SOLID MENSURATION 1

CHAPTER 1: REVIEW OF PLANE GEOMETRY

LESSON 1: Point, Line and Plane

Point can be described as location in space. A point gives specific position, but has no
size. Dots or periods are used to represent points and points are named using the capital letters
in the alphabet.

These are points are called “Point A”, “Point B” and “Point C”.

Line is determined by connecting two distinct points and extends to infinity in both
directions. It consists of infinitely many points. Like points, lines do not take up space. It has
direction, location, and set of points in line is always straight. Points that are found on a line are
said to be collinear points. Lines are named using a small and italic letter in the alphabet or any
two points on that line.

´ ) and line p, respectively.

The two lines are named as “Line DE” (in symbol DE

A line with one endpoint is called ray and a part of line with two endpoints is called line
segment or segment.
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m
T m
P

l
Point P is on m. Lines l and m intersect at T.
Line m contains P. Point T is the intersection of l and m.
Line m passes through P. Point T is on m. Point T is on l.

Two lines that meet is called intersecting lines. Lines that do not meet are called parallel
lines and lines that overlap are called coinciding lines.

Plane is infinitely many intersecting lines. It is a flat surface extends infinitely in two
dimensions, length and width, and has no thickness. Planes are determined by three points on it
and named by the letters of the three points or by an uppercase cursive letter of the alphabet.

Points that lie on the same plane are called coplanar points (the same with lines).
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Line x and point R are in N. ´ is in P and Q.

AB
Point R lies in N. Points A and B lie in both P and Q
Plane N contains R and x. Planes P and Q both contain AB ´ .
Line y intersects N at R. Planes P and Q intersect at AB´
Point R is the intersection of y with N. ´
AB is the intersection of P and Q.
Lines y and x do not intersect.

Let us consider some definitions that are important in the study of geometry.
a. Postulate – a statement in mathematics that is accepted without proof. It cannot be
shown false so it is assumed true.
b. Theorems – a valid and accepted statement in mathematics that has been proven
true.
c. Corollary – a statement whose proof follows that of a given theorem.

Some Postulates that involves Points, Lines and Planes

1. There is exactly one (straight) line through any two points.
2. There is exactly one plane that contains any three non-collinear points.
3. A line with points in a plane also lies within that plane.
4. The intersection of two distinct lines will be one point.
5. The intersection of two planes is a line.
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NAME: __________________________________ SCORE: ___________________
COURSE/SECTION:_________________________ DATE: ____________________

ACTIVITY 1.1

A. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is true, otherwise FALSE.

__________1. Any three points determine a plane.

__________2. Intersecting lines can be either coplanar or non-coplanar.
__________3. Any two distinct points are collinear.
__________4. A line segment is infinitely many points between two endpoints.
__________5. Parallel planes create parallel lines.
__________6. OP´ could be read “line OP” or “line PO.”
__________7. A line is two-dimensional.
__________8. Any four distinct points are coplanar.
__________9. ST could be read “ray ST” or “ray TS.”
⃗
__________10. Theorems are proven true with postulates.

B. Directions: Draw and label figures that fit with the following statement.

´ and Plane P containing AB

´ intersecting AB
1. CD ´ but not CD
´ .

2. Two intersecting planes, P and W, with ⃗ BA where A is in plane W and B is in plane P and
C as the intersection of the two planes.
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C. Directions: Give at least five statements or description for each figure concerning points,
lines and planes.

1.

2.

3.
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LESSON 2: Polygons

A polygon is the mathematical term used to describe a two-dimensional (2D) closed

shape with straight sides. The term polygon is Greek with poly meaning many and gon meaning
angle. It is the union of n segments, n ≥ 3, which joined together end to end such that:
i. no two of the segments intersect except at their endpoints;
ii. no two segments with a common endpoint are collinear.

Parts of Polygons

1. Sides – the segment which are joined together to form a polygon

2. Vertices – points of intersection of the sides
3. Diagonal – the segment which joins any two non-consecutive vertices of a
polygon. The number of diagonals that can be drawn is determined by the
n(n−3)
formula , where n refers to the number of sides of the polygon.
2
4. Interior Angles – angles formed by two intersecting sides of a polygon
5. Exterior Angles – angles at a vertex of the polygon, outside the polygon, formed
by one side and the extension of an adjacent side.

A polygon is convex if a line segment joining any two points of the polygon lies wholly in
the interior of the polygon. However, it is concave if there is segment joining any two points of
the polygon that passes outside of the figure.
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Classifications of Polygons

Since polygon consists of many sides, it is classified according to the number of its sides.
Classifications of polygon can be named using the numerical prefixes joined by the term gon or
in other way as n-gon, for n is the number of sides. Classifications are as follows:

NUMBER OF
NAME OF POLYGONS
SIDES (N)
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon
12 Dodecagon
. .
. .
. .
N n-gon

There are two major things that are being measured in polygon. It is the perimeter and
area. Perimeter is defined as the distance around polygon or the sum of the length of the sides
while area is the amount of surface bounded by the perimeter and is measured by squared
units.
Consider the following triangle with sides a, b and c.

The perimeter of the triangle is the sum of the length of side a, b and c while the area is
the enclosed region of the sides of the triangle.

Area Regular Polygon

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Polygons can either be regular or irregular. If all of the angles of a 2D shape are equal
and all the sides are equal, then it is a regular polygon. If the angles are not equal and/or the
sides are not equal, then the shape is an irregular polygon.

Regular polygon has apothem and radius. Apothem is a line segment that connects the
center of the regular polygon and the midpoint of its side. The segment that connects the center
and the vertex is called radius.

The area of a regular polygon is one-half of the product of the apothem a and the
perimeter P of the regular polygon.
1
A= aP
2

Example:
Find the area of a regular pentagon whose apothem is 8 cm and the length of a side is 10 cm.

Solution:

Since s=10 cm, the perimeter of the regular polygon is P=50 cm and the given apothem
a=8 cm. Substituting the given in the formula

1
A= aP
2
1
A= (8 cm)(50 cm)
2
1
A= (400 cm2 )
2
A=200 cm 2
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Hence, the area of the regular polygon is 200 cm2.

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Interior angles of polygons

An interior angle is an angle inside a polygon.

The interior angles within different polygons add up to different amounts. For example,
the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180o and the interior angles of a quadrilateral add up
to 360o .
As a rule, every time a side is added to a polygon, another 180o is added the interior
angle total. The following polygon table demonstrates this rule:

This rule can be written as:

∑ of Interior Angles=( n−2 ) 180 o
If a polygon is regular (i.e. all of its sides are of equal length and all of its angles are
equal size), then the following rule is true.
( n−2 ) 180o
Each Interior Angles of a Regular Polygon=
n
where “n” refers to the number of sides.

Examples:

Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a regular octagon and the size of each interior angle.

Solution:
( n−2 ) 180 o
( 8−2 ) 180 o=(6)180o =1080o
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As mentioned in the question, it is a regular octagon, so all of its angles will be of equal
size.

Consequently, in order to calculate the size of each interior angle.

( n−2 ) 180o 1080o

= =135o
n 8
Therefore, the sum of the interior angles in a regular octagon is 1080o and the size of
each interior angle is 135o .

Exterior Angles of Polygons

The exterior angle of a polygon is an angle between any side of a shape and a line
extended from the next side.

When you add the exterior angle of a polygon and its corresponding interior angle on a
straight line, it amounts to 180o .

As a rule:

The ∑ of the exterior angles of a simple polygon add up ¿ 360o .

This is referred to as a “full revolution”.

The exterior angle of a polygon and its corresponding interior angle always add up to
o
180 . This is due to the fact that the two corresponding angles create a straight line.
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In order to calculate the exterior angle of a regular polygon, you adhere to the following
rule:

360o
Exterior angle of a regular polygon=
number of sides

This is due to the fact that the exterior angles of a regular polygon always add up to
o
360 .

Example

The interior angles of a regular polygon are each 120o . Calculate the number of sides.

Solution:

The interior angles of a regular polygon are 120o . As a result, you can calculate the
exterior angles. Seeing as an interior angle and its corresponding exterior angle add up to 180o ,
the size of the exterior angles of this regular polygon.

180o −120o =60o

By using the rule that the exterior angles of all polygons add up to 360o , you can use
this rule to calculate the number of sides.

360o
Exterior angle of a regular polygon=
number of sides
Therefore:
360 o 360o
Number of sides= = o =6
Exterior angle of a regular polygon 60

Therefore, this regular polygon has 6 sides (i.e. it is a regular hexagon).

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NAME: __________________________________ SCORE: ___________________
COURSE/SECTION: _________________________ DATE: ____________________

ACTIVITY 1.2

A. Directions: Identify the term(s) that is being described or asked.

____________1. What figure is drawn in a flat surface bounded by line segments?

____________2. What do you call the distance around plane figures?

____________3. What is the term referred to the amount of surface enclosed by

boundaries of a polygon?

____________4. Polygons are classified according to the number of their ________.

____________5. A seven-sided polygon is called ________.

____________6. For what kind of polygon is the sum of the exterior angles equal to the

sum of the interior angles?

____________7. What do you call the segment joining any vertex to the center of a

regular polygon?

____________8. A polygon has 7 vertices. How many diagonals does it have?

____________9. If a polygon has n sides, how many diagonals can be drawn from a given

vertex?

____________10. In the figure below, are angles x and y complementary?

Why or Why not? ____________________________________________

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B. Directions: Give the term/answer that each item below is asking. Write your answer and
solution (if any) in the space provided after each item.

1. Cross out all the figures that do not illustrate polygon. After identifying the polygons,
encircle all the concave polygons.
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2. Find the measure of each missing angle.

3. Solve for all the exterior angles in the figure below