Chapter 7 Objectives

Explain how a compact disc

Differentiate between stores data
storage and memory
Understand how to care for
Identify various types of storage a compact disc
media and storage devices Differentiate between CD-ROMs,
CD-RWs, DVD-ROMs and
Chapter 7 Explain how a floppy disk
stores data
DVD+RWs

Storage Identify the uses of tape

Identify the advantages of using
high-capacity disks
Describe how a hard disk
organizes data
Next Identify the advantages of using
an Internet hard drive
p. 7.2
Understand how an enterprise
storage system works
Explain how to use PC Cards
and other miniature
storage media
Identify uses of microfilm
and microfiche

Memory Versus
Memory Versus Storage
Storage
What is storage? How does
• Media and devices used to store and storage differ
retrieve data, instructions, and from memory?
information • Stores items for When you
want to work When you are
future use, with a file, finished with
rather than you read it the file, you
from storage write it from
temporarily and place it in memory into
• Storage is memory storage
nonvolatile,
rather than
volatile
Next Next
p. 7. 2 Fig. 7-1 p. 7. 4

Memory Versus Memory Versus

Storage Storage
How does volatility compare? What is a storage device and a storage
medium?

storage
device
Hardware that records
Contentsof
Contents of
storage and retrieves items to
storage and from a storage
retained when
retained when
powerisisoff
power off medium storage
medium
Physical material on
which a computer
Next Screendisplay
displayand
andcontents
contents Next keeps data,
Screen
p. 7. 4 Fig. 7-2 ofmost
mostRAM
RAM(memory)
(memory) p. 7. 4 instructions, and
of
erasedwhen
erased whenpower
powerisisoff
off information

1
 Memory Versus Memory Versus
Storage Storage
What is reading What is access time?
and writing?
• Amount of time

ive
ns
it takes device

fas
Memory
reading

pe

t er
(RAM)
to locate item

ex
re
Process of transferring
on disk

mo
data, instructions, Hard Disk
and information from
a storage medium writing • Defines speed cost speed
into memory Process of of disk storage
Compact Disc
Serves as a source transferring items device

e
siv
of input

s lo
from memory to a

en

we
storage medium

xp

r
Floppy Disk

se
Serves as a

les
source of output
Next Next
p. 7. 4 p. 7.4 Fig. 7-4 Tape

Memory Versus
Floppy Disks
Storage
What is capacity? What is a floppy disk?
• Number Storage Number • Portable,
Abbreviation
of bytes Term of bytes
inexpensive
(characters) storage
Kilobyte KB 1 thousand
storage
medium can
medium
Megabyte MB 1 million
hold • Today’s
Gigabyte GB 1 billion standard disk is
Terabyte 1 trillion
3.5” wide
TB

Petabyte PB 1 quadrillion
Next Next
p. 7. 5 Fig. 7-3 p. 7. 6

Floppy Disks Floppy Disks

What are the parts of a floppy disk? How are floppy disk drives designated?
• Thin, circular,
liner
flexible film One floppy drive

enclosed drive A
between two shutter
liners Two floppy
metal drives
hub
drive A

drive B

Next Next
magnetic flexible
p. 7.6 Fig. 7-5 shell coating p. 7. 6
thin film

2
 Floppy Disks Floppy Disks
How does a floppy disk drive work?
2: Signal sent to control 3: If write instruction, circuit
1: Shutter moves to
expose recording movement of read/write board verifies whether disk can What are tracks and sectors?
surface on disk heads and disk be written to • Track is sector
18 per track
4: Motor causes Step 2 narrow
track
floppy disk to spin
Step 1
recording 80 per
5: Motor positions Step 6
band that side
read/write heads forms full
over correct circle on disk
location on disk
surface
6: Read/write • Sector can
Step 5
heads read data store up to
from or write data
on the floppy disk Step 4 512 bytes of
Step 3 data
Next Next
p. 7. 7 Fig. 7-7 p. 7.8 Fig. 7-8 80 tracks per side X 18 sectors per track X 2 sides per disk X
512 bytes per sector = 1,474,560 bytes

Floppy Disks Floppy Disks

What is formatting? How do you care for a floppy?
• Process of preparing disk for • Proper care helps
reading and writing maximize disk’s
Avoid exposure
• Formatting marks bad sectors life Avoid exposure
to heat and cold to magnetic
as unusable • Floppy disk can fields
last at least seven
years
Avoid exposure to
contaminants such as
dust, smoke, or salt air

Never open the

shutter and touch
the disk’s recording Keep disks in a
surface storage tray
Next Next when not using
p. 7. 8 Fig. 7-9 p. 7.9 them

Floppy Disks High-Capacity Disks

What is a What is a high-capacity disk drive?
write-protect notchopen
notch open • Uses disks with capacities of
notch? meansyou
means you
100 MB and greater
cannotwrite
cannot write write-protected
on the disk
• Small opening
on the disk • Primarily used to backup files
with a cover not write-protected and transfer files
notchclosed
notch closed
that you slide meansyou
you
means
• Protects floppy can write on
can write on
the disk
the disk
disks from
being erased
accidentally Zip® drive built in Zip®
drive
Uses a Zip®disk that can
store 100 MB or 250 MB of
Next Next data
p. 7. 9 Fig. 7-10 p. 7.9 Fig. 7-11

3
 High-Capacity Disks Hard Disks
What is a backup? What is a hard disk?
• Duplicate of file, • High-capacity
program, or disk that storage
you can use if original is • Consists of
lost, damaged, or several inflexible,
destroyed circular platters

in
st
that store items

ru
ct
electronically

io
ns
• Components
in f ta
or da enclosed in
ma airtight, sealed
t io
Next n Next hard disk case for
p. 7.9 p. 7. 10 Fig. 7-12 installed in
system unit protection

Hard Disks Hard Disks

cylinder track
3: When software
How does a hard disk work? requests disk What is a cylinder?
access, read/write
1: Circuit board controls
movement of head
2: Small motor heads determine • Location of a single
spins platters location of data
activator and small motor track through all
platters
Step 2
4: Head actuator Step 1 • Single movement of
positions
read/write head read/write head arms
arms over correct can read same track
location on
platters to read or on all platters
write data

Next
Step 3 Next
p. 7.11 Fig. 7-13 Step 4 p. 7. 11 Fig. 7-14

Hard Disks Hard Disks

What is a head crash? What is a disk cache?
• Occurs when read/write head touches platter • Portion of
surface memory
• Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write processor
head above platter gapis
gap ishalf
halfthe
the
uses to
processor
diameterof
diameter ofaa
dustparticle
dust particle store
clearance
clearance disk cache
betweenhead
between head frequently
hard disk
andplatter
and platteris
is hair accessed
approximately
approximately
two millionths read/write head
items
two millionths
ofan
of aninch
inch
dust first request for data —
Next
smoke Next to disk cache
gap
p. 7. 12 Fig. 7-15 p. 7. 12 Fig. 7-16
platter second request for data — to hard disk

4
 Hard Disks Hard Disks
What is a partition? What is a removable hard disk?
• Formatted hard • Disk drive in which a plastic or metal case
disk divided into drive C surrounds the hard disk so you can remove it from
separate areas Designation for first the drive
partition or for a single
called partitions partition on hard disk • Used for backup or to transfer files
• Each partition
functions as if it
were a separate
one hard disk Peerless
hard disk drive divided into
drive D stores up
two partitions
Designation for second
to 20 GB
partition on hard disk
Next Next Jaz stores
p. 7. 12 p. 7. 13 Fig. 7-17 up to 2 GB

Hard Disks Hard Disks

How does RAID work? What Windows
• Disk system that duplicates data, instructions, and utilities
information to improve data reliability maintain a hard
• Mirroring has one backup disk for each disk
disk drive?
• Striping stores data across multiple disks

mirroring
(RAID Level 1)

striping
Next Next
p. 7. 14 Fig. 7-19 p. 7. 15 Fig. 7-20 System
Tools

Hard Disks Hard Disks

What is an Internet hard drive? driveway.com What are advantages of an Internet hard drive?
• Service on Web
that provides
storage to Large audio, video,
and graphics files can
computer users be downloaded to an Files can be
Internet hard drive accessed from any
• Most offer instantaneously computer or device
free storage with Web access

• Revenues
come from Others can be
advertisers authorized to access Allows offsite
data from your Internet backups of data
hard drive
Next Next
p. 7. 16 Fig. 7-21 p. 7. 16

5
 Compact Discs Compact Discs
M
What is a compact disc (CD)? - RO How do you use a compact disc?
CD
Insertdisc,
Insert disc,
• Storage medium CD • CD drives can Pushbutton
button labelside
label sideup
up
-RW
Push
CD-R read compact toslide
to slideout
out
• Most PCs include the tray
the tray
some type of compact discs, including
disc drive audio discs
• Available in
+RW
variety of DVD
formats

-ROM
Pushthe
Push thesame
same

DVD
Next Next buttonto
button toclose
close
p. 7. 17 p. 7. 17 Fig. 7-22 the tray
the tray

Compact Discs Compact Discs

How does a laser read data on a compact disc? How is data stored on a compact disc?
1: Laser diode shines light Compact disc • Typically stores items
beam toward compact disc label
Step 3
1
2 in single track
2: If light strikes pit, it • Track divided into
scatters. If light strikes
land, it is reflected back
evenly sized sectors
toward laser diode.
pit land
that store items
lens lens
3: Reflected light
deflected to light-sensing 0 1
diode, which sends
digital signal of 1. prism prism
Absence of reflected
Light- Light-
light read as digital sensing sensing Single track spirals
signal of 0. diode diode
Next laser laser Next
to edge of disc
diode diode
p. 7. 18 Fig. 7-23 p. 7. 18 Fig. 7-24 Compact disc sectors

Compact Discs Compact Discs

What is a jewel box? How should you care for a compact disc?
• Protective case 1: Do not expose
to excessive
for compact heat or sunlight
disc 2: Do not eat,
smoke, or drink
near a disc
3: Do not stack
4: Do not touch
underside
5: Store in jewel
jewel box box when not in
use
6: Hold disc by its
edges
Next Next
p. 7.19 Fig. 7-25 p. 7.19 Fig. 7-26

6
 CD-ROMs CD-ROMs
What is a CD-ROM? What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM
• Compact disc that uses drive?
same laser technology as
audio CDs for recording
music 40X
40 X 150 KB per second =
• Cannot erase or modify 6,000 KB per second or 6 MB per second
contents
• Typical CD-ROM holds 75X
about 650 MB 75 X 150 KB per second =
11,250 KB per second or 12.25 MB per second
• Commonly used to
distribute software and
Next
games Next
p. 7. 20 p. 7.20

CD-R and CD-RW CD-R and CD-RW

What is a CD-R (compact disc-recordable)? What is a CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)?
• Compact disc onto which you can record text, • Erasable disc you can write on
graphics, and audio multiple times
• Write on CD-R using CD burner (recorder) or CD- • Must have a CD-RW disc,
R drive and special software CD-RW software,
• CD-R drive can read and CD-RW drive
and write both audio
CDs and standard
CD-ROMs
• Cannot erase disc’s
contents
Next Next
p. 7. 22 p. 7. 22

CD-R and CD-RW DVD-ROMs

How is an audio 1 What is a DVD-ROM (digital
CD created? video disc-ROM)?
Step 1: Artist composes song and 2a
creates CD 2b • High capacity compact disc
Step 2a: Song stored on audio CD
and purchased by user capable of storing from 4.7
OR GB to 17 GB
Step 2b: Song compressed and
stored on Internet • Must have DVD-ROM drive or
Step 3a: User inserts audio CD into DVD player to read DVD-
CD-ROM drive, plays song, and
copies it to hard disk 5
ROM
3a 3b
OR
• Primarily used for movies
Step 3b: User downloads song as
audio file to hard disk • Next-generation software will
Step 4: User copies file to CD-RW
disc
be delivered on DVD
Step 5: User listens to
Next song on personal Next
computer or removes 4
p. 7. 23 Fig. 7-29 p. 7.24 Fig. 7-30
CD and listens to song
on portable CD player

7
 DVD-ROMs Tapes
How does a DVD-ROM store data? What is tape?
• Two layers of pits are used, where lower layer is • Magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of
semitransparent storing large amounts of data and information at a
• Laser can read through it to upper layer low cost
• DVD+RW is a rewritable DVD • Primarily used for backup

Next Next
p. 7. 25 Fig. 7-31 p. 7. 26 Fig. 7-32

Enterprise Storage
Tapes
Systems
What is sequential access versus direct access? What is an enterprise storage system?
• Strategy that tape library
tape library

focuses on
availability, CD-ROM
sequential access protection , RAID jukeboxes

Reading and writing data direct access organization,

consecutively You can locate a particular data and backup of
Method used for tape item or file immediately storage in a
servers
Method used for floppy disks, company
hard disks, and compact discs
Also called random access
Next Next
p. 7. 26 p. 7.27 Fig. 7-34

Storage area network storage

Network Storage Internet backup

Miniature Mobile
PC Cards
Storage Media
What are uses of PC Cards? What is miniature mobile storage media?
• Handheld
CompactFlash 40 MB Cartridge
devices Digital cameras, notebook

use to computers

augment Memory Stick 2 to 256 MB Memory Card

internal Digital cameras, handheld
computers, notebook
storage computers, printers, cellular
telephones
Microdrive 1 GB Memory Card
Digital cameras, handheld
computers, music players,
video cameras

SmartMedia 2 to 128 MB Memory Card

Next Next Digital cameras, handheld
computers, photo printers,
p. 7. 28 Fig. 7-36 p. 7. 28 Fig. 7-37
cellular telephones

8
 Miniature Mobile Miniature Mobile
Storage Media Storage Media
How is miniature storage media used? What is a smart card?
• Stores data on thin
• Handheld devices,
microprocessor
such as players and
embedded in credit card
wallets, read or display
contents of miniature
storage media such as
memory cards
smart card

Next Next
p. 7. 29 Fig. 7-38 p. 7. 29 Fig. 7-39

Miniature Mobile Miniature Mobile

Storage Media Storage Media
What are the types of smart cards? What is electronic money?
• Intelligent smart card • Means of
Store data such as
contains processor and photographs, music, books, paying for
and video clips Bank issues
has input, process, goods and unique digital
When you
output, and storage services over cash numbers
purchase digital
Store a prepaid dollar amount that represent an
capabilities that is updated when the card is the Internet amount of money cash, the amount
of money is
used
• Memory card has only • Also called withdrawn from
your bank
storage capabilities Store patient records, e-money or account
vaccination data, and other
healthcare information digital cash To use the card,
swipe it through
a card reader
Next
Store tracking information such Next
p. 7. 29
as customer purchases or p. 7. 29
employee attendance

Microfilm and Microfilm and

Microfiche Microfiche
What are microfilm and microfiche? How do life expectancies of various media
• Store microscopic images of compare?
documents on a roll or a sheet
of film
• Images recorded using a
computer output microfilm
(COM) recorder

Microfilm Microfiche
Uses a 100- to 215- Uses a small sheet
foot roll of film of film, usually
Next 4” x 6” Next
p. 7. 30 Fig. 7-40 p. 7.30 Fig. 7-41

9
 Summary Summary
What are suggested storage devices for the What are suggested storage devices for the
Home user? SOHO user?
Home Home Mobile‰3.5-inch HD floppy
Large Business Home Mobile Large Business
disk drive Small Office/Home Office ‰3.5-inch HD floppy
disk drive
‰250 MB Zip® drive
‰60 GB hard disk
‰40 GB hard disk
‰Internet hard drive
Small Office/Home Office ‰Internet hard drive Small Office/Home Office
Power ‰CD-ROMPower
drive
‰CD-ROM drive
‰CD-RW/DVD drive
‰CD-RW/DVD drive
‰20 GB Peerless drive
Next Next
p. 7. 31 Fig. 7-42 p. 7. 31 Fig. 7-42

Summary Summary
What are suggested storage devices for the What are suggested storage devices for the
Mobile user? Large Business user?
Mobile Home Mobile Large Business Home
‰3.5-inch HD Mobile
floppy disk drive Large Business
Large Business
‰3.5-inch HD floppy disk
drive ‰80 GB hard disk
‰CD-ROM drive
‰10 GB hard disk
‰CD-RW/DVD drive
‰1 GB PC Card hard disk
‰Microfilm or microfiche
Small Office/Home Office Small Office/Home Office
‰Internet hard
Powerdrive ‰Smart card reader Power

‰CD-RW/DVD drive ‰RAID

‰Tape drive
‰Enterprise storage system
Next Next
p. 7. 31 Fig. 7-42 p. 7. 31 Fig. 7-42

Summary Summary of Storage

What are suggested storage devices for the • Memory versus storage
Power user?
HD floppy disk
‰3.5-inchHome Mobile
• Floppy disks
Large Business
Power
drive • High-capacity disks
‰DVD+RW drive • Hard disks
‰100 GB hard disk
• Compact discs
• CD-ROMs
drive
‰CD-ROMSmall Office/Home Office
Power • CD-R and CD-RW
‰Internet hard drive
‰20 GB Peerless drive

Next Next
p. 7. 31 Fig. 7-42
(Continued)

10
 Summary of Storage

• DVD+RW and DVD-ROM

• Tapes
• Enterprise storage systems
• PC Cards
• Miniature mobile storage media
• Microfilm and microfiche

Chapter 7 Complete

11