Math 202 PS 6

Boğaziçi University

Fall’20

Instructors: Nihat Sadık Değer - Yasemin Kara

Teaching Assistants: Mehmet Akif Yıldız - Engin Başakoğlu

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Chapter 4.1 - Problem 5
Determine intervals in which solutions are sure to exist:

(x − 1)y (4) + (x + 1)y 00 + (3 tan x) = 0

Solution: Rewrite the equation as

x + 1 00 3 tan x
y (4) + y + = 0.
x −1 x −1
x +1 3 tan x
Note that is continuous except for x = 1, and is discontinuous at x = 1 and
x −1 x −1
π
x = kπ + for all k ∈ Z. Therefore, by Theorem 4.1.1, the solutions are sure to exist on the
2
intervals Ik ,k ∈ Z (k 6= 0), J1 and J2 where
π π
Ik = kπ − , kπ + ,
 −π 2 2
J1 = ,1
 2π 
J2 = 1,
2

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Chapter 4.1 - Problem 9
Determine whether the given functions are linearly dependent or linearly independent. If they are
linearly dependent, find a linear relation among them.

f1 (t) = 2t − 3, f2 (t) = t 2 + 2, f3 (t) = 2t 2 − t, f4 (t) = t 2 + t + 1.

f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 are linearly independent iff af1 + bf2 + cf3 + df4 = 0 implies a = b = c = d = 0.

Observe that f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 ∈ P2 , where P2 is the vector space of polynomials of degree at most 2.
Since dimP2 = 3, any set of 4 vectors is linearly dependent. In fact, it can be checked that
13 1 11
f1 + f2 − f3 − f4 = 0.
5 5 5

Chapter 4.1 - Problem 23

Use Abel’s formula to find the Wronskian of a fundamental set of solutions of the given
differential equation.

ty 000 + 2y 00 − 5y 0 + ty = 0.

We can rewrite this equation as

y 000 + 2t y 00 − 5t y 0 + y = 0.
R 2
Abel’s theorem says that W (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = ce − t
dt
for some c 6= 0 that depends on the
solutions y1 , y2 , y3 . Hence,
c
W (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = t2
. 3/8
Chapter 4.1 - Problem 27
Use the method of reduction of order to solve the equation

(2 − t)y 000 + (2t − 3)y 00 − ty 0 + y = 0, t < 2, y1 (t) = e t .

Solution: Let y (t) = e t · v (t). Then, we have y 0 = e t · (v + v 0 ), y 00 = e t · (v 00 + 2v 0 + v ), and

y 000 = e t · (v 000 + 3v 00 + 3v 0 + v ). By putting these into the equation, (after some cancellations)
we have
(2 − t)y 000 + (2t − 3)y 00 − ty 0 + y = (2 − t)v 000 + (3 − t)v 00 = 0
3−t
Now, let us write v 00 = u. We need to solve a first order linear equation: u 0 + u = 0,
2−t
u0 1
t < 2. Since = −1 − , we get ln |u| = −t − ln(2 − t) + c1 . Then, recall
R −t u 2−t
te = −te −t − e −t + constant

⇒ v 00 = u = c2 (2 − t)e −t = 2c2 e −t − c2 te −t
⇒ v 0 = −2c2 e −t + c2 te −t + c2 e −t + c3 = −c2 e −t + c2 te −t + c3
⇒ v = c2 e −t − c2 te −t − c2 e −t + c3 t + c4 = −c2 te −t + c3 t + c4
⇒ y (t) = e t (−c2 te −t + c3 t + c4 ) = c3 te t + c4 e t + c5 t

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Chapter 4.2 - Problem 12/Problem 14
Find the general solution of the given differential equations.

12. y 000 − 6y 00 + 12y 0 − 8y = 0

14. y (4) − 6y 000 + 9y 00 = 0

12. The characteristic equation is r 3 − 6r 2 + 12r − 8 = (r − 2)3 = 0. So, r1,2,3 = 2. The

general solution is y (t) = (c1 + c2 t + c3 t 2 )e 2t .
14. The characteristic equation is r 4 − 6r 3 + 9r 2 = r 2 (r − 3)2 = 0. So, r1,2 = 0,r3,4 = 3. The
general solution is y (t) = (c1 + c2 t) + (c3 + c4 t)e 3t

Chapter 4.2 - Problem 31

Find the solution of the given differential equation. How does the solution behave as t → ∞?

y (4) − 4y 000 + 4y 00 = 0, y (2) = −1, y 0 (2) = 2, y 00 (2) = 0, y 000 (2) = 0.

The characteristic equation is r 4 − 4r 3 + 4r 2 = r 2 (r − 2)2 = 0. So, r1,2 = 0, r3,4 = 2, and the

general solution is y (t) = (c1 + c2 t) + (c3 + c4 t)e 2t . Then the last two initial values give
y 00 (2) = 0 → 4c3 + 12c4 = 0
y 000 (2) = 0 → 8c3 + 28c4 = 0
Therefore, c3 = c4 = 0, and y (t) = c1 + c2 t. Since y (2) = −1 and y 0 (2) = 2, we have c1 = −5,
c2 = 2. So, y (t) = 2t − 5, and limt→∞ y (t) = ∞.

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Chapter 4.3 - Problem 11
Find the solution of the given initial value problem:

−1 00 −3
y 000 − 3y 00 + 2y 0 = t + e t , y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = , y (0) =
4 2

Solution: The characteristic equation for corresponding homogeneous equation is

r 3 − 3r 2 + 2r = r (r − 1)(r − 2) = 0, hence we have yh (t) = c1 + c2 e t + c3 e 2t . Therefore,
For y 000 − 3y 00 + 2y 0 = t, we should write y1p (t) = t(At + B).
For y 000 − 3y 00 + 2y 0 = e t , we should write y2p (t) = t(Ce t ).
1 3
By simple calculations, we get A = , B = and C = −1. Hence, the general solution is
4 4
t 2 + 3t −1
y (t) = yh (t) + y1p (t) + y2p (t) = c1 + c2 e t + c3 e 2t + − te t . Since y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) =
4 4
−3 t 2 + 3t + 4
and y 00 (0) = , we get c1 = 1, c2 = c3 = 0, which yields y (t) = − te t .
2 4

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Chapter 4.3 - Problem 13/Problem 16
Determine a suitable form for Y (t) if the method of undetermined coefficients is to be used. Do
not evaluate constants.
13. y 000 − 2y 00 + y 0 = 3t 3 + 2e t
16. y (4) + 4y 00 = sin 2t + te t + 6

Solution:
13. For the homogeneous equation, we have c1 + c2 e t + c3 te t since the characteristic
equation is r 3 − 2r 2 + r = r (r − 1)2 . Therefore, we need to write
Y (t) = t(At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct + D) + Et 2 e t
16. For the homogeneous equation, we have c1 + c2 t + c3 cos 2t + c4 sin 2t since the
characteristic equation is r 4 + 4r 2 = r 2 (r + 2i)(r − 2i) = 0. Therefore, we need to write
Y (t) = t(A sin 2t + B cos 2t) + (Ct + D)e t + Et 2

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Chapter 4.4 - Problem 13
1
Given that x, x 2 , and are solutions of the homogeneous equation corresponding to
x
x 3 y 000 + x 2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 2x 4 , x > 0, determine a particular solution.

Rewrite the equation as

000 1 00 2 0 2
y + y − y + y = 2x, x > 0.
x x2 x3
1
We want to apply the method of variation of parameters. Hence, we let y = u1 x + u2 x 2 + u3 and solve the system
x
x2 x −1
   0  
x u1 0
1 2x −x −2  u20  =  0  .
0 2 2x −3 u30 2x

We can solve this for u10 , u20 , u30 by Cramer’s rule.

x2 x −1  x −1 
   
0 x 0 x2
 
x 0 
−x −2  −x −2 
  
0 2x 1 0 1 2x 0 
 
2x −3  2x −3 
2x 
0 2 0
0 2x 0
0 2 2x 
u1 =   , u2 =  , u3 = 
x2 x −1  x2 x −1  x2 x −1 

x x x
−2  −2  −2 
  
1
 2x −x 
1
 2x −x 
1
 2x −x 
0 2 2x −3  0 2 2x −3  0 2 2x −3 

−6x 4 2x 3 x3 x2 x5
So, u10 = , u20 = , u30 = gives u1 = − + c1 , u2 = + c2 , u 3 = + c3 . Finally, we compute
6x −1 6x −1 6x −1 3 3 15
 x3   x2 
2
 x5 1 x4 2 −1 x4
y = − + c1 x + + c2 x + + c3 = + c1 x + c2 x + c3 x to get yp = .
3 3 15 x 15 15

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