Chapter 8

Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8: EXPONENTS AND POLYNOMIALS

Chapter Objectives
By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Simplify exponential expressions with positive and/or negative exponents
 Multiply or divide expressions in scientific notation
 Evaluate polynomials for specific values
 Apply arithmetic operations to polynomials
 Apply special-product formulas to multiply polynomials
 Divide a polynomial by a monomial or by applying long division
CHAPTER 8: EXPONENTS AND POLYNOMIALS ........................................................................................ 211

SECTION 8.1: EXPONENTS RULES AND PROPERTIES ........................................................................... 212
A. PRODUCT RULE OF EXPONENTS .............................................................................................. 212
B. QUOTIENT RULE OF EXPONENTS ............................................................................................. 212
C. POWER RULE OF EXPONENTS .................................................................................................. 213
D. ZERO AS AN EXPONENT............................................................................................................ 214
E. NEGATIVE EXPONENTS ............................................................................................................. 214
F. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS .................................................................................................... 215
EXERCISE ........................................................................................................................................... 216
SECTION 8.2 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION..................................................................................................... 217
A. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ............................................................................. 217
B. CONVERT NUMBERS TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ..................................................................... 218
C. CONVERT NUMBERS FROM SCIENTIFIC NOTATION TO STANDARD NOTATION .................... 218
D. MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE NUMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ................................................. 219
E. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................... 220
EXERCISE ........................................................................................................................................... 222
SECTION 8.3: POLYNOMIALS ................................................................................................................ 223
A. INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS ......................................................................................... 223
B. EVALUATING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS .............................................................................. 225
C. ADD AND SUBTRACT POLYNOMIALS ....................................................................................... 226
D. MULTIPLY POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS ................................................................................... 228
E. SPECIAL PRODUCTS .................................................................................................................. 230
F. POLYNOMIAL DIVISION ............................................................................................................ 231
EXERCISE ........................................................................................................................................... 237
CHAPTER REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 239
211
Chapter 8
SECTION 8.1: EXPONENTS RULES AND PROPERTIES

A. PRODUCT RULE OF EXPONENTS
MEDIA LESSON
Product rule of exponents (Duration 2:57)
View the video lesson, take notes and complete the problems below
𝑎𝑎3 ∙ 𝑎𝑎2 = (𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎5
Product rule: 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 ⋅ 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏

____________________________!
Example 1: (2x 3 )(4x 2 )(−3x) Example 2: (5a3 b7 )(2a9 b2 c 4 )

= ___________________________ = ___________________________
 Warning! The rule can only apply when you have the same base.
YOU TRY
Simplify:
a) 53 510 b) 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 2 c) (2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 5 𝑧𝑧)(5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 3 )
B. QUOTIENT RULE OF EXPONENTS

MEDIA LESSON
Quotient rule of exponents (Duration 3:12)
𝑎𝑎5 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎
= = 𝑎𝑎2
𝑎𝑎3 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑎
𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎
Quotient Rule: = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎−𝒏𝒏
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏
_________________________________
𝑎𝑎7 𝑏𝑏2 8𝑚𝑚7 𝑛𝑛4

Example 1: Example 2:
𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏 6𝑚𝑚5 𝑛𝑛
= ___________________________ = ___________________________
YOU TRY
Simplify
713 5𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏5 𝑐𝑐 2 3𝑥𝑥 5
a) b) c)
75 2𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏3 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦
212
Chapter 8
C. POWER RULE OF EXPONENTS
MEDIA LESSON
Power rule of exponents (Duration 5:00)
(ab)3 =_____________________________ = ________
Power of a product: (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂)𝒎𝒎 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎
𝑎𝑎 3
�𝑏𝑏� =____________________ =_____________
𝒂𝒂 𝒎𝒎 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎
Power of a Quotient: � � = , if b is not 0.
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎
(𝑎𝑎2 )3 = _____________________ = ______
Power of a Power: (𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎∙𝒏𝒏
Example 1: (5𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏)3 2

5𝑚𝑚3
Example 2: � �
9𝑛𝑛4
 Warning! It is important to be careful to only use the power of a product rule with multiplication inside
parenthesis. This property is not allowed for addition or subtraction, i.e.,
(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑚𝑚 ≠ 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚

(𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)𝑚𝑚 ≠ 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 − 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚
YOU TRY
Simplify:
𝑥𝑥 3
5 7 (𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 2 )4
a) �𝑦𝑦2 � 23 c)
b) �52 �
d) (4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 5 )3 2 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏
e) �𝑐𝑐 8𝑑𝑑5� f) � 8𝑧𝑧 �
213
Chapter 8
D. ZERO AS AN EXPONENT
MEDIA LESSON
Zero as Exponent (Duration 3:51)
𝑎𝑎3
=_____________________________________________
𝑎𝑎3
Zero Power Rule: 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏

Example 1: (5𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 5 )0 Example 2: (3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 0 )(5𝑥𝑥 0 𝑦𝑦 4 )
YOU TRY
Simplify the expressions completely

a) (3x 2 )0 2𝑚𝑚0 𝑛𝑛6
b)
3𝑛𝑛5
E. NEGATIVE EXPONENTS
MEDIA LESSON
Negative Exponents (Duration 4:44)
𝑎𝑎3
= __________________________________________
𝑎𝑎5
=___________________________________________
Negative Exponent Rule: 𝒂𝒂−𝒎𝒎 =

𝟏𝟏 1 𝑎𝑎 −𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚
𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎
= 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 � � = � � = 𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑎−𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
When a and b are not 0.
7𝑥𝑥 −5 2
Example 1: Example 2:
3−1 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 −4 5𝑎𝑎−4
 Warning! It is important to note a negative exponent does not imply the expression is negative, only
the reciprocal of the base. Hence, negative exponents imply reciprocals.
YOU TRY
3 𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐
a) b)
5−1 𝑥𝑥 2𝑑𝑑 −1 𝑒𝑒 −4
214
Chapter 8
F. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
Putting all the rules together, we can simplify more complex expression containing exponents. Here we
apply all the rules of exponents to simplify expressions.
Exponent Rules
Product Quotient
Power of Power
𝒎𝒎 𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎
𝒂𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂𝒂 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
= 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎−𝒏𝒏 (𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎∙𝒏𝒏
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏
Power of a Quotient
Power of a Product Zero Power
𝒂𝒂 𝒎𝒎 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎
(𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂)𝒎𝒎 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎 � � = 𝒎𝒎 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃
Negative Power Reciprocal of Negative Power Negative Power of a Quotient
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂 −𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃 𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎
𝒂𝒂 −𝒎𝒎
= 𝒎𝒎 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 � � = � � = 𝒎𝒎
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂−𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
MEDIA LESSON
Properties of Exponents (Duration 5:00)
Example 1: (4x 5 y 2 z)2 (2𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 −2 𝑧𝑧 3 )4 4 −2

�2x2 y3 � �x4 y−6 �
Example 2:
(x−6 y4 )2
YOU TRY
Simplify and write your final answers in positive exponents.

4𝑥𝑥 −5 𝑦𝑦−3 ⋅3𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −2 −2
�3𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏3 � ⋅𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏−3
a) b)
6𝑥𝑥 −5 𝑦𝑦 3 2𝑎𝑎−4 𝑏𝑏0
215
Chapter 8
EXERCISE
Simplify. Be sure to follow the simplifying rules and write answers with positive exponents.
1) 4 ∙ 44 ⋅ 44 2) 4 ⋅ 22 3) 3𝑚𝑚 ⋅ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4) 2𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛2 ⋅ 4𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚2 5) (33 )4 6) (44 )2
45
7) (2𝑢𝑢3 𝑣𝑣 2 )2 8) (2𝑎𝑎4 )4 9)
43
37
10) 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 4 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 11) (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)3 12)
33
32 3𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚2 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4
13) 14) 15)
3 3𝑛𝑛 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦4
16) 17) 3𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 4𝑥𝑥 2 18) (𝑢𝑢2 𝑣𝑣 2 ⋅ 2𝑢𝑢4 )3
4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥 7 𝑦𝑦 5
19) (𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4 ⋅ 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 )2 20) 2𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 4 )4 21)
3𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦⋅4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3
(2𝑥𝑥)3 2 2𝑦𝑦 17
3
2𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛4 ⋅2𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛4
3
22) � � 23) �(2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦4)4 � 24) � 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛4
�
𝑥𝑥 3
2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 5 ⋅2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 6 ⋅2𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦2 2𝑦𝑦

25) 26) 27)
2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 ⋅𝑦𝑦 3 (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 3 )2 (𝑥𝑥 0 𝑦𝑦 2 )4
2
2𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎7 ⋅2𝑏𝑏4 2𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎7 𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅�𝑦𝑦 4 �
28) 29) 30)
𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎2 ⋅3𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏4 (𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎4 )2 2𝑦𝑦 4
2 2
2𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎7 𝑛𝑛3 �𝑛𝑛4 � �2𝑦𝑦 3 𝑥𝑥 2 �
31) 32) 33)
(𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎4 )2 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 4 𝑥𝑥 2
2𝑞𝑞3 𝑝𝑝3 𝑟𝑟 4 ⋅2𝑝𝑝3 2𝑥𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑦 2

34) 35) 2𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 −2 ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 )4 36)
(𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝3 )2 3𝑥𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑦 3 ⋅3𝑥𝑥 0
𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 −1 4 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 ⋅4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −4

2𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏3
37)
2𝑢𝑢0 𝑣𝑣 4 ⋅2𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
38) � � 39)
4𝑥𝑥 −4 𝑦𝑦 −4 ⋅4𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎−1
−4
2𝑏𝑏4 𝑐𝑐 −2 ⋅�2𝑏𝑏3 𝑐𝑐 2 �
40)
𝑎𝑎−2 𝑏𝑏4
216
Chapter 8
SECTION 8.2 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

A. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
One application of exponent properties is scientific notation. Scientific notation is used to represent
really large or really small numbers, like the numbers that are too large or small to display on the
calculator.
For example, the distance light travels per year in miles is a very large number (5,879,000,000,000) and
the mass of a single hydrogen atom in grams is a very small number (0.00000000000000000000000167).
Basic operations, such as multiplication and division, with these numbers, would be quite cumbersome.
However, the exponent properties allow us for simpler calculations.
MEDIA LESSON
Introduction of scientific notation (Watch from 0:00 – 9:00)
100 =___________
101 =____________
102 =_____________
103 = _____________
10100 = _________________________
Avogadro number: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 = ______________________________
MEDIA LESSON
Definition of scientific notation (Duration 4:59)
Standard Form (Standard Notation): _______________________________________________________
Scientific Notation: ____________________________________________________________________
b: _________________________________________
b positive: __________________________________
b negative: _________________________________
Example: Convert to Scientific Notation
a) 48,100,000,000 = _________________ b) 0.0000235 = ________________
217
Chapter 8
Definition
Scientific notation is a notation for representing extremely large or small numbers in form of
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 10𝑏𝑏
where 1 < a < 10 and b is number of decimal places from the right or left we moved to obtain a.
A few notes regarding scientific notation:

• b is the way we convert between scientific and standard notation.
• b represents the number of times we multiply by 10. (Recall, multiplying by 10 moves the decimal
point of a number one place value.)
• We decide which direction to move the decimal (left or right) by remembering that in standard
notation, positive exponents are numbers greater than ten and negative exponents are numbers
less than one (but larger than zero).
Case 1. If we move the decimal to the left with a number in standard notation, then b will be positive.
Case 2. If we move the decimal to the right with a number in standard notation, then b will be negative.
B. CONVERT NUMBERS TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

MEDIA LESSON
Convert standard notation to scientific notation (Duration 1:40)
Example: Convert to scientific notation
8150000 = 0.00000245 =
YOU TRY
Convert the following number to scientific notation

a) 14,200 b) 0.0042
c) How long is a Light-Year?

The light-year is a measure of distance, not time. It is the total distance that a beam of light, moving
in a straight line, travels in one year is almost 6 trillion (6,000,000,000,000) miles. Express a light year
in scientific notation. (Source: NASA Glenn Educational Programs Office https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-
12/aerores.htm)
C. CONVERT NUMBERS FROM SCIENTIFIC NOTATION TO STANDARD NOTATION

To convert a number from scientific notation of the form
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 10𝑏𝑏
to standard notation, we can follow these rules of thumb.
• If b is positive, this means the original number was greater than 10, we move the decimal to
the right b times.
• If b is negative, this means the original number was less than 1 (but greater than zero), we move
the decimal to the left b times.
218
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Convert scientific notation to standard notation (Duration 2:22)
Example: Rewrite in standard notation (decimal notation)
a) 7.85 × 106 b) 1.6 × 10−4
YOU TRY
Covert the following scientific notation to standard notation
a) 3.21 × 105 b) 7.4 × 10−3
D. MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE NUMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Converting numbers between standard notation and scientific notation is important in understanding
scientific notation and its purpose. Next, we multiply and divide numbers in scientific notation using the
exponent properties. If the immediate result is not written in scientific notation, we will complete an
additional step in writing the answer in scientific notation.
Steps for multiplying and dividing numbers in scientific notation

Step 1. Rewrite the factors as multiplying or dividing a-values and then multiplying or dividing 10b values.
Step 2. Multiply or divide the a values and apply the product or quotient rule of exponents to add or
subtract the exponents, b, on the base 10s, respectively.
Step 3. Be sure the result is in scientific notation. If not, then rewrite in scientific notation.
MEDIA LESSON
Multiply and divide scientific notation (Duration 2:47)
• Multiply/ Divide the ______________________________________

• Use ______________________________________________________on the 10s
Example:
a) (3.4 × 105 )(2 ⋅ 7 × 10−2 ) 5.32×104

b)
1.9×10−3
MEDIA LESSON
Multiply scientific notations with simplifying final answer step (Duration 3:47)
Example:
a) (1.2 × 104 )(5.3 × 103 ) b) (9 × 101 )(7 × 109 )
219
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Divide scientific notations with simplifying final answer step (Duration 3:44)
7×1012 2.4×107
a) b)
2×107 4.8×102
YOU TRY
Multiply or divide
a) (2.1 𝑥𝑥 10−7 )(3.7 𝑥𝑥 105 ) 4.96 𝑥𝑥 104

b)
3.1 𝑥𝑥 10−3
c) (4.7 𝑥𝑥 10−3 )(6.1 𝑥𝑥 109 ) d) (2 × 106 )(8.8 × 105 )
8.4×105 2.014 𝑥𝑥 10−3

e) f)
7×102 3.8 𝑥𝑥 10−7
E. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION APPLICATIONS

MEDIA LESSON
Scientific notation application example 1 (Duration 2:36)
Example 1: There were approximately 50,000 finishers of the 2015 New York City Marathon. Each
finisher ran a distance of 26.1 miles. If you add together the total number miles ran by all the runners,
how many times around the earth would the marathon runners have ran? Assume the circumference of
the earth to be approximately 2.5 x 104 miles.
Total distance = _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
220
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Scientific notation application example 2 (Duration 3:24)
Example 2: If a computer can conduct 400 trillion operations per second, how long would it take the
computer to perform 500 million operations?
400 trillion = __________________________________________________________________________
500 million = __________________________________________________________________________
Number of Operations: __________________________________________________________________
Rate of Operations: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
YOU TRY
a) It takes approximately 3.7 x 104 hours for the

light on Proxima Centauri, the next closet star
to our sun, to reach us from there. The speed
of light is 6.71 x 108 miles per hours. What is
the distance from there to earth? Given
distance = rate x time. Express your answer in
scientific notation
By ESO/Pale Red Dot -

http://www.eso.org/public/images/ann16002a/, CC BY 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46463949
a) If the North Pole and the South Pole ice were to melt, the north polar ice would make essentially no
contribution since it is float ice. However, the south polar ice would make a considerable contribution
since it overlays the Antarctic land mass and is not float ice. If Antarctic ice melted, it would become
approximately 1.5 x 109 gallons of water. If it takes roughly, 6 x 106 gallons of water to fill 1 foot of the
earth, estimate how many feet the earth’s oceans would rise? Express your answer in the standard
form. (Source: NASA Glenn Educational Programs Office https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/aerores.htm)
221
Chapter 8
EXERCISE
Write each number in scientific notation
1) 885 2) 0.081 3) 0.000039
4) 0.000744 5) 1.09 6) 15,000
Write each number in standard notation.
7) 8.7 × 105 8) 9 × 10−4 9) 2 × 100

10) 2.56 × 102 11) 5 × 104 12) 6 × 10−5
Simplify. Write each answer in scientific notation.
13) (7 × 101 )(2 × 103 ) 14) (5.26 × 105 )(3.16 × 102 ) 15) (2.6 × 10−2 )(6 × 10−2 )
16) (3.6 × 100 )(6.1 × 10−3 ) 17) (6.66 × 10−4 )(4.23 × 101 ) 18) (3.15 × 103 )(8.8 × 10−5 )
4.81 × 106 5.33×106 4.08×10−6

19) 20) 21)
9.62 × 102 2×103 5.1×10−4
9×104 3.22×10−3 1.3×10−6

22) 23) 24)
3×10−2 7×10−6 6.5×100
5.8×103 5×106 8.4×105

25) 26) 27)
5.8×10−3 2.5×102 7×10−2
Scientific Notation Applications

(Source: NASA Glenn Educational Programs Office https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/aerores.htm)
28) The mass of the sun is 1.98 x 1,033 grams. If a single proton has a mass of 1.6 x 10-24 grams, how many
protons are in the sun?
29) Pluto is located at a distance of 5.9 x 1014 centimeters from Earth. At the speed of light (2.99 x 1010
cm/sec), approximately how many hours does it take a light signal (or radio message) to travel to Pluto
and return? Write your answer standard form.
30) The planet Osiris was discovered by astronomers in 1999 and is at a distance of 150 light-years (1
light-year = 9.2 x 1012 kilometers).
a) How many kilometers is Osiris from earth? Express your answer in scientific notation.
b) If an interstellar probe were sent to investigate this world up close, traveling at a maximum speed
of 700 km/sec or 7 x 102 km/sec, how many seconds would it take to reach Osiris?
c) There is about 3.15 x 106 seconds in a year. How many years would it take to reach Osiris?
222
Chapter 8
SECTION 8.3: POLYNOMIALS

A. INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS
MEDIA LESSON
Algebraic Expression Vocabulary (Duration 5:52)
Definitions
Terms: Parts of an algebraic expression separated by addition or subtraction (+ or −) symbols.
Constant Term: A number with no variable factors. A term whose value never changes.
Factors: Numbers or variable that are multiplied together
Coefficient: The number that multiplies the variable.
Example 1: Consider the algebraic expression 4𝑥𝑥 5 + 3𝑥𝑥 4 − 22𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 17
a. List the terms: __________________________________________________________________

b. Identify the constant term. ________________________________________________________
Example 2: Complete the table below

1 2𝑟𝑟
−4𝑚𝑚 −𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏ℎ
2 5
List of Factors
Identify the Coefficient
𝑦𝑦
Example 3: Consider the algebraic expression 5𝑦𝑦 4 − 8𝑦𝑦 3 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − − 7
4
a. How many terms are there? ______________________
b. Identify the constant term. ______________________
c. What is the coefficient of the first term? ______________________
d. What is the coefficient of the second term ______________________
e. What is the coefficient of the third term? ______________________
f. List the factors of the fourth term. ______________________
YOU TRY
Example 3: Consider the algebraic expression 3𝑥𝑥 5 + 4𝑥𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 8

a. How many terms are there? ______________________
b. Identify the constant term. ______________________
c. What is the coefficient of the first term? ______________________
d. What is the coefficient of the second term ______________________
e. What is the coefficient of the third term? ______________________
f. List the factors of the third term. ______________________
223
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Introduction to polynomials (Duration 7:12)
Definitions
Polynomial: An algebraic expression composed of the sum of terms containing a single variable raised
to a non-negative integer exponent.
Monomial: A polynomial consisting of one term, example: _________________
Binomial: A polynomial consisting of two terms, example: _________________
Trinomial: A polynomial consisting of three terms, example: _________________
Leading Term: The term that contains the highest power of the variable in a polynomial,
example: _________________
Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of the leading term, example: _________________
Constant Term: A number with no variable factors. A term whose value never changes.
Example: _________________
Degree: The highest exponent in a polynomial , example: _________________
Example 1: Complete the table below
Name Leading
Polynomial Constant Term Degree
Coefficient
24𝑎𝑎6 + 𝑎𝑎2 + 5
2𝑚𝑚3 + 𝑚𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑚 − 8
5𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 7
−2𝑥𝑥 + 4
4𝑥𝑥 3
YOU TRY
Complete the table below
Name Leading
Polynomial Constant Term Degree
Coefficient
𝑛𝑛2 − 2𝑛𝑛 + 8
7𝑦𝑦 2
6𝑥𝑥 − 7
224
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Introduction to polynomials 2 (Duration 2:58)
Given: 9𝑦𝑦 + 7𝑦𝑦 3 − 5 − 4𝑦𝑦 2
1st term: _______________ Degree:_________________ Coefficient:______________

2nd term: _______________ Degree:_________________ Coefficient:______________
3rd term: _______________ Degree:_________________ Coefficient:______________
4th term: _______________ Degree:_________________ Coefficient:______________
Leading coefficient: ________________

Degree of leading term: _____________
Degree of polynomial: _______________
Write the polynomial in descending order: ________________________________________________
(Or write the polynomial in the standard form)
Standard form of a polynomial

The standard form of a polynomial is where the polynomial is written with descending exponents.
For example: Rewrite the polynomial in standard form and identify the coefficients, variable terms, and
degree of the polynomial
−12𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2
The standard form of the above polynomial is 𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2.
The coefficients are 1; −12; −1, and 2; the variable terms are 𝑥𝑥 3 , −12𝑥𝑥 2 , −𝑥𝑥. The degree of the polynomial
is 3 because that is the highest degree of all terms.
YOU TRY
Write the following polynomials in the descending order or in standard form:

a) 3𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 6 + 7𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 + 𝑥𝑥 4 b) 5𝑚𝑚2 − 5𝑚𝑚4 + 3 − 4𝑚𝑚3 − 2𝑚𝑚7
B. EVALUATING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS

MEDIA LESSON
Evaluating algebraic expressions (Duration 7:48)
To evaluate an algebraic or variable expression, ________________ the value of the variables into the
expression. Then evaluate using the order of operations.
Example 1: If we are given 5𝑥𝑥 − 12 and 𝑥𝑥 = 17 Example 2: Let 𝑥𝑥 = −3, 𝑦𝑦 = 7, 𝑧𝑧 = −2

we can evaluate. Evaluate 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 7
5𝑥𝑥 − 12
= 5 ( ___ ) – 12
= ___________________ Evaluate 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 3
225
Chapter 8
9 Example 4: Let 𝑥𝑥 = 3, 𝑦𝑦 = −5. Evaluate 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 2
Example 3: Let = 3 . Evaluate −8𝑦𝑦 + 2
𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2
Example 5: Let = −2 . Example 6: Let 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 = −3. Evaluate 2
𝑥𝑥 −2𝑦𝑦 3
Evaluate 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 9
YOU TRY
a) Evaluate 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 6 when 𝑥𝑥 = −4 b) Evaluate −𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 6 when 𝑥𝑥 = 3
C. ADD AND SUBTRACT POLYNOMIALS

Combining like terms review
MEDIA LESSON
Combine like terms 1 (Duration 4:36)
Definition
Like terms: Two or more terms are like terms if they have the same variable or variables with the same
exponents.
Which of these terms are like terms? −2𝑥𝑥 3 , 2𝑥𝑥, 2𝑦𝑦, 7𝑥𝑥 3 , 49, 0𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑦𝑦 2
Like terms: __________________________________________________________
Like terms: __________________________________________________________
To combine like terms, we __________________________________________. The variable factors

__________________.
Example: Simplify each polynomials, if possible.
a) 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 3 b) 2𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2 − 9𝑦𝑦 − 5 + 2𝑦𝑦
226
Chapter 8
MEDIA LESSON
Combine like terms 2 (Duration 2:15)
Combine like terms
a) 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 b) −7𝑚𝑚 − 4 + 2𝑚𝑚 + 9
YOU TRY
Combine like terms
a) 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1 b) 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 6 + 3𝑦𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 3
c) 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 2 d) 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 7 − 𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑦𝑦 2
Add and subtract polynomials

MEDIA LESSON
Add and subtract polynomials (Duration 3:53)
To add polynomials: ____________________________________________________________________
To subtract polynomials: ________________________________________________________________
a) (5𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞) + (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 14) b) (3𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 7) − (8𝑥𝑥 3 + 9𝑥𝑥 − 2)
MEDIA LESSON
Add and subtract polynomials (Duration 5:04)
c) (2𝑥𝑥 5 − 6𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 4) − (11𝑥𝑥 5 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 6)
d) (−9𝑦𝑦 3 − 6𝑦𝑦 2 − 11𝑥𝑥 + 2) − (−9𝑦𝑦 4 − 8𝑦𝑦 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥)
227
Chapter 8
YOU TRY
Perform the operation below.

a) (4𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 8) + (3𝑥𝑥 3 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 − 11) b) (5𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 7) − (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 4)
c) (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 3) + (5𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑥 + 8)
D. MULTIPLY POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS

1. Distributive property review
MEDIA LESSON
Distribute property review (Duration 6:08)
Distributive Property 𝑎𝑎(𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑎𝑎 = 2
𝑏𝑏 = 3
𝑐𝑐 = 4
Example: Use the distributive property to expand each of the following expressions
a) 5(2𝑥𝑥 + 4) b) −3(𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 7)
c) −(5𝑥𝑥 4 − 8) 2 𝑥𝑥 1
d) � − �
5 4 3
YOU TRY
Use the distributive property to expand each of the following expressions.

a) 4(−5𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 − 3) b) −7(−2𝑚𝑚2 + 𝑚𝑚 − 2)
2. Multiply a polynomial by a monomial

MEDIA LESSON
Multiply a polynomial by a monomial (Duration 2:46)
To multiply a monomial by a polynomial: ___________________________________________________
Example 1: 5𝑥𝑥 2 (6𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 5) Example 2: −3𝑥𝑥 4 (6𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 7)
228
Chapter 8
YOU TRY
Multiply
a) 4𝑥𝑥 3 (5𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 5) b) 2𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏(3𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎)
3. Multiplying with binomials

MEDIA LESSON
Multiply binomials (Duration 4:27)
To multiply a binomial by a binomial: ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
This process is often called ____________, which stands for ____________________________________
Example:
a) (4𝑥𝑥 − 2)(5𝑥𝑥 + 1) b) (3𝑥𝑥 − 7)(2𝑥𝑥 − 8)
YOU TRY
Multiply
a) (3𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 + 13) b) (4𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦)(3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦)
4. Multiply with trinomials

MEDIA LESSON
Multiply with trinomials (Duration 5:00)
Multiplying trinomials is just like _______________, we just have to _____________________________.
Example:
a) (2𝑥𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 1)
b) (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 1)(4𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6)
229
Chapter 8
YOU TRY
Multiply
a) (2𝑥𝑥 − 5)(4𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 3)
b) (5𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 10)(3𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 − 6)
E. SPECIAL PRODUCTS
There are a few shortcuts that we can take when multiplying polynomials. If we can recognize when to
use them, we should so that we can obtain the results even quicker. In future chapters, we will need to
be efficient in these techniques since multiplying polynomials will only be one of the steps in the problem.
These two formulas are important to commit to memory. The more familiar we are with them, the next
two chapters will be so much easier.
1. Difference of two squares

MEDIA LESSON
Difference of two squares (Duration 2:33)
Sum and difference

(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏) = _______________________________
= _______________________________
Sum and difference shortcut:

(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏) = ______________________
Example:
a) (𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 5) b) (6𝑥𝑥 − 2)(6𝑥𝑥 + 2)
YOU TRY
Simplify:
a) (3𝑥𝑥 + 7)(3𝑥𝑥 − 7) b) (8 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )(8 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )
230
Chapter 8
2. Perfect square trinomials
Another shortcut used to multiply binomials is called perfect square trinomials. These are easy to
recognize because this product is the square of a binomial. Let’s take a look at an example.
MEDIA LESSON
Perfect Square (Duration 3:40)
Perfect square
(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 = ____________________________________________________________________________
Perfect square shortcut:

(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 = _____________________________
Example:
a) (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 b) (2𝑥𝑥 + 7)2
YOU TRY
Simplify:
a) (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 b) (2𝑥𝑥 + 9)2
c) (3𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑦)2 d) (6 − 2𝑚𝑚)2
F. POLYNOMIAL DIVISION
Dividing polynomials is a process very similar to long division of whole numbers. Before we look at long
division with polynomials, we will first master dividing a polynomial by a monomial.
1. Polynomial division with monomials
MEDIA LESSON
Dividing polynomials by monomials - Separated fractions method (Duration 8:14)
We divide a polynomial by a monomial by rewriting the expression as separated fractions rather than one
𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
fraction. We use the fact: = +
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
Example:
−6w8 3𝑥𝑥−6
a) b)
30ω3 2
231
Chapter 8
6𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 −4 20𝑎𝑎2 +35𝑎𝑎−4

c) d)
4𝑥𝑥 −5𝑎𝑎2
YOU TRY
Simplify
9𝑥𝑥 5 +6𝑥𝑥 4 −18𝑥𝑥 3 −24𝑥𝑥 2 8𝑥𝑥 3 +4𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥+6
a) b)
3𝑥𝑥 2 4𝑥𝑥 2
MEDIA LESSON
Long division review (Duration 3:55)
Long division review
5 2632 Long division steps:

1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________
This method may seem elementary, but it isn’t the arithmetic we want to review, it is the method. We
use the same method as we did in arithmetic, but now with polynomials.
MEDIA LESSON
Dividing polynomials by monomials – Long division method (Duration 5:00)
Example:
5𝑥𝑥 5 +18𝑥𝑥−9𝑥𝑥 3
a)
3𝑥𝑥 2
232
Chapter 8
15𝑎𝑎6 −25𝑎𝑎5 +5𝑎𝑎4
b)
5𝑎𝑎4
YOU TRY
Divide using the long division method
8𝑥𝑥 6 + 20𝑥𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑥 3

a)
4𝑥𝑥 3
𝑛𝑛4 − 𝑛𝑛3 + 𝑛𝑛2

b)
𝑛𝑛
12𝑥𝑥 4 − 24𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2

c)
6𝑥𝑥
233
Chapter 8
2. Polynomial division with polynomials
MEDIA LESSON
Divide a polynomial by a polynomial (Duration 5:00)
Polynomial division with polynomials
On division step, only focus on the _______________________
𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 −15𝑥𝑥+30
Example 1: Divide
𝑥𝑥+4
4𝑥𝑥 3 −6𝑥𝑥+12+8
Example 2: Divide
2𝑥𝑥+1
YOU TRY
𝑥𝑥 2 +8𝑥𝑥+12
a) =
𝑥𝑥+1
3𝑥𝑥 3 −5𝑥𝑥 2 −32𝑥𝑥+7

b) =
𝑥𝑥−4
234
Chapter 8
6𝑥𝑥 3 −8𝑥𝑥 2 +10𝑥𝑥+103
c) =
2𝑥𝑥+4
MEDIA LESSON
Divide a polynomial by a polynomial - rewriting the remainder as an expression (Duration 5:10)
𝑥𝑥 3 +8𝑥𝑥 2 −17𝑥𝑥−15
Example: Divide
𝑥𝑥+3
YOU TRY
Divide the polynomials and write the remainder as an expression
𝑥𝑥 2 −5𝑥𝑥+7
a) =
𝑥𝑥−2
𝑥𝑥 3 −4𝑥𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝑥+4
b) =
𝑥𝑥−1
235
Chapter 8
3. Polynomial division with missing terms
Sometimes when dividing with polynomials, there may be a missing term in the dividend. We do not
ignore the term, we just write in 0 as the coefficient.
MEDIA LESSON
Polynomial division with missing terms (Duration 5:00)
Divide polynomials – Missing terms

The exponents must ___________________________________.
If one is missing, we will add ___________________________________________.
3𝑥𝑥 3 −50𝑥𝑥+4
Example 1:
𝑥𝑥−4
2𝑥𝑥 3 +4𝑥𝑥 2 +9
Example 2:
𝑥𝑥+3
YOU TRY
2𝑥𝑥 3 −4𝑥𝑥+42
a) =
𝑥𝑥+3
3𝑥𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑥 2 +4
b) =
𝑥𝑥−3
236
Chapter 8
EXERCISE
Evaluate the expression for the given value. Show your work.
1. −𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑎2 + 6𝑎𝑎 − 21 when 𝑎𝑎 = −4 2. 𝑛𝑛2 − 3𝑛𝑛 − 11 when 𝑛𝑛 = −6

3. 𝑛𝑛3 − 7𝑛𝑛2 + 15𝑛𝑛 − 20 when 𝑛𝑛 = 2 4. 𝑛𝑛3 − 9𝑛𝑛2 + 23𝑛𝑛 − 21 when 𝑛𝑛 = 5
5. −5𝑛𝑛4 − 11𝑛𝑛3 − 9𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑛 − 5 when 𝑛𝑛 = 2 6. 𝑥𝑥 4 − 5𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 + 13 when 𝑥𝑥 = 1
7. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 23 when 𝑥𝑥 = −3 8. −𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 11 when 𝑥𝑥 = 6
9. −𝑥𝑥 4 − 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 24 when 𝑥𝑥 = −1 10. 𝑚𝑚4 + 𝑚𝑚3 + 2𝑚𝑚2 + 13𝑚𝑚 + 5 when 𝑚𝑚 = 3
Simplify. Write the answer in standard form. Show your work.
11. (5𝑝𝑝 − 5𝑝𝑝4 ) − (8𝑝𝑝 − 8𝑝𝑝4 ) 12. (3𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑛3 ) − (2𝑛𝑛3 − 7𝑛𝑛2 )
13. (8𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛4 ) − (3𝑛𝑛 − 4𝑛𝑛4 ) 14. (1 + 5𝑝𝑝3 ) − (1 − 8𝑝𝑝3 )
15. (5𝑛𝑛4 + 6𝑛𝑛3 ) + (8 − 3𝑛𝑛3 − 5𝑛𝑛4 ) 16. (3 + 𝑏𝑏 4 ) + (7 + 2𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 4 )
17. (8𝑥𝑥 3 + 1) − (5𝑥𝑥 4 − 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 2) 18. (2𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑎4 ) − (3𝑎𝑎2 − 6𝑎𝑎 + 3)
19. (4𝑝𝑝2 − 3 − 2𝑝𝑝) − (3𝑝𝑝2 − 6𝑝𝑝 + 3) 20. (4𝑏𝑏 3 + 7𝑏𝑏 2 − 3) + (8 + 5𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑏 3 )
21. (3 + 2𝑛𝑛2 + 4𝑛𝑛4 ) + (𝑛𝑛3 − 7𝑛𝑛2 − 4𝑛𝑛4 ) 22. (𝑛𝑛 − 5𝑛𝑛4 + 7) + (𝑛𝑛2 − 7𝑛𝑛4 − 𝑛𝑛)
23. (8𝑟𝑟 4 − 5𝑟𝑟 3 + 5𝑟𝑟 2 ) + (2𝑟𝑟 2 + 2𝑟𝑟 3 − 7𝑟𝑟 4 + 1)
24. (6𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 ) − (2𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 4 − 8) − (8 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 4 )
Multiply and simplify. Show your work
25. 6(𝑝𝑝 − 7) 26. 5𝑚𝑚4 (4𝑚𝑚 + 4)

27. (8𝑏𝑏 + 3)(7𝑏𝑏 − 5) 28. (3𝑣𝑣 − 4)(5𝑣𝑣 − 2)
29. (5𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)(6𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦) 30. (7𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦)(8𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦)
31. (6𝑛𝑛 − 4)(2𝑛𝑛2 − 2𝑛𝑛 + 5) 32. (8𝑛𝑛2 + 4𝑛𝑛 + 6)(6𝑛𝑛2 − 5𝑛𝑛 + 6)
33. 3(3𝑥𝑥 − 4)(2𝑥𝑥 + 1) 34. 7(𝑥𝑥 − 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
35. (6𝑥𝑥 + 3)(6𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 4) 36. (5𝑘𝑘 2 + 3𝑘𝑘 + 3)(3𝑘𝑘 2 + 3𝑘𝑘 + 6)
37. (2𝑎𝑎2 + 6𝑎𝑎 + 3)(7𝑎𝑎2 − 6𝑎𝑎 + 1) 38. 3𝑛𝑛2 (6𝑛𝑛 + 7)
39. (7𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑢 − 3)(𝑢𝑢2 + 4) 40. 3𝑥𝑥 2 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3)(6𝑥𝑥 + 9)
Find each product by applying the special products formulas. Show your work
41. (𝑥𝑥 + 8)(𝑥𝑥 − 8) 42. (1 + 3𝑝𝑝)(1 − 3𝑝𝑝) 43. (1 − 7𝑛𝑛)(1 + 7𝑛𝑛)

44. (5𝑛𝑛 − 8)(5𝑛𝑛 + 8) 45. (4𝑥𝑥 + 8)(4𝑥𝑥 − 8) 46. (4𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥)(4𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥)
47. (4𝑚𝑚 − 2𝑛𝑛)(4𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑛𝑛) 48. (6𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦)(6𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) 49. (𝑎𝑎 + 5)2
237
Chapter 8
50. (𝑥𝑥 − 8)2 51. (𝑝𝑝 + 7)2 52. (7 − 5𝑛𝑛)2

53. (5𝑚𝑚 − 3)2 54. (5𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦)2 55. (2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)2
56. (5 + 2𝑟𝑟)2 57. (2 + 5𝑥𝑥)2 58. (4𝑣𝑣 − 7)(4𝑣𝑣 + 7)
59. (𝑛𝑛 − 5)(𝑛𝑛 + 5) 60. (4𝑘𝑘 + 2)2 61. (𝑎𝑎 − 4)(𝑎𝑎 + 4)
62. (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 3) 63. (8𝑚𝑚 + 5)(8𝑚𝑚 − 5) 64. (2𝑟𝑟 + 3)(2𝑟𝑟 − 3)
65. (𝑏𝑏 − 7)(𝑏𝑏 + 7) 66. (7𝑎𝑎 + 7𝑏𝑏)(7𝑎𝑎 − 7𝑏𝑏) 67. (3𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥)(3𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥)
68. (1 + 5𝑛𝑛)2 69. (𝑣𝑣 + 4)2 70. (1 − 6𝑛𝑛)2
71. (7𝑘𝑘 − 7)2 72. (4𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 73. (3𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑏)2
74. (4𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛)2 75. (8𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦)2 76. (𝑚𝑚 − 7)2
77. (8𝑛𝑛 + 7)(8𝑛𝑛 − 7) 78. (𝑏𝑏 + 4)(𝑏𝑏 − 4) 79. (7𝑥𝑥 + 7)2
Divide: Show your work
20𝑥𝑥 4 +𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 5𝑛𝑛4 +𝑛𝑛3 +40𝑛𝑛2 12𝑥𝑥 4 +24𝑥𝑥 3 +3𝑥𝑥 2

80. 81. 82.
4𝑥𝑥 3 5𝑛𝑛 6𝑥𝑥
5𝑥𝑥 5 +18𝑥𝑥 3 +4𝑥𝑥 + 9 3𝑘𝑘 4 +4𝑘𝑘 2 +2 10𝑛𝑛4 +5𝑛𝑛3 +2𝑛𝑛2

83. 84. 85.
9𝑥𝑥 8𝑘𝑘 2 𝑛𝑛2
Divide and write your remainder as an expression. Show your work
𝑣𝑣 2 −2𝑣𝑣−89 𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥−71 𝑛𝑛2 +13𝑛𝑛+32

86. 87. 88.
𝑣𝑣−10 𝑥𝑥+8 𝑛𝑛+5
10𝑥𝑥 2 −19𝑥𝑥+9 𝑎𝑎2 −4𝑎𝑎−38 45𝑝𝑝2 −56𝑝𝑝+19

89. 90. 91.
10𝑥𝑥−9 𝑎𝑎−8 9𝑝𝑝−4
27𝑏𝑏2 +87𝑏𝑏+35 4𝑟𝑟 2 −𝑟𝑟−1 𝑛𝑛2 −4

92. 93. 94.
3𝑏𝑏+8 4𝑟𝑟+3 𝑛𝑛−2
𝑥𝑥 3 −26𝑥𝑥−41 4𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥+2 𝑎𝑎3 +5𝑎𝑎2 −4𝑎𝑎−5

95. 96. 97.
𝑥𝑥+4 2𝑥𝑥−5 𝑎𝑎+7
𝑝𝑝3 +5𝑝𝑝2 +3𝑝𝑝−5 𝑥𝑥 3 −46𝑥𝑥+22 2𝑥𝑥 3 +12𝑥𝑥 2 −20

98. 99. 100.
𝑝𝑝+1 𝑥𝑥+7 2𝑥𝑥+6
4𝑣𝑣 3 +4𝑣𝑣+19 𝑟𝑟 3 −𝑟𝑟 2 −16𝑟𝑟+8 12𝑛𝑛3 +12𝑛𝑛2 −15𝑛𝑛−4

101. 102. 103.
4𝑣𝑣+12 𝑟𝑟−4 2𝑛𝑛+3
238
Chapter 8
CHAPTER REVIEW
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Look for the following terms and concepts as you work through the workbook. In the space below, explain
the meaning of each of these concepts and terms in your own words. Provide examples that are not
identical to those in the text or in the media lesson.
Product rule of
exponents
Quotient rule of
exponents
Power rule of a product
Power rule of a quotient
Power rule of a Power
Zero power rule
Negative exponent rule
Reciprocal of negative
rule
Negative power of a
quotient rule
Scientific notation
Standard notation
(Decimal notation)
Polynomial
Monomial
239
Chapter 8
Binomial
Trinomial
Leading Term
Leading Coefficient
Degree of a
Polynomial
Constant Term
240

Chapter 8 - Exponents and Polynomials

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Chapter 8 - Exponents and Polynomials

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CHAPTER 8: EXPONENTS AND POLYNOMIALS

CHAPTER 8: EXPONENTS AND POLYNOMIALS ........................................................................................ 211

SECTION 8.1: EXPONENTS RULES AND PROPERTIES

𝑎𝑎3 ∙ 𝑎𝑎2 = (𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎5

Product rule: 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 ⋅ 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏

Example 1: (2x 3 )(4x 2 )(−3x) Example 2: (5a3 b7 )(2a9 b2 c 4 )

B. QUOTIENT RULE OF EXPONENTS

𝑎𝑎7 𝑏𝑏2 8𝑚𝑚7 𝑛𝑛4

(ab)3 =_____________________________ = ________

Power of a product: (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂)𝒎𝒎 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒃𝒎𝒎

Power of a Power: (𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒎𝒎∙𝒏𝒏

Example 1: (5𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏)3 2

(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑚𝑚 ≠ 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚

Zero Power Rule: 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏

Simplify the expressions completely

Negative Exponent Rule: 𝒂𝒂−𝒎𝒎 =

Example 1: (4x 5 y 2 z)2 (2𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 −2 𝑧𝑧 3 )4 4 −2

Simplify and write your final answers in positive exponents.

4) 2𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛2 ⋅ 4𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚2 5) (33 )4 6) (44 )2

2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 5 ⋅2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 6 ⋅2𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦2 2𝑦𝑦

2𝑞𝑞3 𝑝𝑝3 𝑟𝑟 4 ⋅2𝑝𝑝3 2𝑥𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑦 2

𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 −1 4 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 ⋅4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −4

SECTION 8.2 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Avogadro number: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 = ______________________________

Standard Form (Standard Notation): _______________________________________________________

Scientific Notation: ____________________________________________________________________

Example: Convert to Scientific Notation

a) 48,100,000,000 = _________________ b) 0.0000235 = ________________

A few notes regarding scientific notation:

B. CONVERT NUMBERS TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Example: Convert to scientific notation

Convert the following number to scientific notation

c) How long is a Light-Year?

C. CONVERT NUMBERS FROM SCIENTIFIC NOTATION TO STANDARD NOTATION

Example: Rewrite in standard notation (decimal notation)

a) 7.85 × 106 b) 1.6 × 10−4

Covert the following scientific notation to standard notation

a) 3.21 × 105 b) 7.4 × 10−3

D. MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE NUMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Steps for multiplying and dividing numbers in scientific notation

• Multiply/ Divide the ______________________________________

a) (3.4 × 105 )(2 ⋅ 7 × 10−2 ) 5.32×104

a) (2.1 𝑥𝑥 10−7 )(3.7 𝑥𝑥 105 ) 4.96 𝑥𝑥 104

c) (4.7 𝑥𝑥 10−3 )(6.1 𝑥𝑥 109 ) d) (2 × 106 )(8.8 × 105 )

8.4×105 2.014 𝑥𝑥 10−3

E. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION APPLICATIONS

Total distance = _______________________________________________________________________

a) It takes approximately 3.7 x 104 hours for the

By ESO/Pale Red Dot -

7) 8.7 × 105 8) 9 × 10−4 9) 2 × 100

Simplify. Write each answer in scientific notation.

4.81 × 106 5.33×106 4.08×10−6

9×104 3.22×10−3 1.3×10−6

5.8×103 5×106 8.4×105

Scientific Notation Applications

SECTION 8.3: POLYNOMIALS

Example 1: Consider the algebraic expression 4𝑥𝑥 5 + 3𝑥𝑥 4 − 22𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 17

a. List the terms: __________________________________________________________________

Example 2: Complete the table below

Identify the Coefficient

Example 3: Consider the algebraic expression 3𝑥𝑥 5 + 4𝑥𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 8

Example 1: Complete the table below

(ab)3 =_____________________ =

a) 48,100,000,000 = _ b) 0.0000235 =

1st term: _______ Degree:_ Coefficient:______

This process is often called , which stands for ________________________

Multiplying trinomials is just like _, we just have to _______________.