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Unit 1 Ece For Quiklrn
Unit 1 Ece For Quiklrn
Chapter – 1
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
1.0 Civil Engineering
Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical
methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines,
materials, devices, systems, processes and organizations. The
term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning
"cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise
Civil Engineering is the oldest branch of Engineering next to Military
Engineering. It involves planning, design, construction and
maintenance of structures such as buildings, bridges, roads, canals,
dams, airports, tunnels, etc..
The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and physical
sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and
forces of nature for the progressive well-being of humanity in creating,
improving and protecting the environment, in providing facilities for
community living, industry and transportation, and in providing
structures for the use of humanity.
1.1 Scope of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering may be divided into following fields:
i. Surveying.
ii. Building Materials.
iii. Construction Technology.
iv. Structural Engineering.
v. Geotechnical Engineering.
vi. Hydraulics.
vii. Water Resource and Irrigation Engineering.
viii. Transportation Engineering.
ix. Environmental Engineering.
x. Architecture and Town Planning.
Department of Civil Engineering, RVCE, Bengaluru-560059 Page 1
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIT I
1.1.1 Surveying
Surveying is a science and art of determining the relative positions
of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of
measurement of distance, direction and elevation either directly or
indirectly. It is essentially a process of determining the positions of
points in a horizontal plane.
Surveying includes levelling, in which it is possible to find the
elevations or levels or height of the points with respect to a given
or assumed datum. Earlier, the conventional instruments like chain,
tape and levelling instruments were used for surveying. Nowadays,
equipment such as distance meters and total-stations are used to
carryout surveying for more and quick results. The modern
technologies like photogrammetry and remote-sensing have made
surveying easier.
Types of Surveying
i. Plane Surveying
The survey in which the shape or curvature of earth is not
taken into account is called plane surveying.
ii. Geodetic Surveying
The survey in which the shape or curvature of earth is taken
into account is called geodetic surveying.
1.1.6 Hydraulics
Hydraulics deals with applications of the fundamental principles of the
behaviour of fluid at rest or in motion. Hydraulics mainly covers with
problems of flow of water. This is an applied science which is based
on the results obtained from the experiments, which result into the
formation of empirical formula.
The concepts of fluid pressure, fluid static, flow pattern helps
engineers to design the structures like dams, reservoirs, bridges,
culverts, sewage system, etc.The concept is also used for flow through
pipes, pumps, propellers, turbines, river channel behaviour, spillway
capacity, hydraulic machines, etc.
1.2 Infrastructure
Economic development of a country depends on the growth and
production rate of industries and agricultural fields. This in turn
depends upon the facilities such as transportation, energy,
communication, science and technology, irrigation facilities,
equipment and machinery, health and hygiene, etc. These facilities are
referred to as infrastructure or infrastructural facilities.
1.2.1Economic Infrastructure
Economic infrastructure contributes directly to the economic
development and progressive growth of the country. Transportation
facilities, construction industry, communication facilities, power
1.2.2Social Infrastructure
Social Infrastructure will have indirect influence on the economic
development of the country. Health centres, education centres,
employment centres, housing and water supply and other amenities
(wild life conservation, recreational centres, fire stations and police
stations for emergency and safety purpose), fall in to this type.
Chapter – 2
BUILDING COMPONENTS
2.1 Foundation
Building activity starts with excavating the ground for Foundation of
the structure. It is the lower most part of the building and transfers the
load of the building to the ground. The main functions and
requirements of the foundation include:
2.1.2.2 End Bearing Piles: End Bearing Piles are used to transfer load
through the pile tip to a suitable hard bearing stratum passing soft soil
or transforming load through water. Df>B where Df= Depth of the pile,
B= Diameter of the pile. The typical section of end bearing pile is
shown in Fig.2.5
2.2 Walls
Walls are built to partition living area into different parts. They impart
privacy and protection against temperature, rain and theft. Walls may
be classified as:
i. Load bearing walls
ii. Partition walls.
2.2.1 Load Bearing Walls: If beams and columns are not used, load
from roof and floors are transferred to foundation by walls. Such walls
are called load bearing walls. They are to be designed to transfer the
load safely. The critical portion of the walls is near the openings of
doors and windows and the positions where concrete beams rest.
2.3 Roof
Roof is the upper most portion of the building which protects the
building from rain, wind and sun. Various types of roofs used may be
divided broadly into three types:
1. Flat roofs
2. Pitched roofs
3. Shells and folded plates
tiles, slates etc. are supported on suitable structures. The pitched roofs
are classified into; Single roofs, Double or purlin roofs and Trussed
roofs.
Single Roof: If the span of roof is less than 5 m the following types of
single roofs are used. Sections of single roof are shown in Fig.2.6
• Lean to roofs
• Coupled roofs
• Coupled-close roof
• Collar beam roof
2.4 Doors
The function of a door is to give access to building and to different
parts of the building and provide security. Number of doors should be
minimum possible. The size of the door should be of such dimension
as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the
doors. In case of the residential buildings, the size of the door should
not be less than 0.9 m × 2.0 larger doors may be provided at main
entrance to the building to enhance the aesthetic view. Minimum sized
doors are used for bath rooms and water closets. The size
recommended is 0.75 m × 1.9 m. As a thumb rule height of door
should be 1 m more than its width.
2.4.1.3 Flush Doors: The shutters of these doors are made of plywood
or block boards. They are of uniform thickness. These shutters are
available with different attractive veneer finishes. The time consumed
in making such doors at site is quite less. These doors are suitable for
interior portion of a building. A typical elevation of flush doors is as
shown in Fig 2.14
2.4.1.6 Swing Doors: Swing door has its shutter attached to the frame
by means of double action springs. Hence shutter can move both
inward and outward. They may be single shuttered or double shuttered.
Such doors are preferred in offices and banks. Typical section of swing
door is as shown in Fig 2.17
2.4.1.9 Rolling Shutters: Fig 2.20 shows a typical rolling shutter door.
It consists of a frame, a drum and a shutter made of thin steel plates.
The width of the door may vary from 2m to 3 m. The shutter moves on
steel guides provided on sides and can easily roll up. These types of
doors are commonly used as additional doors to shops, offices, banks,
factory, buildings from the point of safety.
2.5 Windows
Windows serves the purpose of providing light and ventilation to
buildings. They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.90 m from the
floor level. In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to
20 per cent of the floor area. It is preferable to have at least two
openings in two different walls. Another thumb rule used to determine
the size of the window opening is for every 30 m 3 inside volume there
should be at least 1 m2 window opening.
Various windows used may be classified on the basis of materials
used, types of shutters, types of openings of shutters and the position
of windows. Timber, steel and aluminium are commonly used to make
window frames. Shutters of windows may be panelled, glazed or
louvered. Window shutters may be fixed, centrally pivoted, sliding
type or double hung
Depending upon the position of windows, they may be classified as:
i. Casement windows are common type of windows, provided in
the outer walls. They are provided over 50 to 75 mm sill
concrete at a height of 750 to 900 mm from floor level. A
typical section of Casement window is as shown in Fig 2.21
ii. Bay windows are provided on the projected portion of walls. A
typical section of bay window is as shown in Fig 2.22
iii. Corner windows are provided in the corner of a room. They
need heavy lintels. Corner post of window should be strong
enough to take load due to deflection of lintel and impact load
from the shutters. A typical section of Corner window is as
shown in Fig 2.22
iv. Clear storey windows are provided when the height of the
room is much more than adjacent room/veranda. It is provided
between the gap of low height room and the top of room with
greater height. A typical section of Casement window is as
shown in Fig 2.23
Fig 2.25 Typical Dormer and gable window, Fig 2.26 Typical skylight
Fig2.27 Ventilator
2.6 Flooring
The Purpose of flooring is to provide a hard, level, safe and durable
surface for living. The floors directly resting on the ground are known
as ground floors while the floors of each storey are known as upper
floors.
2.7 Stairs
Stairs give access from floor to floor. The space/room housing stairs is
called staircase. Stairs consists of a number of steps arranged in a
single flight or more number of flights. A typical Section of staircase is
as shown in Fig 2.28
2.7.3.2 Dog Legged Stairs: It consists of two straight flights with 180°
turn between the two. They are very commonly used to give access
from floor to floor as shown in Fig 2.30
2.7.3.6 Turning Stairs: Apart from dog legged and open newel type
turns, stairs may turn in various forms. They depend upon the available
space for stairs. Quarter turned, half turned with few steps in between
and bifurcated stairs are some of such turned stairs as shown in Fig
2.34