SOCIOLOGY

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

 TOPIC 02
SOCIAL INTERACTION:
BUILDING COOPERATION AND
PUTTING SOCIAL CONFLICT
INTO FUNCTION
SUBTOPICS

Social Phenomena:
1 Cooperation and Social
Conflict
Definition and Terms
2
of Social Interaction
Forms of Social
3
Interaction

4 Challenges and
Solutions
 01
SOCIAL
PHENOMENA:
COOPERATION AND
SOCIAL CONFLICT in
Social Interaction lens
Video:
Fight Covid through Solidarity. TEMPODOTCO

Humans Should be Equal but Why Does

Racism Exist. NARASI NEWSROOM.

Characteristics of Social
Interaction in ‘COOPERATION’
 CIVILIAN MOVEMENT
• There are social relations between
individual and individual in the form
of Cooperation, individual and social
group, group and other group, and
international societies through
international organizations;
• Social contact can take place face to
face or through digital social media.
• The driving force for cooperation can
be due to the demands of a pandemic
situation, public interest, or mutual
altruism.
• Examples: Gotong-royong in the
neighborhood unit (RT) to provide
assistance for the residents affect by
Covid-19, fundraising, medical
equipment assistance, etc. (Source:
Litbang Kompas, and IPB today, 2020)
Characteristics of Social
Interaction in ‘SOCIAL
CONFLICT’  BLACK LIVES
MATTER in USA
• A dissociative social process that
places opposing parties/groups 
race and ethnicity conflict
• There is a social conflict between
individuals through class conflict
(black Americans and white
Americans)
• Conflict has positive function in
strengthening group bonds.
• In conflict arranging the relation
system, the whole system will always
be maintained (the social system of
US citizens)
• “Eternal truth” appears, namely
social justice value
• Example: Antiracism demonstration
(Source: https://tirto.id/kenapa-
kematian-george-floyd-picu-demo)
 02
DEFINITION & TERMS
OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
• Dynamic social relations (constantly
changing) which involve relations between
individuals, individual and group, and
between groups (Gillin and Gillin, 1954)
• An event when an action committed by an
individual against another individual is
rewarded or punished by using the action  The social process
committed by the other individual (Homans in regarding the ways
Johnson, 1994) of relating that can
• The process where people orient themselves be seen if individuals
to others and act in response to what others and social groups
say and do (Calhoun et. al. 1994) meet each other and
 The behavior of two or more individuals who determine the social
are given meaning by the actors, within the systems and
prevailing cultural frame (Durkheim in relations
Johnson, 1994) (Soekanto,1990)
 TERMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
Interpersonal attraction : Humans have a need
1. for affiliation.
Social Contact
2. • “Connecting “ together  does not necessarily
mean physical connection
• Take place in : (1) individuals, (2) groups, (3)
individuals and groups
• Characteristics: (1) Positive-Negative, (2)
Primary-Secondary
Communication: Role in the exchange of
3. messages that form a new understanding
between the interacting parties (Soekanto,
1990)
Verbal and non-verbal communication : social
4. 4.
interaction is inherent in the language used
(attached to culture). Communication is not just
what you say but also how you say it, and to
whom.
03
FORMS OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION
 FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
(GILLIN & GILLIN 1954)

01 ASSOCIATIVE (SOCIAL 02 DISSOCIATIVE

PROCESSES THAT (SOCIAL PROCESSES
“BRING CLOSER”) THAT “DISTANCE”)
1. Cooperation 1. Competition
2. Accommodation 2. Contravention
3. Assimilation & 3. Conflict
Acculturation
ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
 1. COOPERATION
• Working together in order to achieve a
common goal cooperation (co:
together; operate: work).
• The primary form of social interaction
process: division of tasks to achieve
common goals.
• Supporting factors for cooperation:
• Personal motivation, public interest,
altruism, and demands of a situation.
• Specific forms of rural community
cooperation :
• Gotong-royong (kerja-bakti), mutual
help, and deliberation.
GOTONG ROYONG, MUTUAL HELP AND
DELIBERATION
ACTIVITY GOAL
Gotong royong/Kerja bakti Public interest
Mutual help (sambatan,
Individual
mapalus, rereongan, gaga gili,
interest
parapona, and others)
Deliberation Compromises
 2. ACCOMODATION
• The process of social interaction is
in the form of social adjustments,
both by individuals and by
groups to reduce existing social
conflicts.
• Forms of Accommodation:
1. Compromise
2. Arbitration
3. Mediation
4. Conciliation
5. Tolerance
 3. ASSIMILATION
• Assimilation is a social process
characterized by efforts to reduce the
differences that exist between
individuals or groups; it is also
characterized by efforts to enhance the
unity of actions and attitudes, by taking
into account common interests and goals.
• Terms of Assimilation:
There are different cultural groups; and
individuals as group members who
interact directly and intensively for a
long time, thus the groups’ cultures
change and adapt to one another.
FACTORS THAT EASE THE ASSIMILATION
PROCESS
1. Tolerance
2. Balanced opportunities in the
economic field
3. Respect for foreigners and their
culture
4. The open attitude of the ruling class in
society
5. Similarities in cultural elements
6. Mixed marriages (amalgamation)
7. There is a common enemy from
outside
DISSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
1. COMPETITION
• A social process between two or more
individual to own (use) material or non-
material assets
• There is no element of threat or violence,
• No intrigue or mutual suspicion
• Types of competition : (1) personal; 2) not
personal
• Forms of Competition :
• Economy, culture, position and role in
society, because of racial differences
• Functions of Competition:
• (1) A means for obtaining something
appreciated by society; (2) A way to be
the center of attention; (3) A selection
tool; dan (4) A labor division filtering
tool
2. CONTRAVENTION
• A form between competition and conflict,
there is an element of intrigue, for example
slander that is characterized by symptoms
of uncertainty about a person, or a hidden
plan and feeling of dislike, hatred for one's
personality.
• Forms of contravention (Von Weise &
Becker 1932):
• General: refusal; reluctance
• Simple: denying in public; cursing
others
• Intensive: inciting; spreading rumors
• Confidential: treason; divulging secrets
• Tactical: surprising or confusing the
opposing party
3. CONFLICT
• a social process in which individuals
or groups of people try to meet their
goals by challenging other parties or
the opponents with threats and/or
violence
• Sources of conflict:
• control of land or general
economic resources(Struggle for
Resources)
• socio-political position or prestige
others
• Matchmaking/marriage
 Social Conflict Functions (Coser):
 Conflict strengthens group bonds (group
binding functions of conflict): there are in-group,
out-group, and hierarchical position ensures
the stability of the overall social structure.
 There is a safety valve: it is a special
mechanism used by groups to prevent larger
social conflict.
 Hostile behavior occurs more readily in
groups with close social relations
 Conflict with other groups increases internal
cohesion: being more aware of their bonds
and increasing participation (equal value
system)
 Conflict and ideology: ideal emerges from
individual motivation to eternal truth (Source:
Lewis A. Coser in Margaret M, Paloma 2010)
 RESUME: TYPES OF Exchange or social exchange is a type of social interaction
that appears in trade transactions or business transactions.

SOCIAL Social conflict is a type of social interaction that appears in a

INTERACTION dispute between two individuals or two groups of differing

views on a particular object.

Competition is a form or type of social interaction that takes

place between individuals in getting something, which is
Cooperation Social Exchange often not available in abundance.

Cooperation is a form of social interaction that occurs

between several individuals or groups who work hand in
Social hand, help each other or collaborate in achieving a goal of
Social Conflict
Competition which, if achieved, the benefits are not only useful for
them, but also for the wider society.

Accomodation
Accommodation is a social interaction that brings parties or
individuals or groups who are in conflict about a particular
affair to be reconciled in such a way that their interaction
changes from conflict to a cooperation.
 SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CYBERSPACE
• Virtual social networks (Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram) and social connectivity have
emerged
• Effective and efficient communication tools 
weakening of direct social contact
• Social interactions in family, school, office,
environment tend to be more selfish and
individual  emotional bonds decrease;
 04
CHALLENGES AND
SOLUTIONS
 CHALLENGES AHEAD
Often social interaction takes place not as
expected. That is, in a situation where cooperation
can ideally be created, what happens in fact is a
conflict. Often times, the explanation of the
background to conflict and cooperation lies in
social identities of the people who interact
socially.
1) Gender - the gender that comes naturally to a
person.
2) Education Level - which highly determines
one's level of competence.
3) Race or ethnicity whose existence is not
changed in a person.
4) Religion - the type of belief held by a person.
5) Income level - monthly salary or income that
determines a person's socio-economic status
in terms of welfare.
Social identity determines the form of social
interaction that will be brought by an individual
or a group of individuals in building social
interaction in society.
 SOLUTIONS: Questions
Discussion:
Racial and ethnic conflict context
(Humans Should be Equal but Why
Does Racism Exist. NARASI
NEWSROOM).
(1) How do you manage differences in
social identities
(race/ethnicity/religion), of which
the partition is very strict between
individuals, so that positive social
cooperation can be created? Explain
your opinion.
(2) What forms of accommodation
must be built by a country with
very diverse social identity
characteristics in order to have
positive social competition for the
advancement of the nation and
state? Explain your opinion.
 REFERENCE
1. Brinkerhoff, David B. Lynn K. White. Suzanne T. Ortega. Rose
Weitz. 2011. Essentials of Sociology. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
2. Calhoun, C. et.al. 1994. Sociology (6th edition). McGraw-Hill. Inc.
USA.
3. Gillin, J.L. & J.P. Gillin. 1954. Cultural Sociology (3rd printing) New
York: The Macmillan Co.
4. Johnson, Doeyle Paul. 1994. Teori Sosiologi Klasik dan Modern.
Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama
5. Margaret, M. Paloma. 2010. Sosiologi Kontemporer. Jakarta: PT. Raja
Grafindo Persada.
6. Ritzer, George. (ed). 2005. Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Volume II.
Sage Publications.
7. Soekanto, S. 1990. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Thank You…