Aug28, 2020(Fr i

day )I
ntr
oductor
yCl
ass(
Not
est
obedet
ail
ed)
INTRODUCTI ONTOACOUSTI CS
Def i
nit
ion
Akoust i
cos
Abr anchofphy si
cs
Aristot
le(3rdCent uryBC)
Theat r
eofEpi daur us330BC
FlavianAmphi theat r
e71BC
Vitruvi
us27BC
Chr i
sti
anEr a400- 800AD

Wall
aceClementSabine1868- 1919
-
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Aug31,2020(Monday )
THEPHYSI CSOFACOUSTI CS
Acoust
ics Wav eAcoust i
cs
Stati
sticalAcousti
cs
Ray( al
soknownasGeomet r
ic)Acousti
cs

Sound

Object
ive/Physi
calDef
ini
ti
on-aform ofenergy
,trav
elsi
nfor
msofwav
est
hroughel
ast
icmedi
a;i
t
causesfluct
uati
onofpr
essureandpar
ticl
edispl
acement

Subj
ecti
ve/Physi
ologi
calDefi
nit
ion-isanaudi
tor
ysensat
ionpr
oducedbyst
imul
ati
onoft
heor
gan
ofhear
ingevokedbyfl
uctuat
ionofpressur
e

Sound:
Mechani
cal
Wav
e(needsamedi
um t
otr
avel
)

Longi
tudi
nalWaves-Di
rect
ionofmov
ementofpar
ti
clei
spar
all
elt
othewav
e
Example-Spr
ing

Transv
erseWaves-Dir
ecti
onofmov ementofpar
ti
clei
sper
pendi
cul
art
othewav
e
Example-Rope,
Rippl
es,Ear
thquake

Soundi
saLongi
tudi
nal
Wav
e.

Repr
esent
edasasinusoi
dal
cur
ve
y=AsinωT,where, ωi st
heAngul
arf
requency
;ω=2ℼ/
T

So, att
ime=0, y=0 (
Since,
sin00 =0)
att
ime=T/4, y=A (
Since,
sinℼ/2 =1)
att
ime=T/2, y=0 (
Since,
sinℼ =0)
att
ime=3T/4, y=-
A (
Since,
sin3ℼ/2=-
1)
att
ime=T, y=0 (
Since,
sin2ℼ =0)
Ampli
tude A Maxi mum extentofv i
brati
onofpar ti
clefrom equil
i
br i
um (Uni
t-m)
Fr
equency Numberofwav ecycl
esi naunitti
me( Unit-Number /Sec=CPS=Her t
z)
Ti
mePer i
od T Ti
meneededf oracompl etecycl
eorv i
bration(Uni
t-sec)
Wavel
ength Distancebetweenconsecut iv
eCr ests/Tr oughs(Unit-m)
Vel
oci
ty v Rateoft r
avelofsound=Di st
ance/Ti me= / T=
Velocit
y,v= x , where i sf r
equencyand i st hewavel
ength
Velocit
yofsoundi sf i
xed,c=343m/ s
Dependsupon: a.AtmosphericPressur e(p) 101325Pa
b.DensityofAi r(ρ) 1.
225kg/m3
c.Temper atureofAi r(t
A) 210C(var
ies)
For
mul
a,v
eloci
tyofsound,
c=√(
(1.
4xp)
/ρ) gi
vesc=340.
3m/
s

For
mul
a,v
eloci
tyofsound,
c=√(
1+(
tA/
273)
)gi
vesc=343.
0m/
s

Compr essi
onsandRar efact
ions
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Sep04, 2020(Fri
day)
FREQUENCYANDOCTAVES
Heari
ngRange: 20Hzt o20,000Hz

Tone Thesoundsensat
ionort
hequal
i
tyofsensat
ionofsound

Pur
eTone Si
ngl
eFrequencySound,eg.TuningFork,
GuitarSt
ri
ng
Compl
exTone Twoormorethantwof r
equencies,
eg.Speech,Music

Compl
exTone 50 75 80 100 120 135 150 175 180 195
200 210 225 250 270 370 400

Super
imposi
ti
onofwav
es

Fundament
alTone Thelowestf
requencyi
nacompl
ext
one
50
Ov
ert
ones All
otherhi
ghertonesi
nacompl
ext
one(al
soknownasPar
ti
als)
75 80 120 135 150 175 180 195 210
225 250 270

Har
moni
cs Numer icmulti
plesoffundamentaltones
50 150 250
Octaves Frequencieswhicharedoubletheot her
50 100 200 400
75 150 225
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Sep07,2020( Monday)
OCTAVEBANDCENTRALFREQUENCY
Heari
ngRange: 20Hzt o20, 000Hz
SetofOct
avest
hatcov
ercompleteaudi
orange
OBCF(Hz) GP 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000
Log AP 1.5 1.8 2.
1 2.
4 2.
7 3

BandNumber AP 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
10Log

BandWidth 22-
44 44-
88 88-
175175-
350
(f-0.
3f)
to(f+0.4f
)

WhyOct
aveBand?
1.
2.
3.

Bass Low-rangeFr
equencies <250Hz Eg.Tabl
a
Mid-r
angeFrequencies250Hz<F<2000Hz
Tr
ebl
e High-
rangeFrequencies >2000Hz Eg.El
ect
ri
calGui
tar
,
Machi
ner
y

HUMANEARANDHEARI NG
HumanEar Pinna
Audit
oryCanal
Eardr
um
MiddleEarBones(
3) Mall
eus,IncusandSt apes
Micr
o-mechani calAmplif
icati
on
Eust
achianTube NegatesAtmospher icPressure
Cochl
ea( contai
nsf
lui
d) Mechanical-
electr
oConv ersi
on
Audi
toryNerv es Connectedtot heBrain
Mechani
cal
-el
ect
roconversion

At
mospher
icPressur
ePat
Pr
essur
eduetoSoundPat+Ps

Psychol
ogi
stWeber
ChangeofSubj
ect
iveResponse Pr
opor
ti
onal
to Funct
ional
changeofst
imul
us
(
ẟR) ∝ (
ẟS)
/S

i
.e.
, (
ẟR)∝(
ẟS)
/S
I
ntegr
ati
ng, R=kLogS

So,
accor
dingt
ot herel
ati
onshi
pabov
e,ourhear
ingbei
ngasensor
yst
imul
us,
Wehearl
ogari
thmical
ly
.
i
.e.
, (
ẟR)∝(
ẟS)
/S
 (
ẟR)∝ Ps/Pat

Magnitudeofsoundt hatwehearisthelogari
thmicexperi
enceofchangeinpressur
e.
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Sep11, 2020(Fri
day)
SOUNDPRESSUREANDSOUNDLEVEL
Log10=1
Log100=2
Log103=3

Log100=2=1+1=l
og10+l
og10

Log10n=nxLog10

LogXn=nxLogX
LogAxB=LogA+LogB
LogA/B=LogA-LogB

Log100,
000=5
Log200,
000=Log( 2x100,
000)=Log2+Log100,
000=5+Log2
Log(0. 10-1)=-
1)=Log( 1

SoundPr essur
e
Ptotal+=Pat+Ps

SoundI
ntensi
ty
SoundPressure SoundIntensi
ty SoundLev
el
Thr
eshol
dofHear
ing Pref=2x10- 5N/m2 I
ref=10-12W/ m2 0dB
Thr
eshol
dofPai
n 20N/ m2 1W/ m2 120dB

SoundLev
eli
salsocal
l
edasSoundInt
ensi
tyLevelal
soknownasSoundPr essur
eLev
elorLev
el
L=log(I
/I
r )
ef Unit
:Bel(
A l
exanderGraham Bel
l)
L=10log( I
/Ir
ef) Unit
:Deci
bel

Ii
spr
oport
ional oP2
t
L=10log(
I/I
r )=10l
ef og(
P/Pr
ef)
2=10x2l
og(
P/Pr
ef)

L=20l
og(
P/Pref) Uni
t:Deci
bel
L=10l
og(
W/Wref) Uni
t:Deci
bel

AttheThr
eshol
dofHear
ing, L=10l
og(
Ir
ef/
Iref
) =10Log1=0dB
AttheThr
eshol
dofPai
n, L=10log(1/10-12) =10(
Log1012)=10x12=120dB
SoundLevel
Meter

SoundLevel
scannotbeaddedari
thmeti
cal
ly
.It
’sconv
ert
edt
oInt
ensi
tyandt
heI
ntensi
tyi
sadded
andcor
respondi
ngLev
elsar
ecal
cul
ated.
Teacher 60dB X
2Teachers 63dB 2X
3Teachers 64.
8dB3X
4Teachers 66dB 4X

NTeacher
s 120dB NX

60=10l
og(
X/I
ref
)

L=10l
og(
2X/
Iref
) =10(
log[
2xX/I
ref
])
=10(
log2+l
og(X/I
ref
)
=10l
og2+10log(
X/Ir
ef)
=10l
og2+60 =10log3+60
=3+60=63 =4.
8+60=64.
8

120 =10l ogN+60

6 =l
ogN
Log106=LogN

Ast
henumberofsour
cesofsounddoubl
e,t
her
esul
tantsoundl
evel
incr
easesby3dB.

I
NVERSESQUARELAW
Spheri
calPr
opagat
ion
I
ntensi
ty (
Energy
/Ar
ea)
/Ti
me (
Ener
gy/
Time)
/Ar
ea 1/
Area 4πR2
1/

I
ntensi
ty R2
1/

Thesoundi
ntensi
tyatagiventi
meisi
nver
sel
yrel
atedt
othesquar
eoft
hedi
stancef
rom t
hesour
ce
(assumi
ngspheri
cal
propagati
on)

NEARANDFARFIELDPROPAGATI
ONOFSOUND
Poi
ntSources Soundi
nall
dir
ect
ions Spheri
calPropagati
on
Li
nearSource Soundi
nall
butonedir
ect
ion NearFi
eld Cyl
indr
icalPropagat
ion
FarFi
eld Spheri
calPropagati
on

Li
neSource
NearFiel
dZone Cyl
indr
icalPropagat
ion
FarFi
eldZone Spheri
calPropagati
on
Spher
icalPr
opagat
ion

L1 =10l
og(
I1/
Iref
)
L2 =10l
og(
I2/
Iref
)

L1-L2=10l
og(I
1/I
ref)-10log(I
2/I
ref
)
=10[
log(
I1/
Iref
)-log(I
2/I
ref
)]
 2
=10l
og[I1/
I2] I
1/I
2 (
R2/
R1)
2
=10l
og[R2/R1]
L1-L2=20l
og(R2/R1)
=20l
og(2R/R)
=20l
og2
=20(
0.3)=6dB

I
nspheri
calpropagati
onofsound,t
heSoundLev
eldecr
easesby6dBatt
hedoubl
eoft
hedi
stance
f
rom t
hesource(pointsour
ce)
.

Cyl
indr
icalPr
opagation
I
ntensi
ty (Ener
gy/Ar
ea)
/Ti
me (
Ener
gy/
Time)
/Ar
ea 1/
Area 1/
2πRL
I
ntensi
ty 1/R

I
1/I
2 (
R2/
R1)

L1 =10l
og(
I1/
Iref
)
L2 =10l
og(
I2/
Iref
)

L1-L2=10l
og(I1/I
ref)-10log(I
2/I
ref
)
=10[
log(I1/
Iref
)-log(I
2/I
ref
)]
=10l
og[I1/I
2] I
1/I
2 (
R2/
R1)
=10l
og[R2/R1]
L1-L2=10l
og(R2/ R1)
=10l
og(2R/ R)
=10l
og2
=10(
0.3)=3dB

I
ncyli
ndr
icalpr
opagati
onofsound,
theSoundLev
eldecr
easesby3dBatt
hedoubl
eoft
hedi
stance
f
rom t
hesource(l
inesour
ce)
.

LOUDNESS
Loudnessi
scharact
eri
zedbyacombinat
ionofFrequencyandSoundLev
el.
Phonistheuni
ttomeasurel
oudnessofsound.

1Phoni sequi
v al
entto1dBat1000Hz .
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Sep18,2020( Fri
day )
[
NOCLASSHAPPENED]
Reason-Facultyengagedi nThesisRevi
ew1
Notes-Noext raclasshasbeenconduct ed.Ifplanned,det
ail
swillbeupdated.
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Sep21,2020( Monday )
RAYACOUSTI CS

Room Acoust
ics I
nter
act
ionofsoundwi
thsol
i
dsur
faces
Onencounteringanobject
,soundunder goes-
Refl
ect i
on All
surfaces
Diff
usion Edges/Corner/Rough
Diff
racti
on ChangeinMedi um
Absorption All
surfaces
Transmi ssi
on All
mat eri
als/sol
ids

REFLECTION
LawsofRefl
ecti
on,assimilartotheRayOpticsappl
yforsound:
1. Theangleofinci
denceisequaltotheangleofref
lecti
on
2. Thei
ncidentandther ef
lect
edrayareinthesamepl ane
3. Thei
ncidentandther ef
lect
edrayareopposit
eindirect
ion

Note1-Unampli
fi
edspeechcanbeaugment
edbypl
aci
nghar
dsur
facesi
nposi
ti
onwher
etheycan
di
rectt
hesoundt
ot heaudi
ence

Not
e2-Ref
lect
edsoundcont
ri
but
esmor
etohear
ingt
hant
hedi
rectsound

El
ementsofi nt
eresti
nar
oom (
all
six,
ormor
esur
faces)
:
1. Ceil
ing
2. Fl
oor
3. Si
dewal ls
4. FrontWall
5. Rearwall

SoundConcentrat
ion(
ConcaveSurfaces)
1. SoundShadow( DeadSpots)
2. Hotspot(apoi
nt/aregi
on)akaSoundGl
are

Note3-Humanearcannotdi sti
ngui
shbetweendir
ectsoundandref
lect
edsoundift
hedel
ayi
sless
than(1/10th)ofasecond.
Wepr oduceamaxi mum of10sy ll
abl
espersecond,i
.e.
,1/
10thofasecondpersyl
l
able
@ 340m/ s,Soundwouldtr
avel34m in0.1sec.
Refl
ectedsoundi srei
nfor
cingthedir
ectsound

ZoneofUseful
Ref
lect
ion
Echo
Dir
ectSound D
Refl
ect
edSound R1+R2
PathDif
fer
ence D-(R1+R2)

Not
e4-Pat
hdi
ff
erenceupt
o13m i
sgoodf
orspeechandmusi
c

Fl
utt
erEcho/Buzzi
ngofSound
Focusi
ngofSound
CreepofSound
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Sep25,2020( Fri
day)
DIFFUSIONANDDI FFRACTION

f(
Hz) 20 31.
5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000 20000
(mm) 17000 11200 5620 2660 1330 660 330 160 80 40 20
17

v=f

Wi t
hr especttot heRoom si
zes,fur
nit
ureandotherel
ementsinaroom (
i.
e.,wi
threspectto
elementsinr el
ati
ontohumananthr
opometry
),t
hedi
mensionsoft
her
ange1.
33m to0.
16m prov
ide
foreasyreflect
ion.

DIFFUSION
Scatteri
ng/r
andom di
stri
buti
on/spreadi
ngofSoundfrom asurfaceonwhichi
tfall
s
Alldir
ecti
ons
Causedbysur faceir
regular
it
ies,br
eaks,undul
ati
ons,pr
oject
ions,wedges,i
nsteadofcont
inuous
surfaces

Exampl
es-Cur
tai
nfol
ds,
Cur
vedsur
faces,
Edges,
Bookr
ack,
Egg-
crat
e

1. Thereisunif
orm dist
ri
buti
onofsoundinspaceduetodiff
usi
on.
2. Thereisunif
orm decayofsoundinspace.
3. Thereisunif
orm dist
ri
buti
onofrever
berati
ons
4. Thereisreducedglare
5. Higherfr
equencies(Shor
terwavel
engths)shoul
dnotgetr
efl
ect
ed,
sot
heyar
edi
ff
used

DI
FFRACTI ON
Di
ff
ract
ional soknownasBendi ngofSound
1. BecauseofSoundshadowzones, soundbendsandr eachestheshadowar eas.
2. Becauseofcompr essionsandr arefact
ions,t
hepressur edi
fferencecausessurr
oundi
ngair
pressuretoresonatewi thit
.
3. Becauseofdi ff
ract
iont hereisareducti
oninsoundener gy/l
ev el
4. Greatertheangleofbendi ng/far
thertherecei
ver
,greaterthereducti
oninsound
5. Shorterfrequenci
es( Longerwav elengths)getdi
ffractedatt hecornersrat
herthanbei
ng
refl
ected.

f(
Hz) 20 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000 20000
(mm) 17000 11200 5620 2660 1330 660 330 160 80 40 20
17
Di
ffr
act
ion Refl
ect
ion Dif
fusi
on

Tot
akecar
eofcombi
nedef
fect
soft
heRef
lect
ion,Di
ff
usi
onandDi
ff
ract
ion,f
oll
owi
ngaspect
sar
e
requiredtobeknown-
a. Purposeoft heRoom ( Acti
vi
ty)
b. Natur eoffrequenciesinvol
ved
c. Natur eofSur f
aces
d. SizeofSur faces
e. Distancef r
om Sour ce
f. Curv atur
eofSur faces
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Sep28, 2020( Monday )
ABSORPTI ON

i
=Inci
dentSoundEner
gy
i
=r+a

I
nci
dentSoundEner
gy= Ref
lect
edSoundEner
gy+ Absor
bedSoundEner
gy

I
f Ref
lect
edSoundEner gy> Absor
bedSoundEnergy
Thesurf
aceisaRef l
ecti
veSur
face/Mater
ial
Exampl
e-Hardplast
eredsurf
aces,
ExposedConcr
ete,Met
al/Stone

I
f Refl
ectedSoundEnergy< AbsorbedSoundEnergy
ThesurfaceisanAbsorpt
iveSurf
ace/Mat eri
al
Exampl
e-Softfabr
icsur
faces,
Softpanel
s,Perf
oratedsur
faces

Energycannei
therbecreat
ednordestr
oy ed.I
tcanonlytransf
erf
rom onef
ormt
otheot
her
.
Soundenergy,
whenitisabsor
bedbyasur f
ace,itt
ransf
ormsinto
MechanicalEnergy
HeatEnergy

Fri
cti
onFri
cti
onal
Absorbers
Vi
brati
on Vi
brat
ionalAbsor
bers
Resonance Resonat ingAbsorber
s

i
a= i

=absor
pti
oncoef
fi
cient=a/
i=Soundener
gyabsor
bed/Soundener
gyi
nci
dent

ABSORPTI
ONCOEFFI
CIENT
i=r+a
r=i-a=i- i=(
1- )i

i
sdependentonthefol
lowi
ng-
1. Angleofinci
dence
2. Frequency
Absor
pti
onCoef
fi
cient<1

Random I
nci
dentSoundAbsor
pti
onCoeffi
cient(
isdependentonAngl
e)
bar=aver
ageof v aluesf
orasetofangles

NRC(
Noi
seReduct
ionCoef
fi
cient
)Val
ue(
dependsont
heFr
equency
)
NRC=¼( 250+ 500+ 1000+ 2000)

0.
75
0.
78
0.
83
0.
84

0.
8

Canwehaveasur
facewhi
chi
s100%absor
pti
ve?
Anopeni
ng

OpenWi
ndowConcept-t
oper
cei
vet
hephenomenaofabsor
pti
on

A=S
A=S1 1+S2 2+S3 3+S4 4+S5 5+S6 6

REVERBERATI ON
Theper si
stenceofsoundi naspaceaf tert
hesour
ceofsoundi
sstopped,
isknownasRev
erber
ati
on.
(per
sistence=r epeatedexistence)
Reverberati
onist hecharacteri
sti
csofaspace,
andNOTthesound.

REVERBERATI ONTI ME( RT60)

Thetimetakenbysound( orsoundlevel
)todecayby60dB
Unit-Sec
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Oct02,2020( Fr
iday)
[
NOCLASSHAPPENED]
Reason-Holiday(Gandhi Jayant
hi)
-
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Oct05,2020( Monday)
REVISIONFORI NTERNALTEST1
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Oct09,2020( Fr
iday)
I
NTERNALTEST1
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Oct12,2020( Monday)
REVERBERATI ON

ABSORPTI
ONCALCULATI
ON
Uni
t-Sabi
ne
Quant
it
y Uni
tAr
ea Total
Area Absor
pti
on
(S) (S )

Door
s 1.
2x2 4 2.
4 9.
6 0.
01 0.
096

Wi
ndows 2x1.
2 6 2.
4 14.
4 0.
01 0.
144

RearWal
l 15x5 1 75 75 0.
45 33.
75

WoodenF 15x30 1 450 450 0.

12 54

Cei
l
ing

Remaini
ng
Wall
s

103.
54

LI
VEROOMSANDDEADROOMS
LI
VEROOM Most
lyRefl
ecti
ve Small Smallr
ateofdecay HighRT Mor
eV
DEADROOM Most
lyAbsorpt
ive Lar
ge Fastr
ateofdecay LowRTLessV

CARLEYRINGEQUATI ON
Theequat
iondev
elopedi
nthey
ear1930,t
ocalculat
etherever
berat
iont
ime.
RT=-0.16V/Slog(1- ), where V=Vol ume,
S=SurfaceArea,
=Absorpti
oncoeff
ici
entofMater
ial

SABINE’SFORMULA
Thef ormul
at ocalcul
atether ever
berat
iont imewasgi venbyt heAmer i
canPhy
sici
st,Wal
l
ace
ClementSabineal
sopopular
izedast heFatherofArchit
ect
uralAcousti
cs.
RT=0. 16V/S , where V=Vol ume,
S=Sur faceArea,
=Absor pt
ioncoeff
ici
entofMat er
ial

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingt
heRTVal
uear
e-(
1) ,
(2)V,
(3)S,
(4)f

EMPIRI
CALFORMULA
Theempir
ical
for
mul
afort
hecal
cul
ati
onofRev
erber
ati
onTi
mef
oraspacei
sgi
venby
,
RT=k(
0.012∛V+0.
107)
, wher
e V=Vol
ume,
Fordif
fer
entfunctionsofthespace,thevalueofk,v
aryas-
k=4, forSpeech
k=5, forOrchestr
a
k=6, forChoir
-
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-
Oct16,2020(Fr
iday)
ABSORBERS
I
nthecontextofr
efl
ecti
on,soundcanbesai
dtobeofthefol
l
owi
ngt wokinds-
Di
rectSound Refl
ect
ed(
Indir
ect)Sound
UsedtomeasuretheDirect
ion Usedt
omeasuret
heDi st
ance
Usedtomeasurethetonalqual
it
y UsedtomeasureSizeofEnv
ironment

Acti
veMeasur
es Technology
Passi
veMeasures Design

SoundEner
gyconv
ert
sto- 1.HeatEnergyFricti
onal
Loss
2.MechanicalEnergy Vi
brat
ional
Loss

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFABSORBERS
POROUSABSORBERS al
soknownasFRI CTI
ONALABSORBERS
PANELABSORBERS alsoknownasVI BRATI
ONALABSORBERS
RESONANTABSORBERS alsoknownasCAVITYABSORBERS

Otherf or
msofAbsor ber
s-
SpaceAbsor bers
FunctionalAbsorber
s
PortableAbsorbers

ACOUSTICALIMPEDANCE
I
t’
sapropert
yofamater
ial
.It
’st
hemeasur
eofr
esi
stancet
othemot
ionofsoundi
namat
eri
al.
z=SoundPressur
e/Par
ti
cleVel
oci
ty

POROUSABSORBERS
Worki
ngPr
inci
ple-Fr
ict
ion

Whenthesoundi si
ncident,
1. Localfl
owv el
ocit
yincreases
2. Dir
ecti
onalchangeleadst ol
ossofhi
ghf r
equencysound
3. Fri
cti
onwithparti
clel
eadst olowf
requencyl
osses

Not
e1.Thi
ckert
heAbsor
ber
,hi
ghert
heabsor
pti
on

Fi
ber glass
Miner alFi
berPr
oduct
s
Fi
ber board
Pressedwoodshav i
ngs
Cotton
Felt
Open- cell
Neopr
eneFoam
Carpet
Cork-sheet
St
rawboar
d

Not
e2.Atl
east15-
20%oft
hef
aci
ngshoul
dbeopent
oper
for
m asanabsor
ber

Not
e3.Ai
rgapi
ncr
easest
heabsor
pti
oncapaci
tybydoubl
etheamount
.

Not
e4.Mat
eri
alswi
th <0.
2,ar
eref
lect
ors.

MOUNTINGOFABSORBERS
1. Usi
ngAdhesives
2. Wit
hAir
-gap
3. Wit
hPerfor
atedPanel
s

Forspeechi nt
ell
i
gibi
li
ty(RTControl
),1”(
25mm)thi
ckFi
bergl
assPanel
Forhi
ghf requencyfl
utterecho, 5mm Wal
lFabri
c,or6mm Car
pet
Forl
owf requencysound( <125Hz) 2”(
50mm)thickPanel
s

Por
ousAbsor
ber
sar
enotef
fect
ive Atfrequency<63Hz
Atfrequency>2000Hz
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Oct19,2020(Monday)
PANELABSORBERSANDRESONANTABSORBERS

PANELABSORBERS
Worki
ngPri
nci
ple-Ki
net
icEner
gy(Moti
on-Vibrat
ion)
Absor
bsoundduetomassreact
ancecausi
nginducedmot
ion

1. Arenon-porous,l
ight-
weightSheets
2. Arefr
eelysuspendedt ocauseoscill
ati
ngmot i
on
3. Theymaybef i
xedwi t
hai r
-cavi
ty
4. Theymaybef i
ll
edwi t
habsor pt
ivemateri
al,
e.g.f
ibergl
ass
5. I
dealforareaswher esounddef l
ectfr
om hardsurfaces
6. I
tremov estheechoef fectinl
argerooms

Al
socal
l
edhanger
s,baf
fl
esorbanner
s,mor
ecommonl
yas‘
Acoust
ical
Baf
fl
es’
.

Ar
enas,
Gymnasi
um,
theat
res,
Mul
ti
-pur
posehal
l
s,Concer
thal
l
sandAudi
tor
ium

I
ntegr
atedwi
tht
heSuspendedGr
id,
Trusses,
HVACSy
stems

Tar
getFr
equency
,f=600/
√(md)
m =massoft
hepanel
d=dist
ance(
air
-space)

RESONANTABSORBERS
Resonat
orsar
easpecialt
ypeofair
-spr
ingosci
ll
atori
nanencl
osedv
olumehav
ingasmal
lneckand
anopeni
ngatoneend.(Hel
mholt
zResonator)
f=(
Co/
2π)
√(A/
Vl) A=Ar
eaoft
heOpeni
ng
V=Vol umeoft heCav i
ty
l=Lengthoft heopeni ngport
-
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Oct23,2020( Fr
iday)
[
NOCLASSHAPPENED]
Reason-Cl assescalledofff orStudents,bythePrincipal
-
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Oct26,2020( Monday )
[
NOCLASSHAPPENED]
Reason-Hol iday(Dussehr a)
-
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Oct30,2020( Fr
iday)
[
NOCLASSHAPPENED]
Reason-Hol iday(Mil
ad- unNabi )
-
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Nov02, 2020( Monday )
RESONANTABSORBERS

Wor ki
ngPr i
nciple-Soundresonatesanddiesdown
Inreali
ty,
therear enoindi
vidualneckedr
esonat
ors,
butNeckl
essResonat
ors(
Per
for
ati
onsi
napl
ate
againstanencl osedvolume).

Per
for
atedPl
ate(
per
for
ati
onsf
orm smal
ltubesofai
r)hasmass,
thusamassr
eact
ancet
osound.

Posi
ti
oni
ngofPer
for
atedPl
ate, e2,
d=V/ wher
e V=Volumeoft
heRoom
e=Spaci
ngbet
weenthePer
for
ati
ons

Mul
ti
plepr
oductsont hePri
ncipl
eofHel
mholt
zResonat
orPr
inci
ple
a. ConcreteBl
ockwi t
hslott
edCavi
ti
es
b. Holl
owUni t
swi t
hFibrousFi
ll
s
c. Metal
licSeptum I
nter
iorFi
ll

OTHERFORMSOFABSORBERS

CAVI
TYABSORBERS
Al
soknownas,
SoundBoxUni
ts

ANECHOI CWEDGES
Li
ghtweightOpenCellFoam Mat eri
al;
Pyramidal
Form(si
milart
oeggcr
ate)
Suit
ableforent
rapmentoflowfrequencySound
Appli
cati
ons-RecordingStudi
os, AnechoicChamber
s,Hospit
als
Almostnosoundr ef
lectsback(99%)
SLI
TSLATRESONATORS

SPACEABSORBERS
SpaceAbsorber
sarealsoknownasFUNCTIONALABSORBERS
Whenstruct
uralsur
facesar
enotpr
esent
,ornotenough.

VARIABLEABSORBERS
Mult
ipurposeSpaces
Var
iableRTValuesaret
otobeused

1. BySl
iding
2. ByHinging/Fol
ding
3. ByRotating
A.
B.
C.
4. ByMov ement

MOVABLEABSORBERS
Mount
edonStands

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--
Nov06,2020(Fri
day)
MOREI NSOUNDBEHAVI OUR

ForBi
gRooms>1600Sqft Pr ovi
dingabsorber
sonCei
l
ingsi
smoreef
fecti
ve
ForSmal
lRooms <1600Sqf
t Pr ovi
dingabsor
ber
sonWall
sismoreeff
ect
ive

AREAEFFECT
Absor
pti
onmaybeaf
fect
edbyt
heposi
ti
onorl
ocat
ionordi
str
ibut
ionofabsor
ber
sinaspace

HumansandFurni
tur
eal
soactasabsor
ber
s
Humans 500Hz-1500Hz
Fur
nit
ure(
Padded/WoodenChai
rs) 125Hz

GRAZINGATTENUATI ON
Aphenomenat hatoccur
swhenanacoust
icwav
eint
eract
swi
thanabsor
bingsur
faceatashal
l
ow
angl
eofinci
dence.

I
tisobser
vedwi
thsof
tersur
faces-Gr
ass,
Snow,
Car
pet

OpenspacesandConcer
thal
as,
Theat
res,
etc.

1:
30(
Angl
e<5.
8degr
ees)
SPEECHI
NTELLI
GIBI
LITY

Forbet
ter(i
ncreased)SpeechIntell
i
gibi
li
ty,
1. HighSoundLev el(Di
rectSound)
2. Earl
yReflecti
on( t
orei
nforcetheDirectSound)
3. LowRev erberat
ions
4. TimelyAbsorbed

I
f60%-90%ofsoundisheard,
iti
sintel
l
igibl
e.
Speechi
ntel
l
igi
bil
i
tydependsonSignaltoNoiseRat
io.

ARTI
CULATIONINDEX
I
tisamethodt
ocalcul
ateSpeechI
ntel
l
igi
bil
i
ty.

Exer
cise:
Mul
ti
plesy
ll
abl
esar
epr
oduced-hear
dbyagr
oupofpeopl
eandnot
eddown

Per
cent
age(orfract
ion)ofcor
rect
lynot
edsy
ll
abl
esf
rom al
i
stofphonemesf
ori
dent
if
icat
ion,i
s
cal
l
edtheAr
ticul
ati
onIndex.

PRECEDENCEEFFECTORHASSEFFECT( 1951)
Whenasoundi srefl
ectedofasur f
aces,theearl
yrefl
ecti
onsrei
nfor
cet hedi
rectsound;t
his
phenomenai
scal
ledasthePr
ecedenceEff
ectorHassEff
ect.(
JosephHenry
,1940)

Natur
alRei
nforcementbyear
lyref
lect
ions
ForSpeech 25ms( Del
ay)
ForMusic(i
ns1) 35ms
ForMusic(i
ns2) 50ms

SI
GNALTONOI SERATI O(Q)
Si
gnal
-Noi
seRati
oisalsocall
edImpressi
on(
Q).
Si
gnal
-Noi
seRati
o(Q)=Signal
/Noise
=(Dir
ectSound+Earl
yRefl
ect
ion)/(
Lat
eRef
lect
ion+Const
antNoi
se)

Ear
lyRef
lect
ionsar
ewi
th-
in1/
16(
62.
5ms)ofasecond.

Desi
redQ>1

DEFI
NITI
ON( D)
Coi
nedbythePhysi
cistThi
ele(
1953)

ConsiderstheDirectsoundandt heearlyref
lecti
onintoaccount;doesnottakeont
oaccountt
he
noise.
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--
Nov09, 2020(Monday )
ROOM DESI GNFORSPEECH
Fundamentalrequir
ement sindesi gningroomsf orspeech(ByDoell
e,1972)
1. Theremustbeadequat eloudness–hi ghdi r
ectfi
eldl
evel.
2. Soundl evelmustber elati
v el
yuni f
orm.
3. Reverberati
onchar acter
isti
csoft her oom mustbeappr opr
iat
e.
4. Theremustbeahi ghSignal -
Noiser ati
o.
5. Room mustbef reef r
om acoust icaldefects,suchas–
Longdel ayedrefl
ect i
ons,
Flut
terechoes,
Focusing,and
Resonance

NOTE-Beyond30-
40f eet
,iti
sdif
ficul
ttounderst
andrei
nforcedspeech.
NOTE-Opti
mum volumeperseatis110Cu.Ft .=3.1Cu.M (Range80-150)
Lessv
olumeofspaceimpliesi
ncreasedloudnessanddecreasedRT.

REQUI
REMENTSFORCLASSROOM
1. Forchil
dren,(ofPri
marySchoollevel
)-100%I nt
ell
i
gibi
l
ityi
srequi
red.
2. Chil
drenshoul dbehear
dt ot
het eacher.
3. Lownoi selevel,
andlowRTar edesired.
4. Addit
ionalaidrequi
redforst
udentswi thdi
sabil
i
ty.
5. Avoidsourceofnoise-(a)HVACDuct s,(
b)Wastewaterli
nes,
(c)Traf
fi
cnoi
se.

NOTE -ByI nver

se squar
el aw,pr
essurereduces wi
thi
ncr
ease i
n di
stance;Sound pr
essur
e
decr
easedby6dBeverydoubl
i
ngofthedist
ance

NOTE-Reflect
edsoundhel
psprovidessuff
ici
entl
oudness(Sincesour
cesoundl
eveldr
opsi
na
cl
assr
oom soori
ent
ati
onofr
efl
ect
iveelementist
obeconsider
ed)

CRITICALDI STANCE
Distancefr
om thesourceofsoundbeyondwhichear
lyref
lect
ionpressuremat
cheswi
tht
otalsound
pressure
BeyondCr i
ti
calDist
ance,Ear
lyr
efl
ect
edsignal
~Combi nedeffect
ivesignal

Cri
ti
caldistancet
ell
susf rom whereweneedt herefl
ect
edsound,wher
efr
om di
rectsounddecay
s
andref
lectedsoundisrequir
ed(equalsoundl
evels)
.
i
.e.
,SourceSoundLev el=Refl
ectedSoundLevel

Cr
iti
cal
Dist
ancedependsupon–
a. Vol
umeofr oom,and
b. RT(Rev
erberat
ionTi
me)

ACOUSTICALCRI TERI
AFORCLASSROOM DESI GN
1. FLATFLOORmaybepr ovidedforGRAZI
NGATTENUATI ON.
2. Cri
ti
caldistance(i
.e.t
hePoi ntatwhi
chSourceSoundLevel=Refl
ect
edSoundLevel
)depends
upon the v ol
ume ofr oom and RT,ther
efore,REFLECTORS ar
e needed -f
orMAXI MUM
INTELLIGIBILI
TY;
 Benef i
cialrefl
ecti
onisf r
om overheadsur f
ace, i
.e.
,CEILINGS.
3. Absor bersar eneededonWALLS–f orabsor binglowf r
equencysound.
4. Absor bersmaybei nthef or
m ofabsorbingpanel s:POROUSABSORBERS( ast
hehumanv oi
ceis
ofther angeof600Hzt o4000Hz) .
5. Suspendedcei li
ngmaybepr ovi
dedtoDECREASEVOLUME( LOWERRT) .
6. Refl
ect orscanbepr ov i
dedattheBACKandt heTOPSURFACES.
7. Grazingat tenuati
onisaccent uatedbyRAI SINGTALKERHEI GHTBY1FOOT( 300mm) ,orby
SLOPI NGTHEFLOORBY5o–7o.
Alsoimpr ov estheSIGHTLI NES( i
ndi
rectlyhelpsintell
i
gibil
it
y)
8. SPLAYI NGTHESURFACEabov ethespeakerwoul dalsohelpinrefl
ect
ion.
9. Thumbr ule,forReverberati
onTime,RT=Hei ghtofceili
ng( i
nfeet)/20 .
Exampl e,forRT=0. 6secandcei li
nght=10f eet, =0. 83
So,theRANGEOFRTSHOULDBEBETWEEN0. 4-0.8SEC.
10.CURTAI NSMAYBEUSEDasabsor bers,butf arf r
om t hesourcetoabsorbthelow f
requency
sounds.

Conclusions-
Ty pi
calclassr
oom si
zeof8m x10m accommodat es30- 40student
s.Ceil
inginthecl assr
oomsar e
l
ow t o add to earl
yrefl
ecti
ons.In speech,low f r
equencysounds ar e ofno i mpor t
ance.So,
appropri
at eabsor
bersmaybeadded.RTt oachi ev
ei sbetween0. 4-0.8sec.I
ntel
ligibi
li
tyshoul
dbe
themaxi mum (above80%).Ref
lect
ivesurf
acesnear ertosourceshouldnotbecov ered.Makecloser
sidewallsrefl
ecti
vetoi
ncr
easesignali
ntensit
y.

PRIVACY
Pri
vacyisthei
nver
seofint
ell
i
gibil
i
ty
Art
icul
ati
onindexi
sequall
yusefuli
ncal
cul
ati
onofpr
ivacyasi
ntel
l
igi
bil
i
ty.

Cont
rol
l
ingsignall
evelwit
hinaspace
WhenAIishigh I
ntel
li
gibi
li
tyi
shi
gh
WhenAIislowPrivacyishi
gh
Sour
cesoundlevel- At t
enuati
on- Maski
ngofsound= Signalt
oNoi
seRat
io
(
Absorpti
on) (Hi
de/mask) (Pri
vacy)

METHODOFPRI VACY
1. Cont r
ol t
hesoundsour ce-by(a)or i
enti
ngt hesource,(b)Reducethelev
elofsour
ce.
2. Increaset hepathattenuati
on-byAbsor bingsound.
3. Raiset hemaski ngsoundl evel-byElectronicsound.
MASKI NGOFSOUND
Thequietersoundi smaskedbyt heloudersound.
Louderthemaski ngtone, t
hewi derthefrequencyt oneitcanmask.
Tonescloserinfrequency ,
maskeachot her(thant hosespreadapart).
Maskingismostpr ominentwhensoundi scomi ngf rom t
hesamedi recti
on.

NOTE-Heari
ngismoresensi
ti
vetor
efl
ect
ionsfrom l
ater
aldi
rect
iont
hanf
rom f
rontorr
ear
.Soear
ly
r
efl
ect
ionf
rom si
dewal
lsandceil
i
ngsar
ediff
erent.
I
ftot
alener
gyf r
om l
ater
alr
efl
ect
ions>ener
gyf
rom ov
erheadr
efl
ect
ion,
then,
hal
ltakesadesi
rabl
e
‘
spat
ial
impressi
on’
.

Appli
cat
ionofmasking
1. Tocoverunwantedsound
2. Lowmusicinbackgroundcanmaskhumanv
oicei
nrest
aur
ant(
alsoi
nof
fi
ce)
3. Pri
vacy

ACOUSTI CALCRI TERIASFOROPENOFFI CEDESI GN

I
nanopenof f
icewor kenvi
ronment ,priv
acycanbeachi evedwi th
1. Careful arrangementoff urni
tur
eofTal kersandLi st
eners.
2. Parti
al heightbar r
ier
sofcor r
ectt ypeandcorrectheight.
3. Highlyabsor bentcei
li
ngandwal l panels.
4. Maintainl owsoundl evel byt
alkers.
5. Maski ngsoundshoul dhav eproperspectralcontent/l
evel.
6. Nor ever berantfi
eldexi
stsbecauseofi nt
erv
eni ngbarri
ers.Andabsor
pti
vecei
l
ings.

ACOUSTI CALCRI TERI ASFORRESTAURANTDESI GN

1. I
nr estaurant/pr ivate homes,noi semaybegener at
edbyconv ersat
ionsothert
hanthoseof
i
nterest,whichcanbesor ted.
2. Theobj ecti
vei st ot al
kcomf ortabl
yacr ossthetable,i
.e;1.2-2m.Butconversat
ionnottobe
overheardatnei ghbour i
ngt ables,i.
e;3m -4m away .
3. Normal conv ersationlevelisof70dBl evel
.
4. Hardsur f
acedr estaurantsarev erydif
ficul
t.
5. Additi
onofabsor bingmat eri
alscancont r
olrever
berantnoiseofar
eaequival
enttocei
li
ngarea-
onceili
ng.
6. Useofcar petf orabsor pti
on.
7. Useofmusi ctomasksound.
8. Cushionedchai r
sf orabsor pt
ion.

COCKTAI LPARTYEFFECTS
I
ncreaseint heloudnessofat alkertomakeov ersoundheardtoal i
steneri
naspacewithheavy
backgroundnoisebecauseofnumer oust
alker
sinthevi
cini
ty-i
scal
l
edCockt ai
lPar
tyEf
fect
.
NOTE-Bey ondthecrit
icaldi
stance,sour
cesounddecaysand,Reflect
edsoundplaysanimport
ant
rol
e.