Republic of the Philippines

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MOALBOAL CAMPUS: Poblacion West, Moalboal, Cebu
Tel. No. 474-8196; 474-8104 http: //www.ctu.edu.ph
Tel. Fax No.: 474-8196; 474-8383; 474-8104 Email: ctumoalboalcampus@gmail.com
Graduate School
Department

VISION: MISSION: GOALS: OUTCOMES:

The University shall primarily

A premier, provide advanced professional and The University shall 1. Relevant, effective and quality multidisciplinary- technical instruction for special purposes, advanced studies
in industrial trade, produce technologically scientifically oriented human and education for sustainable growth.2. Access to quality education for

technological agriculture, fishery, aeronautics and landforestry, engineering, -based programs, capital equipped with appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude. It shall likewise
pursue relevant research, the underprivile3economic, environmental and . Relevant ged students.research for

university. education, arts and sciences, health sciences, and other relevant fields of sustainable development.
study. It shall also undertake research, strengthen linkage with the industry, 4. Expanded community and extension services, and production, community
and other institutions engagement.
and provide progressive leadership in its and maintain sustainable 5. Effective and efficient area of specialization. technology for the preservation of
the environment. management of resources.

EDUC 606 – MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR TEACHERS

SATURDAY, 7:00 AM – 1:30 PM

Name: ERIC M. TOMAQUIN Worksheet No.: 3

Course: Date:

DIRECTIONS:
• Choose only one (1) exercise per sub-topic.
• Indicate the item number of your selected items.
• Show complete solution in an organized manner for full credit.
 ANSWERS
Limits of Sequences
4.1
Definition: A sequence { x n } of points in a metric space (S,d) is said to converge if there is
a point p in S with the following property:
For every ϵ > 0 there is an integer N such that
d ( x n , p ) < ϵ whenever n≥ N
We also say that { x n } converges to p and I write x → p. If there is no such p in S, the
sequence { x n } is said to diverge.

(a)
We know that |z|<1. Let ϵ > 0
Show that for every ϵ > 0 there is an integer N such that
|z n−0|=| zn|< ϵ .; whenever n≥ N
Now we have:
|z n|< ϵ
log |z n|< log ϵ
n∗log |z|< log ϵ
|z|<1 ⇒ log |z|<0
log ϵ
n>
log ¿ z∨¿ ¿
n> log ¿ z∨¿ϵ ¿
Therefore, I get that for all N = |log ¿ z ∨¿ ϵ∨¿¿ , and for all n≥ N , we get
|z n−0|=| zn|< ϵ
⇒ z n →0
Let us assume now that { z n } converge to L, then given ϵ =1 , there exist a positive integer N,
such that as n ≥ N , i have
|z n−L|=¿ 1
|z n∨−¿ L|=¿ 1
|z n|=¿1+ ¿ L∨¿
log |z n|=¿ log ¿¿
n∗log |z|=¿ log ¿ ¿

log (1+| L|)

n<
log ¿ z∨¿ ¿
n< log ¿ z∨¿¿¿
I chose a positive integer
N ≥ max ¿¿
I get: |z|N >1+|L|
This result contradicts with the previous result. So, I get that { z n } diverges if |z|>1

Continuity of Real Valued Functions.

4.13
Let E be any point of the domain. Then for any sequence 𝑥𝑛 in [𝑎,𝑏] such that 𝑥𝑛→e, we
have by definition of continuity 𝑓(𝑥𝑛)→𝑓(e). Now let 𝑥𝑛 be any sequence of rational
in [𝑎,𝑏] which converges to E then 𝑓(𝑥𝑛)= 0 which gives 𝑓(e)=0 .i.e. 𝑓(𝑥)=0 for all 𝑥 ∈
[𝑎,𝑏]

Continuity in Metric Spaces

4.33
Let T =( 0 , ∞ ) , and the function f : S → T
 1
And sequence x n= 2 , for all n ϵ N . We define function
n
1
f ( x )=
x
We know that f is continuous on T and x n is a Cauchy sequence on S. We get:
f ( x n ) =n2
∴ { f ( x n ) } is not a Cauchy sequence in T.

Connectedness
4.43
Definition: The connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the
union of two or more disjoint nonempty open subsets
Definition: A topological space S is said to be disconnected if it is the union of two
disjoint nonempty open sets.
Hence, I assume that a metric space S is connected and C ⊆ S , C ≠ ∅ and we assume that the
boundary of C is empty. We define a set:
A=cl C
S
B=cl
C ( )
Then we get that A and B are nonempty. It follows:
A B=cl C cl ( CS )
S
C∪ =S
C
⇒ A ⋃ B=S
A ∩ B=clC ∩ cl ( CS )
≡ ∂C
≡∅
And we know that A and B are closed sets in S, we have open sets:
S
A=
B
S
B=
A
Based on definition we get that S is disconnected. We get a contradiction with our initial
assumption that S is connected. Thus, I conclude that S has a nonempty boundary.

Uniform Continuity
4.51

The given function is: f ( x )=x 2

d ( x2 )
Its derivative is : ( )
=2 x
dx
The limit of this derivative at infinity is: lim
x→ ∞
2 x=∞

So, by the theorem this function is not uniformly continuous on the [0,+∞). The same
arguments can be used for (−∞,0]. Therefore, 𝑓 is not a uniformly continuous function.

Discontinuities
4.58
(a)
I need to show that the function has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
I think that it is very obvious that the function is not defined at x = 0. As sin x is
sin x
continuous at every x, then the initial function f ( x )= x is also continuous for all x
except the point x = 0

sin x
In addition, since lim x =1, the function has a removable discontinuity at this point.
x →0

Hence, I can conclude that:

sin x
{
f 1 ( x )= x ,
1,
x ≠ 0 ; x=0

Which is continuous at every real x.

Monotonic Functions
4.60
To show that f is an increasing function throughout (a,b) first assume that f is not an
increasing function and show.
Assume that f is not increasing throughout (a,b). Then there exist two points c, d where
c<d such that:
f ( c ) > f (d )

I now consider the interval [c,d]⊆( a , b). Then I know that for each interior point there
exists a 1-ball in which f is increasing. This holds for the interval [c,d].
Thus, this implies that
[ c , d ] ⊆ ¿ k=1¿ n B ( x k ; δ k )
Where:
xk ϵ [ c , d ]
Hence, without loss of generality assume that x 1 ≤ x 2 ≤ … ≤ x n.Therefore, since is increasing I
have that:
f ( c ) ≤ f ( x 1 ) ≤ … ≤ f ( x n ) ≤ f (d )
Hence, this implies that :
f ( c ) ≤ f (d)
Which is contradiction with
f ( c ) > f (d )
This means that f is an increasing function throughout (a, b).

Metric Spaces and Fixed Points

4.69
(a). We want to find counterexamples that the fixed-point theorem for contractions need
not hold if either the underlying metric space is not complete

1
Let: f ( x )= 2 ( 1+ x )

On the interval ( 0,1)

A function f is called a contraction if there is a positive number x<1 such that

|f ( x ) −f ( y )|≤ x |x− y| for all x and y in the domain of f

So,

1 1 1
f ( x )−f ( y )= ( 1+ x )− ( 1+ y )= ( x− y )
2 2 2
Therefore,
|f ( x ) −f ( y )|= 1 | x− y|
2

1
Now, if let x= 2

I can conclude that f is contradiction on (0,1)

The fixed-point theorem states that a contradiction f of a complete metric space has a
unique fixed point p.
Let p be a fixed point of f. Then I have
1
f ( p ) =p= ( 1+ p )
2
For p = 1 , I have that
1
f ( 1 ) =1= ( 1+ 1 )
2
This means that p ∉(0,1)
This implies that the fixed-point theorem does not hold

(b). We want to counterexamples that the fixed-point theorem for contractions need not
hold if the contraction constant x ≥ 1.

Let:
f ( x )=1+ x

On the interval [0,1]. Then the following is true

f ( x )−f ( y )=1+ x−( 1+ y )=x − y
Therefore:
|f ( x ) −f ( y )|=¿ x − y∨¿

And when let x = 1, we have that f is a contradiction on [0,1]. Let’s say that f has a fixed
point p. Then
f ( p ) =p=1+ p
This is a contradiction. Therefore, the fixed-theorem does not hold for this function