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Lec Num 5
Lec Num 5
•Permutations
•Combinations
•Random Experiment
•Sample Space
•Events
•Mutually Exclusive Events
•Exhaustive Events
•Equally Likely Events
1) Permutations
2) Combinations
RULE OF PERMUTATION
A permutation is any ordered subset from a set of n
distinct objects.
For example, if we have the set
{a, b}, then one permutation is ab, and the other
permutation is ba.
The number of permutations of r objects, selected in
a definite order from n distinct objects is denoted by the
symbol nPr , and is given by
n!
nP .
r n r !
FACTORIALS
7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1
..
.
1! = 1
Also, we define 0! = 1.
Example
4!
4
P3
4 3!
4 3 2
24
Let the four members be, A, B, C and D. Then a
tree diagram which provides an organized way of listing
the possible arrangements, for this example, is given
below:
President Secretary Treasurer Sample Space
C ABC
B
D ABD
B ACB
A C
D ACD
B ADB
D
C ADC
C BAC
A
D BAD
A BCA
B C
D BCD
A BDA
D
C BDC
B CAB
A
D CAD
A CBA
C B
D CBD
A CDA
D
B CDB
B DAB
A
C DAC
A DBA
D B
C DBC
A DCA
C
B DCB
PERMUTATIONS
These are: 3P = 3! = 6
3
ABC,
ACB,
BAC,
BCA,
CAB,
& CBA.
The above discussion pertained to the case when all the
objects under consideration are distinct objects.
If some of the objects are not distinct, the formula
of permutations modifies as given below:
The number of permutations of n objects, selected all
at a time, when n objects consist of n1 of one kind, n2 of a
second kind, …, nk of a kth kind,
n!
is P .
n1 ! n 2 ! .....n k !
where n i n
EXAMPLE
How many different (meaningless) words can be
formed from the word ‘committee’?
In this example:
n = 9 (because the total number of letters in this word is 9)
n1 = 1 (because there is one c)
n2 = 1 (because there is one o)
n3 = 2 (because there are two m’s)
n4 = 1 (because there is one i)
n5 = 2 (because there are two t’s)
and
n6 = 2 (because there are two e’s)
Hence, the total number of (meaningless)
words
(permutations) is:
n!
P .
n1 ! n 2 ! .....n k !
9!
1! 1! 2! 1! 2! 2!
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
45360
RULE OF COMBINATION
A combination is any subset of r objects, selected
without regard to their order, from a set of n distinct objects.
The total number of such combinations
is denoted by the symbol
n
n
Cr or ,
and is given by r
n n!
r r!n r !
where r < n.
EXAMPLE
Suppose we have a group of three persons, A, B, & C.
If we wish to select a group of two persons out of
these three, the three possible groups are {A, B},
{A, C} and {B, C}.
In other words, the total number of combinations of
size two out of this set of size three is 3.
i.e. the combination {A, B} generates the
permutations (A, B) and (B, A);
the combination {A, C} generates the permutations
(A, C) and (C, A); and
the combination {B, C} generates the permutations
(B, C) and (C, B).
The binomial co-efficient has two
important properties.
n n
i) , and
r n r
n n n 1
ii)
n r r r
Also, it should be noted that
n n
1
0 n
and
n n
n
1 n 1
EXAMPLE
n 52 52 51 50 49 48
2,598,960
r 5 5 4 3 2 1
EXAMPLE-1
The experiment of tossing a coin results in either of the
two possible outcomes: a head (H) or a tail (T).
(We assume that it is not possible for the coin to
land on its edge or to roll away.)
S = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),(2,4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3,4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3),(4,4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3),(5,4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3),(6,4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }
In other words,
S =AA
= {(x, y) | x A and y A}
where x denotes the number of dots on the upper face of
the first die, and y denotes the number of dots on the upper
face of the second die.
The next concept is
that of events:
EVENTS
Any subset of a sample space S of a random
experiment, is called an event.
In other words, an event is an individual outcome or
any number of outcomes (sample points) of a random
experiment.
EXAMPLE
The occurrence of a 6 when a die is thrown, is a
simple event, while the occurrence of a sum of 10 with a
pair of dice, is a compound event, as it can be decomposed
into three simple events (4, 6), (5, 5) and (6, 4).
EXAMPLE
Suppose we toss a die, and we are interested in the
occurrence of an even number.
If ANY of the three numbers ‘2’, ‘4’ or ‘6’ occurs,
we say that the event of our interest has occurred.
EXAMPLES:
1. In the coin-tossing experiment, ‘head’ and ‘tail’ are
collectively exhaustive events.
2. In the die-tossing experiment, ‘even number’ and
‘odd number’ are collectively exhaustive events.
In conformity with what
was discussed in the last
lecture:
PARTITION OF THE SAMPLE
SPACE
A group of mutually
exclusive and exhaustive events
belonging to a sample space is
called a partition of the sample
space.
With reference to any
sample space S, events A and
A form a partition as they
are mutually exclusive and
their union is the entire
sample space.
The Venn Diagram below
clearly indicates this point.
Venn Diagram
S A
A is shaded
Next, we consider the
concept of equally likely
events:
EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS
Two events A and B are said to be equally likely, when
one event is as likely to occur as the other.
In other words, each event should occur in equal
number in repeated trials.
EXAMPLE:
When a fair coin is tossed, the head is as likely to
appear as the tail, and the proportion of times each side
is expected to appear is 1/2.
EXAMPLE
If a card is drawn out of a
deck of well-shuffled cards, each
card is equally likely to be
drawn, and the probability that
any card will be drawn is 1/52.
IN TODAY’S LECTURE,
YOU LEARNT
•Permutations
•Combinations
•Random Experiment
•Sample Space
•Events
•Mutually Exclusive Events
•Exhaustive Events
•Equally Likely Events