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Environmental Chemistry (Ustp)
Environmental Chemistry (Ustp)
3
LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Acquire knowledge of the main sources and types of pollution;
•Learn about the effects of pollution on the environment and on human health;
•Describe some key principles that support pollution prevention and control; and
•Acquire basic knowledge on the Principles of Green Chemistry in avoiding or reducing the
use or the formation of hazardous or toxic substances as a source of pollutants.
4
5
Environmental Chemistry
• Environmental chemistry may be defined as the study of the
sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical
species in water, soil, air, and living environments, and the
effects of technology thereon.
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Environmental Chemistry
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Environmental Chemistry
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Environmental Chemistry
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Environmental Pollution
• Environmental pollution is defined as "the contamination of the
physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere
system to such an extent that normal environmental processes
are adversely affected."
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Environmental Pollution
Three Major Types of Environmental Pollution:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Land Pollution
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Air Pollution
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Air pollutant means any matter found in the atmosphere other than
oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their
natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the
environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot,
cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists,
steam and radio-active substances. – R.A. 8749
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Primary Pollutants
CO
SO2 NO Secondary Pollutants
SO3
Most hydrocarbons
HNO3 H2SO4
Most suspended
H2O2 O3 PANs
particles
Most NO–3 and SO42 – salts
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SMOG
Photochemical smog
• brown air smog
• caused by UV reacting with chemicals (NOx, VOCs in the atmosphere)
• found in modern cities, especially in warm, sunny areas
Industrial smog
• gray air smog
• caused by burning of fossil fuels, adds sulfur to air
• rare in developed countries now as soot is removed by filters
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PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
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INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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•Breathing Problems
•Coughing, Eye Irritation
•Aggravates asthma, heart problems
•Speeds up aging of lung tissue
•Damage plants
•Reduce Visibility
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ACID DEPOSITION
• Acidic deposition
• deposition of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the
atmosphere onto the Earth as acid rain, acid fog, acid snow
ACID DEPOSITION
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ACID DEPOSITION
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ACID RAIN
• pH of rainwater
• normally slightly
acidic (about 5.6)
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ACID RAIN
• Gases (sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen dioxide) can react with
atmospheric water in much the same way that carbon dioxide does to
produce sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and nitrous acid.
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Transformation to
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and nitric acid (HNO3) Windborne ammonia gas
and particles of cultivated soil
partially neutralize acids and Wet acid deposition
form dry sulfate and nitrate salts (droplets of H2SO4 and
HNO3 dissolved in rain
Nitric oxide (NO) Dry acid and snow)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
deposition
and NO
(sulfur dioxide
gas and particles
Acid fog of sulfate and
nitrate salts)
Farm
Ocean Lakes in shallow
Lakes in soil low in
deep soil limestone
high in limestone become
are buffered acidic
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• Fish kills
• Lung/respiratory problems
ACID RAIN
PREVENTION AND
SOLUTION
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• CO2 and other green house gases present in the atmosphere trap
the infrared radiation from the sun and do not allow the radiations
to escape. Hence the earth’s surface is warming up more and more.
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THERMAL INVERSION
• Thermal inversion
• a layer of cool air occurs
beneath a layer of warmer
air
• Inversion layer
• the band of air in which
temperature rises with
altitude
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THERMAL INVERSION
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PLUME
PLUME
2. environmental properties
•wind speed
•turbulence
•atmospheric stability
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PLUME
Vertical expansion
of continuous
plumes related to
vertical
temperature
structure
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EMISSION REDUCTION
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REDUCING MOTOR
VEHICLE AIR POLLUTION
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AIR SAMPLING
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• Particulate Emissions
Particulate Emissions
Types of air pollution control devices commonly installed:
• Fabric filtration
• Electrostatic precipitators
• Inertial separators
• Ceramic filters
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• Biofiltration
• Incineration/thermal oxidation
• Adsorption
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Water Pollution
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1. Natural causes
• e.g., sedimentation from severe rainfall events, volcanic
eruptions and algal blooms constitute a minute amount of the
instances of world water pollution
2. Man-made/Anthrophogenic causes
• e.g., untreated wastewater from industries
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WHAT IS WATER POLLUTANT?
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CLASSES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
1. Point sources
• can be attributed to discrete discharge from a factory or sewage
outfall
• “any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants
are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack”
2. Non-point sources
• defined to mean any source of water pollution that does not
meet the legal definition of "point source“
• generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric
deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification
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SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
Pollutant Point Sources Non-Point Sources
Category Domestic Industrial Agricultural Urban runoff
sewage waste runoff
Oxygen-demanding material X X X X
Nutrients X X X X
Pathogens X X X X
Suspended solids/sediments X X X X
Salts X X X
Toxic metals X X
Toxic organic chemicals X X
Heat X
Source: Davis and Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 3ed
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
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WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
• WASTEWATER is a discharged
water coming from different
uses (domestic, industrial or
others).
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DOMESTIC SEWAGE
• Viral diseases:
• infectious hepatitis
• Inorganic constituents:
• chlorides and sulfates
• various forms of nitrogen and
phosphorous
• carbonates and bicarbonates
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
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WHY WASTEWATER SHOULD BE TREATED?
• Environmental Protection
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WHY WASTEWATER SHOULD BE TREATED?
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PARAMETERS REQUIRED IN AN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
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Physical properties of wastewater – COLOR, DENSITY & TURBIDITY
•Color:
•Fresh wastewater - light brownish gray
•With time - dark gray
•More time - black (septic)
•Density:
•Almost the same density of water when the wastewater doesn't include
significant amount of industrial waste.
•Turbidity:
•It's a measure of the light –transmitting properties of water.
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Physical properties of wastewater – ODOR
• Odor is produced by gas production due to the decomposition of organic matter or by
substances added to the wastewater.
• Detection of odor: Portable H2S meter
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Physical properties of wastewater – SOLIDS
1. Total Solids (TS): All the matter that remains as residue upon
evaporation at 103oC to 105oC.
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Physical properties of wastewater – SOLIDS
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Physical properties of wastewater – TEMPERATURE
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Chemical properties of wastewater
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Chemical properties of wastewater - Organic matter (CaHbOc)
• Organic matter is derived from animals & plants and man activities.
•Proteins (40-60%).
•Carbohydrates (25-50%).
•Fats, Oils, and Grease (10%).
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Measurements of Organic matter (CaHbOc)
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Measurements of Organic matter (CaHbOc)
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Chemical properties of wastewater - Inorganic matter
1. Chlorides
• High concentrations indicate that the water body has been used
for waste disposal.
• It affects the biological process in high concentrations.
2. Nitrogen
• TKN = Total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
= Organic Nitrogen + ammonia Nitrogen (120 mg/l).
3. Phosphorus
• Municipal waste contains (4-15 mg/l).
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Chemical properties of wastewater - Inorganic matter
4. Sulfur
• Sulfate exists in waste and necessary in the synthesis of proteins.
6. Heavy metals
• Nickels, Mn, Lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron
mercury.
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Chemical properties of wastewater – Gases and pH
• Gases
• The following are the main gases of concern in wastewater
treatment: N2, O2, CO2, H2S, NH3, CH4
• pH
• pH = 7 Neutral
• pH > 7 Alkaline
• pH < 7 Acidic
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Biological properties of wastewater – Bacteria
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Biological properties of wastewater – Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa
• Fungi
• Important in decomposing organic matter to simple forms.
• Algae
• Cause eutrophication phenomena. (negative effect)
• Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect)
• Cause taste and problems when decayed. (negative effect)
• Protozoa
• Feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of treated waste water.
• Some of them are pathogenic.
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Biological properties of wastewater – Viruses and Pathogenic Organisms
• Viruses
• Viruses are a major hazard to public health.
• Some viruses can live as long as 41 days in water and wastewater at 20oC.
• They cause lots of dangerous diseases.
• Pathogenic Organisms
• The main categories of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and
helminthes.
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WASTEWATER: SEQUENCE AND METHODS OF TREATMENT
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WASTEWATER: LEVELS OF TREATMENT
• Preliminary
• Removal of coarse solids (e.g. rag, twig), fluctuant material (e.g.
plastic), sand and greases.
• Primary
• Physical separation of part of the suspended solids and suspended
organic matter.
• Advanced Primary
• Separation of solids and suspended organic matter improved by
using reagents or filtration.
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WASTEWATER: LEVELS OF TREATMENT
• Secondary
• Removal of biodegradable organic matter and remained suspended
solids.
• Typically it includes biological processes.
• It can include disinfection.
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Wastewater: Levels of Treatment
• Tertiary (polishing):
• Separation of residuals suspended solids, by filtration in granular
medium or micro-sieves.
• It also can include disinfection and nutrients removal.
• Advanced:
• Removal of dissolved and suspended matter that remains after
normal biological treatment.
• This level is required for water reuse applications.
85
Simplified process flow diagram for a typical large-scale treatment plant
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Soil Pollution
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WHAT IS SOIL POLLUTION?
2. Diffuse pollution
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TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION
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TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION
2. Diffuse pollution
• Pollution that is spread over very wide areas, accumulates in soil, and
does not have a single or easily identified source.
• Occurs where emission, transformation and dilution of contaminants in
other media have occurred prior to their transfer to soil
Examples:
• sources from nuclear power and weapons activities
• uncontrolled waste disposal and contaminated effluents released
in and near catchments
• land application of sewage sludge
• agricultural use of pesticides and fertilizers
• flood events
• atmospheric transport and deposition
• soil erosion 91
SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
2. Anthropogenic Sources
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SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
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SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
2. Anthropogenic Sources
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SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
2. Anthropogenic Sources
(Agricultural sources
of soil pollution)
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MAIN POLLUTANTS IN SOIL
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANT REMEDIATION IN SOIL
1. BIOREMEDIATION
2. PHYTOREMEDIATION
3. SOIL WASHING
4. STABILIZATION/ SOLIDIFICATION
5. CHEMICAL OXIDATION
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What is BIOREMEDIATION?
• Biodegradation by microorganisms
• Mineralization - Contaminants used as a food source and
destroyed
• Cometabolism - Contaminants not used as a food source, but
transformed to less hazardous chemicals
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Aerobic bioremediation process
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Anaerobic biodegradation
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Hydrocarbon contaminants treatable by bioremediation
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What is PHYTOREMEDIATION?
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Organic contaminants
• Can be (bio)degraded
Explosives
Pesticides (e.g. TNT)
(e.g. 2,4-D)
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Heavy metal contaminants
•Can’t be (bio)degraded, can be converted from one state to another
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Difference between Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
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What is SOIL WASHING?
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Contaminants treatable by soil washing
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Six different steps in soil washing
1. Pretreatment
2. Separation
3. Coarse-grained
treatment
4. Fine-grained
treatment
5. Process water
treatment
6. Residuals
management
Schematic of Soil Washing Process (from US EPA 1996)
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STABILIZATION and SOLIDIFICATION
• sediment
• sludge
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• Stabilization
• Solidification
• Geotechnical properties
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Types of contaminants treated stabilization and solidification
• Inorganics
• Heavy metals
• Organics
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
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Binders used in stabilization and solidification
• Cement
• Blastfurnace slag
• Lime
• Clay
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Stabilization and solidification process
• Reduced leachability
• Physical encapsulation
• Chemical immobilization
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Stabilization and solidification process
114
Stabilization and solidification process
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Stabilization and solidification process
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What is CHEMICAL OXIDATION METHOD
• MTBE
• Chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, DCA)
• Polychlorinated Biphenols (PCBs)
• Pentachlorophenol (PCPs)
• Solvent stabilizers
• Free product or hot spots
• Fuel hydrocarbons and BTEX
• Pesticides (DDT, DDE, etc.)
Common oxidizing agents used in chemical oxidation
• Ozone (O3)
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as Fenton’s Reagent
• Hypochlorites (ClO−)
• Chlorine (Cl)
• Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
• Permanganate (KMnO4)
• The oxidants have been capable of achieving high treatment efficiencies (>
90%) for unsaturated aliphatic (e.g., trichloroethylene [TCE]) and aromatic
compounds (e.g., benzene), with very fast reaction rates (90% destruction in
minutes)
Typical chemical oxidation system
https://frtr.gov/
Green Technology
and
Green Chemistry
121
WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY?
122
GREEN TECHNOLOGY REFERS TO PRODUCTS, EQUIPMENT OR
SYSTEMS WHICH SATISFY THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA:
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GOALS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Reduce Recycle
Recycle
Reduce Refuse
Refuse
Renew
Response Renew
Responsibility
124
BRANCHES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
• Green Building
• Green Energy
• Green Nanotechnology
• Green Chemistry
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GREEN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Examples of Green Buildings
128
Examples of Green Buildings
129
Examples of Green Buildings
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Types of Green Energy
• Solar power
• Wind power
• Water power
• Geothermal energy
• Biofuel
• Biogas
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GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY
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Example of Green Nanotechnology
• Solar cells are more efficient as they get tinier and Nanotechnology
is already used to provide improved performance coatings for
photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal panels.
134
GREEN CHEMISTRY
or toxic substances.
135
GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ALSO KNOWN
• Clean Chemistry
• Atom Economy
• Eco-Friendly Chemistry
• E-Chemistry
136
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
(Anastas And Warner, 1998)
137
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
(Anastas And Warner, 1998)
138
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
(Anastas And Warner, 1998)
139
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
(Anastas And Warner, 1998)
142
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Acquire knowledge of the main sources and types of pollution;
Learn about the effects of pollution on the environment and on human health;
Describe some key principles that support pollution prevention and control; and
Acquire basic knowledge on the Principles of Green Chemistry in avoiding or reducing the
use or the formation of hazardous or toxic substances as a source of pollutants.
143
144
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Michael Allaby. Basics of Environmental Science. 2nd edition. Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2000.
J. Bogner, M. Abdelrafie Ahmed, C. Diaz, A. Faaij, et.al. Waste Management, in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation.
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Franklin Burton et.al. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Re-use. Metcalf and Eddy, 2002.
Daniel B. Botkin and Edward A. Keller. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1995.
NG Wun Jern. (2006). Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Imperial College Press.
Philippe Quevauviller, Olivier Thomas and Andr´e Van Der Beken. (2006). Wastewater Quality Monitoring and
Treatment. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Marcos von Sperling. (2007). Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal. IWA Publishing.
Water Environment Federation. (2008). Industrial Wastewater Management, Treatment, and Disposal.
146
REFERENCES
Fahid Rabah. Unit 1. Physical, chemical and biological Characteristics of Wastewater [PDF slides].
P. T. Anastas and J.C. Warner. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice.
M. Bhardwaj and Neelam. (2015). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Technology . Journal of Basic and
Applied Engineering Research. Volume 2, Issue 22 .
P. T. Anastas and J.B. Zimmerman. Innovations in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering.
R.A. Sheldon. (2012). Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction design. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41,
1437–1451.
E. Tagliavini. Alternative Green Products. EMMCChIR [PDF Slides].
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement
Systems.
Clean Air Asia. (2016). (Guidance Framework for Better Air Quality in Asian Cities Guidance Area 1: Ambient Air
Quality Standards and Monitoring
147
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
USEPA. (2000). “Introduction to Phytoremediation.” National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of
Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Cincinnati, Ohio.
H. Ali ,et al. (2013). “Phytoremediation of heavy metals—Concepts and applications”. Chemosphere 91, 869-881.
R. A. Wuana and F. E. Okieimen. (2011.) ” Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry,
Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation”. ISRN Ecology Volume 2011, Article ID 402647, 20 pages.
E. Bates and C. Hills. (2015). Stabilization and Solidification of Contaminated Soil and Waste: A Manual of Practice.
Rajesh Singh. (2015). Solidification/Stabilization NEWMOA Presentation. [PDF Slides].
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2004). How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies
for Underground Storage Tank Sites.
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR). (2016). Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and
Reference Guide.
Hamby, D.M. Site Remediation Techniques Supporting Environmental Restoration Activities: A Review.
Kevin Taylor. (2012). A Final Report: The Chemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Former
Manufactured Gas Plant in Bay Shore , New York.
F. H.Chapelle, J. F. Robertson, et. Al. (2000) Methodology for Applying Monitored Natural Attenuation to Petroleum
Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Ground-Water Systems with Examples from South Carolina.
149
REFERENCES
ITRC. (2005). Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and
Groundwater.
Ci. Schreier, L. Kinsman. Chemical Oxidation Technologies: Lessons Learned & Best Practices from Expert
Perspectives. [PDF Slides].
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