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2. Basic Definitions Load curves

EXAMPLE 1
Assume that the loading data
given in Table 1.1 belongs to one
of the primary feeders of the No
Light & No Power (NL&NP)
Company and that they are for a
typical winter day.

Develop the idealized daily load

curve for the given hypothetical
primary feeder.
Table 1.1: Idealized Load Data
for the No Light & No Power
Company's Primary Feede

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2. Basic Definitions Load curves

Solution

Figure 2-3

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2. Basic Definitions Diversified demand

D1max

D2max

D3max

D4max

Figure 1.10: Diversified demand curves

Dgmax
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2. Basic Definitions Examples

Solution of EXAMPLE 6

(a) The class contribution factor is:

For street lighting, residential, and

commercial loads, we obtain:

Table 1.1: Idealized Load Data for the No

Light & No Power Company's Primary Feede

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3. Relationship between load and loss factors

The Figure 1.16 showing an
arbitrary and idealized load
curve does not represent a daily
load curve.

Assume that the off-peak loss is

PLS,1 at some off-peak load P1 and
that the peak loss is PLS,2 at the
peak load P2.

The load factor is :

From the front Figure,

Figure 1.16: An arbitrary and
idealized load curve

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3. Relationship between load and loss factors

Figure 1.17 gives three different curves of loss factor as a function of
load factor.

Figure 1.17: Loss factor curves as a function of load factor. (From Westinghouse Electric
Corporation, Electric Utility Engineering Reference Book-Distribution Systems, vol. 3, East
Pittsburgh, PA, 1965. With permission.)
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3. Relationship between load and loss factors

EXAMPLE 8
Assume that the Riverside distribution substation of the NL&NP
Company supplying Ghost Town, which is a small city, experiences an
annual peak load of 3500 kW as shown in the Figure 1.18 below.

The total annual energy

supplied to the primary
feeder circuits is 10 GWh.
The peak demand occurs in
July or August and is due to
air-conditioning load.

(a) Find the annual average

power demand.
(b) Find the annual load
factor.
Figure 1.18: Monthly load curve
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3. Relationship between load and loss factors

EXAMPLE 9
Use the data given in EXAMPLE 8 and suppose that a new load of 100 kW
with 100 percent annual load factor is to be supplied from the Riverside
substation as shown on the Figure 1.19 below.
The investment cost, or
capacity cost, of the power
system upstream, i.e., toward
the generator, from this
substation is 18 $/kW per
month. Assume that the energy
delivered to these primary
feeders costs the supplier, that
is, NL&NP, 0.06 $/kWh.
(a) Find the new annual load
factor on the substation.
(b) Find the total annual
additional cost to NL&NP to Figure 1.19: new load curve
serve this load. after the new load addition
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4. Maximum Diversified Demand

Table 1.2

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4. Maximum Diversified Demand

Figure 1.20: Maximum diversified 30-min demand
characteristics of various residential loads
A = clothes dryer; B = off-peak water heater,
"off-peak" load; C = water heater, uncontrolled,
interlocked elements; D = range; E = lighting
and miscellaneous appliances; F = O.5-hp room
coolers; G = off-peak water heater, "on-peak"
load, upper element uncontrolled; H = oil
burner; I = home freezer; J = refrigerator; K =
central air conditioning including heat-pump
cooling, 5-hp heat pump (4-ton air
conditioner); L = house heating, including heat-
pump-heating-connected load of 15-kW unit-
type resistance heating or 5-hp heat pump.
(From Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Electric Utility Engineering Reference Book-
Distribution Systems, vol. 3, East Pittsburgh, PA,
1965. With permission)
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