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HILLS TRAIN POWER GENERATION

&
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with automatic railway gate operation implemented in unmanned level crossings at
remote areas. Detection of train approaching the gate can be sensed by means of sensors placed on side of
the track.Train arrival and departure sensing can be achieved by means of sensors. Two layers of barriers
are employed to enhance the safety. The innermost gate operated first and later the other one also closed.
When the train moves over the track, the rack arrangement between the tracks employed in the hill stations,
mesh up with the gear which is coupled to a generator to generate electric energy. While running in upward
direction, this generated energy can also be feed back to the generator and which acts as motor and
improves the locomotion of the train.
This can be implemented in manned level crossings also, as manual errors can be eliminated by
automation.The generated energy can be used for interior purpose for train.

INTRODUCTION

In our country having a large railway network. Railway is very important for transportation of good
carrier and people, every one day number of trains running on the track. We know that it is not possible to
quick stop the running train and miss communication between gate operators and human. Railway
accidents are happens, these railway accident is very harmful than other accident to minimize that accident.
And this manually operated railway gate control is largely affected by road user.

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Now a day’s in every railway gate operate by gate operator close the gate & indicate green flag to
proceed the train. In our project the gates are completely automated.
In this project, we are minimising the accidents by using electronic equipment’s. Two Proximity
sensors is used & output of the first Proximity Sensor is locate near to the gate it receives the signal from
arrival of the train. And send output signal to microcontroller. This send signal to motor driver then motors
rotates in clockwise direction, and gate is closed.
Second sensor is locate another side of gate this are sense departure of the train &send signal to
microcontroller. Microcontroller send signal to motor driver. This motor drive rotates motor for open or
close gate. Two pair of gates are used to improve the security. The outermost gates are placed in 50mtrs.
The train is also equipped with power generation setup, which can be used for many applications.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

RAILWAY GATE CIRCUIT

Proximity
Sensor 1

PIC 16F877/874 Motor

Microcontroller DriverL293D

Proximity
Sensor 2

DC GearMotors

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POWER GENERATION CIRCUIT

Rack and Booster

Generator
Gear Coupling transformer

Load

MAIN PARTS

1. Microcontroller – PIC 16F877/874

2. Proximity Sensor
3. Motor drive- L293D
4. DC Gear motor
5. Siren

POWER GENERATION

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This project employs a power generation mechanism for trains moving around hill stations. The hill
station tracks are specially designed in order to provide more friction, traction and grip. These tracks also
prevents the misalignment of tracks and trains by used a rack arrangement. In this project, this setup is
slightly modified to mesh a generator with the rack when the train is moving down the hill. These results in
the generated electricity can be supplied to remote area’s (or) when train climbing in hills to boost up the
train using booster transformer. This can be used in various applications like lighting, train interior
equipment &powering the train itself. Further, this power can also utilise to increase the torque of the train
by powering the generator when the train moves upward. Thus the generator acts like a motor and supports
the train engine. This project efficiently utilises the waste energy and this can be termed as free energy.

BOOSTER TRANSFORMER

A buck–boost transformer is a type of transformerused to make adjustments to the voltage applied

to alternating current equipment. Buck–boostconnections are used in several places such as uninterruptible
power supply (UPS) units for computers and in the tanning bed industry.
WORKING OF BOOSTER TRANSFORMER
The generated electricity can be supplied to remote area’s (or) when train climbing in hills to boost up
the train using booster transformer. This can be used in various applications like lighting, train interior
equipment & powering the train itself.

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RACK AND PINION

  A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the
rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby
translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.
RACK & PINION CONNECTION
¥ A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational
motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called
"the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby
translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.
¥ For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar engages
a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope.
PURPOSE OF GENERATED POWER

 The generated energy can be used for Railway gate control.

 The generated energy can be used to supply remote villages.
 The generated energy can be used for interior purpose for train.
 This power can also utilise to increase the torque of the train by powering the generator when the train
moves upward. Thus the generator acts like a motor and supports the train engine.

RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

PIC16F 877A MICROCONTROLLER

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A microcontroller is a compact microcomputer designed to govern the operation of embedded

systems in motor vehicles, robots, office machines, complex medical devices, mobile radio transceivers,
vending machines, home appliances, and various other devices. A typical microcontroller includes
a processor, memory, and peripherals.

WORKING OF MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power
tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to
digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating
analogy components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

Features:

1. High performance RISC CPU

2. Only 35 single word instructions to learn
3. All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
4. Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
5. Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
6. Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
7. Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
8. Power-on Reset (POR)
9. Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
10. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
11. Programmable code protection
12. Power saving SLEEP mode
13. Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
14. Fully static design
15. In-Circuit Serial Programming(ICSP) via two pins
16. Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
17. In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
18. Processor read/write access to program memory
19. Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to.5V
20. High Sink/Source Current: 2525 MA

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MOTOR DRIVE L293D

In electronics, a driver is an electrical circuit or other electronic component used to control

another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD), and numerous
others.

L293D Description

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on either
direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction.
It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver
integrated circuit (IC).
The L293D integrated high voltage, high current 4 channel driver device. Use to receive standard
DTL or TTL logic levels and to rotate inductive loads (such as relays solenoids , DC and stepping
motors) and switching power transistors To Elaborately use as two bridges each pair of channels is
equipped with an enable input.
A provided apart supply for the logic, due to the operation at a lower voltage and internal diodes are
add. This device is suitable for use in switch applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is
agglomerate in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 centre pins connected jointly and used for heat sinking
The L293D is agglomerate in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 centre pins connected jointly and used
for heat sinking.

Working of L293D:

It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in
either direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in
clockwise or anticlockwise direction, Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.

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In a single L293D chip there are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor
independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given
below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller.
There are two Enable pins on l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and
9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right
H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor
in the corresponding section will suspend working. It’s like a switch.
 L293D Logic Table:
Now consider a Motor output pins connected on left side (pin 3,6). For rotating the motor in
clockwise direction the input pins provided with Logic 1 and Logic 0.
Logic table motor drive

Pin Logic & Pin Logic Direction of Rotation of Motor

Pin 2 Logic1 & Pin 7 Logic 0 Clockwise Direction

Pin 2 Logic 0 & Pin 7 Logic 1 Anticlockwise Direction

Pin 2 Logic 1 & Pin 7 Logic 0 No Rotation

PROXIMITY SENSOR

An inductive proximity sensor is a type of non-contact electronic proximity sensor that is used to

detect the position of metal objects. The sensing range of an inductive switch is dependent on the type of
metal being detected.

WORKING OF PROXIMITY SENSOR

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 A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic

radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being
sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand
different sensors.
 For example,a photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity
sensor always requires a metal target.
 The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have
adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Some know these
processes as "thermo sensation".

RAILWAY TRACK & GATECIRCUIT WORK

Automatic railway gate control using microcontroller PIC 16F877A .This fig is divided into 4 main part
.First part is PIC16877A ,second is photo interrupter ITR9813 Proximity Sensor, third is DC motor &
fourth is battery .This system operate easily. Detail of these component are in follow Proximity Sensor are
place both side of gate at 700min level crossing these sensor sense the optical between the ray's as like
incoming train sensor sense signal given to UC through comparator.
The operation of comparator in to compare two voltage level that is detection voltage compare to
reference voltage when reference voltage greater than detection voltage generate output is in the pulse form
then these output given to UC. Two pin of comparator is joint to PIC 16F877A microcontroller used to
control all over system. Microcontrolleroutput given to L293D motor drive it connect to DC motors. It
generate specified voltage to drive DC motors. DC motor is joint to gate, when motor rotates in clockwise
direction gate is open and when motor rotate in anticlockwise direction gate will close. The buzzer sounds
while gates arestarts to closing. For whole system supply is given through battery, it have two terminal,
positive & negative. Positive terminal is joint to protective circuit and negative is to ground. Both terminals
are joint to the Booster transformer.

ADVANTAGES

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 Automatic system and reduces human labour

 Simple and effective system
 Less implementation cost
 Accurate and precise due to controller operation
 Use this latest technology that is automatic railway gate control to avoid maximum number of
accident on railway crossing.
APPLICATION
 In Hills railway tracks and Hills trains [HILLS TRAIN]

CONCLUSION
 We have designed in our project automatic railway gate control system. Small improvement in it.
Automatic railway gate control system is more sensitive and also reduces railway accident to provide
more secure life for road users. This system provides very large benefit for road user and railway
management. Our system is completely automatic is suitable in rare area and also forest area at that
place nostation master is available it reduce railway accident.
 Second concept of our project to generate renewable energy using DC generator.

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