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CHAPTER 6 - Flow Control Valves
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Figure 6.1 - the internal workings of a flow control valve
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Overview
The function of the flow control valve is to reduce the rate of flow in its leg
of the circuit. Flow reduction will result in speed reduction at the actuator. A
flow control valve builds added resistance to the circuit, thus increasing
pressure, resulting in a partial bypassing of fluid over the relief valve or a
de-stroking pressure of a compensated pump. This reduces flow
downstream of the flow control valve.

Figure 6.2 - a hydraulic system with a needle valve

With a fixed volume pump, to reduce flow to the actuator we must bypass a
portion of the fluid over the relief valve. As the needle valve is closed,
pressure increases upstream. As the pressure approaches 1500 psi, the
relief valve begins to open, bypassing a portion of fluid to the reservoir.

Figure 6.3 - a flow control valve with a pressure compensated pump

When flow control is used in a pressure compensated pump, fluid is not

pushed over the relief valve. As pressure approaches the compensator
setting of 1500 psi, the pump will begin to de-stroke, reducing outward flow.


 Figure 6.4 - schematic drawings for the different types of flow control valves

Flow control valves may be fixed or non-adjustable or adjustable. In

addition, they may also be classified as throttling only or pressure
compensated.

Figure 6.5 - pressure gauges illustrating the change in pressure as flow goes through a flow
control valve

The amount of flow through an orifice will remain constant as long as the
pressure differential across the orifice does not change. When the pressure
differential changes, the flow changes. Changing load or upstream
pressure will change the pressure drop across the valve.

Throttling vs. Pressure Compensating (Needle Valves)

Needle valves may be designated as non-compensated flow control or
throttling valves. They are good metering devices as long as the pressure
differential across the valve remains constant.

Figure 6.6 - a hydraulic system with a needle valve

A pressure compensated flow control valve is designed to make allowances

for pressure changes ahead or after the orifice. The pressure compensated
flow control valve symbol adds a pressure arrow to the orifice. With a
pressure compensated flow control valve, the speed of the cylinder does
not change with the change in load.

Meter-In/Meter-Out 
Meter-in is the method of placing a flow control valve in such a way that
fluid is restricted to the actuator. In Figure 6.7, the cylinder extends and
retracts at an unrestricted rate when a flow control valve is not present.
When a flow control valve is placed into the circuit, flow will be restricted to
the cylinder, slowing the extend rate of the cylinder. The check valve allows
return flow to bypass the flow control when direction of flow is reversed.

Figure 6.7 - a check valve used for a meter in application

When the flow control is moved to the other line, as in Figure 6.8, the
cylinder extends at an unrestricted rate. Flow can be restricted to the
cylinder so that it will retract at a reduced rate.

Figure 6.8 - a check valve used for a meter out application

The advantage to meter-in is that it is very accurate with a positive load.

However, when the load goes over center, the load becomes negative or
overrunning. The load is no longer being controlled by the cylinder. As the
load overruns, it causes the cylinder to cavitate as in Figure 6.9.

Figure 6.9 - the meter in application is used for controlling the speed of the actuator

Although meter-in is usually the best placement for controlling a constant

speed, because it also dampens flow and pressure transients, it may be
required in some applications to meter-out. To meter out, simply change the

direction that the flow is allowed to pass through the reverse check. This
will cause the fluid to be metered as it leaves the actuator, which is
opposite of meter-in.

Figure 6.10 - pressure intensification due to metering out

An advantage of meter-out is that it will prevent a cylinder from over-

running and consequently cavitating. A disadvantage of meter-out can be
pressure intensification. This can occur with a substantial differential area
ratio between the rod and piston. When metering-out on the rod side of the
cylinder without a load, the pressure is intensified on the rod side. This may
damage the rod seals. Meter-in or meter-out has advantages and
disadvantages. The application must determine the type of flow control
valve placement.

SUMMARY
-The function of the flow control valve is to reduce the rate of flow in its
leg of the hydraulic circuit.
-Flow reduction will result in speed reduction at the actuator.
-Flow control valves may be fixed or non-adjustable or adjustable.
-Metering-out will prevent a cylinder from overrunning and consequently
cavitating.

Read More:
Basic Hydraulics - Pressure Control
Basic Hydraulics - Directional Control Valve

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