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Unidad 1 Diapositivas - v1
Unidad 1 Diapositivas - v1
Formal Definition
Precip.
Runoff
River
Water Cycle and its components
Spanish (Sanchez San Roman, 2017)
Precipitation
Hyetograph
Discharge time
River
Salida
Outlet (Gauge)
- any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common
outlet, such as into a river, lake, bay, or other body of water.
Many watersheds are not closed – there are water inputs and
outputs from/to other watersheds
Runoff depth
(lámina) =
Evapotranspiration
Water Balance
∙ in an ideal natural basin
P = ET + R + ∆S
Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, Runoff, Storage
Condicions:
-no inputs/outputs from/to other catchments (impermeable background)
-∆S = cero over a long period of time (decades)
.
R=?
The following monthly water balance of a lake (area 107 m2) is presented:
River inflow 7 x 105 m3/month
River outflow 8 x 105 m3/month
Pumping for irrigation 10 L/s
Precipitation monthly 6 cm
Evaporation monthly 10 cm
As a result of the balance, the lake level has dropped within that month by
3cm.
Input: 70mm + 60 mm + x
Output: 80mm + 100mm + 2.6 mm
Delta S = -30 mm
X=approx 23 mm
Watershed Size
Factors that affect the shape of a hydrograph
2 neighboring watersheds – same area, same rainfall amount.
However, the runoff responses of the watersheds are different. Why?
Discharge (caudal)
Time
Factor Steepness
A B
Factor Stream Density
Factor Watershed Shape
B
A
Basin Compaction Index ( Index of Gravelius)
KG close to 1 – round
watershed shape, rapid
runoff
Factor Meandering Stream
A
B
Factor Roughness, Urban Areas
Hydrograph A
A
B
Hydrograph B
Factor Land Use,Vegetation
B
A
Factor Geology and Soils
Hydrograph B Hydrograph A
i…stream order
Okawango
Titicaca
Cuenca Alta