Microbial diseases of the skin, the eye and cardiovascular system

Skin diseases are among the most numerous in humans because the skin is constantly exposed to the
environment.

NORMAL MICROBIOTA OF THE SKIN

 Gram(+) bacteria
 staphylococci and micrococci
 some these can survive at 7.5% NaCl (Sodium chloride/salt)
 diphtheroids
 Propionobacterium acnes ( a Gram-positive bacterium that forms
part of the normal flora of the skin)
 Corynebacterium xerosis
 Yeasts
Pityrosporum ovale
 in oily skin and responsible for dandruff

SKIN lesions
 Vesicle
 small, fluid-filled lesions
 Bullae
 vesicles larger than about 1 cm in diameter
 Macules
 flat, reddened lesions
 Papules
 raised lesions; with pus – pustules

RASHES
 Exanthem
-a skin rash that arises from disease conditions
 Enamthem
-a rash on mucous membranes

BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN

 Staphylococcal Skin Infections

caused by staphylococci
cocci in clusters like grapes
 Coagulase-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
 Coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus epidermidis

1. Staphylococcus epidermidis
 90% normal microbiota of the skin
 generally pathogenic only when the skin barrier is broken or is invaded by
medical procedures
 able to form a slime layer of capsular material called biofilm.
2. Staphylococcus aureus
 most pathogenic
 Virulent Factors
 coagulase
coagulates blood to protect them from phagocytosis
 leukocidin - kills leukocytes(white blood cell)
 exfoliative toxin - peeling-off of skin
 enterotoxin - food poisoning
3. Streptococcal Skin Infections
 caused by streptococci
 cocci in chain
 Virulent Factors
 hemolysins - destroy RBCs
 alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, and gamma-hemolytic
groups

 beta-hemolytic - complete hemolysis

 most pathogenic
Folliculitis
 hair follicles
 often occur as pimples
 IP: 4-10 days
 P/C: good hygiene
Sty
 infected follicle of an eyelash
Furuncle or Boil
 more serious hair folliculitis
 a type of abscess
Carbuncle
 hard, round deep inflammation of tissue under the skin
Impetigo of the Newborn
 thin-walled vesicles on the skin that rupture and later crust over
Scalded Skin Syndrome
 skin of the affected areas peels off in sheets
 exfoliative toxin
 toxemia

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus

 Subdivided further according to antigenic carbohydrates in their cell walls

 GROUP A BETA-HEMOLYTIC
 subdivided according to the antigenic properties of the M Protein found in
some strains
 anti-phagocytic properties
 for adherence and colonization of mucous membranes
Pseudomonas dermatitis
 Self-limiting rash of about 2 weeks’ duration
 Often associated with swimming pools, pool-type saunas, and hot tubs
 Otitis externa
Acne
3 Categories
1. Comedonal Acne
 Occurs when sebum channels are blocked with shed cells (whiteheads) and
(blackheads)
2. Inflammatory Acne
 Propionibacterium acnes
 anaerobic
 Papules and pustules
 Isotretinoin
 Benzoyl peroxide
3. Nodular Cystic Acne
 Nodules or cysts
 Inflamed lesions filled with pus deep within the skin
 Isotretinoin

VIRAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN

1. warts
 Papillomas
 Papilloma virus
 Benign skin growth
 Treatment:
o Cold liquid nitrogen
o Topical drugs
o Burn with acids
2. Smallpox
 Variola
 Variola virus
 Variola major
 Variola minor
 Respiratory route
 Infect many internal organs

3. chickenpox
 Varicella
 Vesicular lesions fill with pus
 Face, throat, lower back, chest, shoulders
 Respiratory route
 Result of an initial infection with herpes varicella-zoster

4. Fever blisters
 Cold Sores
  Herpes Simplex Virus-1
 Painful, short-lived vesicles occur near the outer margin of the
lips
 Respiratory route or oral route

5. measles
 Rubeola
 contagious
o Macular rash on the face and spreading to the trunk and
extremities
 Respiratory route
 Prevented by MMR

6. German measles
 Milder than rubeola
 Macular rash of small red spot with slight fever
 Respiratory route
 Prevented by MMR

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN

Cutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytes
 Fungi colonize the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the epidermis
 Grow in the keratin present
 Dermatomycoses
 Tineas or ringworms
 Trichophyton – hair, skin, or nails
 Microsporum – hair or skin
 Epidermophyton – skin and nails

Subcutaneous mycoses
Sporotrichosis
 Sporothrix schenckii
 inhabit the soil, especially decaying vegetation
 Small ulcerations on the hands

Candidiasis
 Candida albicans
 normal microbiota
 oral thrush or oral candidiasis
 overgrowth of the fungi
 Miconazole, nystatin

Parasitic infestation of the skin

1. scabies
  Sarcoptes scabiei
 tiny mite
 Burrowing under the skin to lay eggs
 Intense local itch
 Permethrin insecticide
 Ivermectin drug
2. pediculosis
 Pediculus humanus capitis
 Head louse
 Pediculus humanus corporis
 Body louse
 Permethrin insecticide

Microbial diseases of the eye

1. conjunctivitis
 Inflammation of the eye membrane
 Commonly called as pinkeye or redeye
 Hemophilus influenzae
 Adenoviruses
 Contact lenses

2. Neonatal gonorrheal Ophthalmia

 Neisseria gonorrheae
 Acquired as the infant passes through the birth canal
 Silver nitrate
 Antibiotics
 Diluted povidone iodine

3. Trachoma
 Chlamydia trachomatis
 Can also cause inclusion conjunctivitis in infants when passing the birth canal
 Corneal scarring and turned-in eyelashes

4. Herpetic keratitis
 Herpes Simplex Type 1 Virus
 Infection of the cornea
 Infectious blindness

5. Acanthamoeba keratitis
 Acanthamoeba species
 Fresh water, tap water, hot tubs, soil
 Contact lenses
1. Tinea capitis
 Ringworm of the scalp

2. Tinea cruris
 Ringworm of the groin
 Jock Itch
3. Tinea pedis
 Ringworm of the feet
 Athlete’s foot
4. Tinea unguium
 Ringworm of the nails
 Onycho-mycosis

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular

Endocarditis
nflammation of your heart's inner lining, called the endocardium. It's usually
caused by bacteria. When the inflammation is caused by infection, the
condition is called infective endocarditis.

Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac (membrane) that
surrounds the heart.
Streptococci

Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms that cause many

disorders, including pharyngitis, pneumonia, wound and skin infections,
sepsis, and endocarditis.