
 Definition:ArchitecturalPattern

Archite cturalPatte rn
•An archite cturalPatte rn expr ess esa fundam ental
structural organization sche ma for software
syst ems
•It provid esa set of pred efinedsubsyst ems,their
responsibilities,and includ esrulesand guidelines
for organizingthe relatio nshipsbetweenthem
 Definition:Design Pattern

Design Patte rn
•A design pattern provid esa sche m e for refining
the subsyst ems or co mpon ents of a software
syst em,or the relatio nships betweenthem
•It des crib es a co m m only-recurrin gstructure of
co m municatin gco mpon entsthat solvesa gene ral
designproblemwithin a particul arcontext.
 Definition:Idio ms

Idio ms
•An Idio m is a low-level pattern spe cific to a
pro gram minglanguage
•An idiom des crib eshow to imple m entparticul ar
asp ects of co mpon ents or the relatio nships
between them using the features of the given
language
 SO FTWARE QUALITY
MOD ELS
SO FTWAR EQUALITYMO D ELS
Qualityis the exc e lle nceof the pro ductor se rvice .
• Fro m a us e r’s point of view, quality is ‘fitnes s for
purpos e’.
• The value-bas edview of qualityis c once rne dwith the
abilityto pr ovidewhat the cus tomerre quire sat a pric e
thatthe ycan afford.
• Fro m the manufacturingpoint of view, the quality of a
pr oduc tis the c onf or manceto spe cificati on.
• the pr oduc tview se es the qualityof a pr oduc tas tie dto
inherentcharac teris tic so f the pr oduc t.
 SO FTWARE QUALITY
MOD ELS
Hierar chicalm odels
•McCall divid ed s oftware quali ty attributes into 3
groups
•Each group repres entsthe quali tywith respe ctto one
aspect of the s oftware syste m while the attributesin
the group contributeto that aspect.
•Each quali tyattributeis definedby a ques ti ons o that
the quali ty of the s oftware syste m can be ass ess edby
answe ringthe ques ti on.
FACTORS T HAT AFFECT
DESIGNS
Thank You
Q/A