LSC-CyFair

Bird Migration
Tim Sebesta
Dept. Chair of Exercise and Military Sciences
Professor of Kinesiology
LSC-CyFair
Common Winter Birds in Houston Backyard

Golden-Crowned Ruby-Crowned Yellow-Rumped

Kinglet Kinglet Warbler Eastern Phoebe

Orange-Crowned
American Goldfinch Cedar Waxwing Dark-Eyed Junco Warbler
 Migration Fun Facts
•  The arctic tern flies a round trip that can be as long as 20,000 miles per
year, from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back. The sandhill and whooping
cranes are both capable of migrating as far as 2,500 miles per year, and the
barn swallow more than 6,000 miles.

•  How do they keep going? Some birds store a special, high-energy fat
before the trip. Soaring raptors, for example, may not eat for several weeks
as they migrate. Other species eat along their migration routes.
•  How high can they fly? Higher than Mt. Everest. Bar-headed geese have
been recorded flying across the Himalayas at 29,000 feet. Other species
seen above 20,000 feet include the whooper swan, the bar-tailed godwit,
and the mallard duck.
(Note: birds fly this high to reach their destinations efficiently. From radar
studies, scientists know that birds can change altitudes to find the best wind
conditions. To fight a headwind, most birds stay low, where ridges, trees and
buildings slow the wind. To ride a tailwind, they get up high where the wind is
as fast as possible.)
 Migration Facts
Of the 852 bird species in the United
States:
•  778 are migratory
•  300 species migrate to Latin America
•  19 species of shorebirds migrate 8,000 miles
1 way
•  34 species of wood warblers and 22 of the 29
species of waterfowl are shared between
U.S., Canada, Mexico
 Migration Flyways
•  The major wintering areas for North
American migrating birds are the southern
United States and Central America.
•  Four major flyways south: the Atlantic
flyway, the Mississippi flyway, the Central
flyway, and the Pacific flyway.
 How Did Bird Migration Routes Become
Established?

•  Migration is affected not only by food supply, but also

by wind and oceans currents. These make some
routes and locations easier to reach. While many birds
migrate from northern breeding areas in the summer, to
southern wintering grounds (mainly because there is
more land near the northern pole than the southern),
there are many other migration patterns. Some birds
breed in the far south of South America, Australasia and
Africa, and migrate to northern wintering grounds. Some
birds migrate horizontally, to enjoy the milder coastal
climates in winter. Other birds migrate in terms of
altitude; moving higher up a mountain in summer, and
wintering on the lowlands.
 Bird Migration Terminology
•  Altitudinal migrant: a bird that migrates vertically, spending different seasons at different
elevations, but in the same geographical location.
•  Breeding grounds: the habitat where a species nests and raises young.
•  Circadian rhythm: an internal clock that governs a bird s daily cycle
•  Circannual rhythm: an internal clock that governs a bird s yearly life cycle, triggering migration,
breeding etc.
•  Diurnal migration: migration during the hours of daylight.
•  Dynamic soaring: a fight pattern where a bird glides with the wind until it drops too low, then
climbs into the wing, turns and glides again.
•  Fall: when weather forces large numbers of migratory birds off course and they come down to
rest somewhere that they do not normally occur.
•  Flyway: a route that many migrating birds of various species use while migrating. A flyway may
be defined by a seacoast, a mountain range, a river system, an ocean current, or some other
significant geographical feature that channels birds in flight.
•  Irruption: when large numbers of one or more species of birds move together to new territory in
search of food. Irruption is not true migration.
•  Leading lines: physical features of the earth such as mountain passes, islands, and narrow
necks of land that large numbers of birds must pass through or stop at.
•  Magnetic compass: the mechanism that allows a bird to navigate by locating magnetic north.
•  Migrant: a migrating bird.
 Bird Migration Terminology
•  Nonstop migrant: a bird that completes its entire migration without stopping along the way.
Some nonstop migrations cover thousands of kilometers and span days.
•  Nocturnal migration: migration during the hours of darkness.
•  Partial migration: when part of a population of birds in a specific area migrate while the rest
remain resident year round. Sometimes, it is the juvenile birds that migrate.
•  Pineal gland: a gland in the brain that controls the circadian rhythm of bird species.
•  Staging post: stopovers where large numbers of migratory birds traditionally pause to feed
before moving on. The best known staging posts are those used by large birds such as
cranes.
•  Star compass: the mechanism that allows a bird to find its way by the location of the stars.
•  Stopover: a place where migrating birds stop to rest, shelter and feed. These are typically
places with abundant food supplies.
•  Sun compass: the mechanism that allows a bird to find its way by the location of the sun.
•  Thermal current: warm air rising into the atmosphere from the ground. Thermals are usually
strongest in the morning.
•  Thermal soaring: when a bird uses the rising air of a thermal to lift it high in the air. The bird
can then glide down to the bottom of the next thermal and rise again.
•  Wintering grounds: the territory where a bird species spends the winter months.
•  Zugunruhe: a restlessness observed in birds as the time to migrate approaches.
 Why Do Birds Migrate?
•  The reasons are complex and not fully understood.
But a simple explanation is food and a safe place to
breed. Birds which breed in the summer in the
extreme north such as the Arctic benefit from an
abundance of food as plants and insect life flourish in
the long daylight hours; and because few large
permanent predators can survive the harsh winter.
Many birds that breed in the Arctic simply lay their
eggs on the ground. Being able to fly, they can avoid
the harsh winter conditions, and be the first to arrive to
enjoy the summer benefits.

Western
Sandpiper
 Why Do Birds Migrate?
•  Behavior is inherited; however, birds will not migrate in the
absence of certain physiological and environmental cues.
In the late summer, the decrease in sunlight stimulates a
migrating bird's pituitary gland to produce the hormone
prolactin and its adrenal gland to produce the hormone
corticosterone. These hormones, in turn, cause the birds to
accumulate large amounts of fat just under the skin,
providing them with enough energy for the long migratory
flights. The hormones also cause the birds to become
restless just prior to migration. The exact time of departure,
however, is dictated not only by the decreasing sunlight
and hormonal changes, but also by such conditions as the
availability of food and the onset of cold weather.
 When And How And Do Birds Migrate?
Environment and Physiology Trigger Bird Migration
•  Millions of migratory birds move from a warm winter range to a summer breeding range each
year. Some are so predictable that their arrival in the summer range can be forecast almost to
the day. We know when to expect them from long experience, but how do birds know when it's
time to migrate?

Circannual Rhythm and Daylight Trigger Migration

•  Before a bird can migrate, it must be physically ready. In both spring and fall, birds put on
weight, storing fat in the body cavity and beneath the skin. Many molt, replacing flight feathers
so that their feathers are in peak condition for extended flight. And they build flight muscles for
strength and endurance.
•  These changes are brought on by a combination of the bird's circannual rhythm (a natural
annual cycle), and the shift in the hours of daylight that signals a change of season. In
general, shortening days affect hormone levels and induce birds to eat more, store more fat,
increase muscle mass, and molt. Later, when these physical changes have taken place,
hormones also cause restlessness immediately prior to departure.
•  The relationship between light and the circannual rhythm is complex: birds in captivity can be
induced to go through their annual changes more quickly if light levels are manipulated, yet
the rhythm still proceeds if light levels in captivity never change. Birds migrate north from the
Southern Hemisphere, where days are getting shorter, from equatorial regions where the
hours of daylight and darkness change very little, and from Central America and the southern
United States, where days are growing longer. Similarly, birds that migrate south to breed may
begin their journeys in places where the days are getting shorter or longer, depending on
where they spend the winter.
 When And How And Do Birds Migrate?
Weather Influences Bird Migration
•  Birds respond to weather conditions as well as light when deciding when to depart a
summer or winter range. An early spring with unusually warm temperatures can trigger
early departure and early breeding. Likewise, extended bad weather or a cool spring can
delay things.
•  Birds generally wait for good weather with favorable winds - they avoid rain, overcast
conditions, and winds that might blow them off course. As a result, good weather triggers
a wave of departures, with large groups of birds leaving at the same time and arriving at a
stopover or destination together. Most will stop to feed or wait out bad weather before
moving on with another wave of migrants.
•  Climate and location also heavily influence fall migration for birds in the higher latitudes.
These birds arrive later, breed later, molt later, and leave later than the rest of the
population.

Males Go First
•  For some species, it's important for males to get a head start in spring in order to claim
good territory in the breeding range and be ready to attract good mates when females
arrive. Departing males can either delay migration of the rest if they encounter bad
conditions and return, or trigger an exodus if they leave and don't come back.
 When And How And Do Birds Migrate?
•  Birds tend to commence migration in large numbers only when they have a
favourable tail wind. In North America the winds north in spring and south
in autumn are ideal to assist seasonal migrations. Once started however
only very bad weather will stop them. Many birds fly high when migrating
because of prevailing winds at higher altitudes and also because the cold
at these altitudes helps them disperse all the heat being generated by their
flight muscles.
•  Not all birds from a summer breeding site overwinter at the same area.
What happens, come autumn, if a male bird meets a female bird in the
breeding grounds who has a different overwintering site? Whose site do
they go to now they are a pair? In many species the pair bond breaks up at
the end of the breeding season, but some like swans mate for life. In the
case of the Bewick's Swan the male decides where to fly to for the winter
and the female follows him. However, the female decides when it is time to
travel back to the tundra for another year's breeding.
•  The reverse scenario is when birds with different breeding sites overwinter
in the same area; if pairing commences on the overwintering ground,
whose breeding ground to they return to. The answer may be different for
different species.
Bewick s Swan
 When And How And Do Birds Migrate?
•  Timing of migration is a mix of internal stimulus which results in a
feeding binge to put on fat to survive the journey and then the
tendency to aggregate into flocks. Once the pre-migration flock is
gathered, the feeding continues while the birds wait for suitable
weather conditions. Thus while the birds' internal clock probably
releases the hormonal triggers at a fairly accurate date each year, the
availability of food and the presiding weather conditions decide when
the migration starts and hence when we see the first spring migrants
arrive and the last autumn ones leave.
•  A 12-year study of Common Terns at Cape Cod showed that an
average 75% of birds, and as much as 83%, returned to the same
area to nest in successive years. Eighty percent nested within 25 feet
of the original nest site. Another study of Layson Albatrosses showed
that in the following year a nest was on average only 13 inches away
from the previous nest.
 When And How And Do Birds Migrate?
•  Migratory routes are not fixed eternally and in some species part of the
population follows one route and part another. Also, some birds travel south by a
different route to that which they use to travel north, e.g. Golden Plover.
•  Some migrants fly very long distances. Some arctic terns fly 11,000 miles each
way. Other birds fly lesser distances. Blackpolls from Hudson Bay overwinter in
Venezuela, 5,000 miles each way and Golden Plovers fly 2400 miles each way
in the USA.
•  Speed - birds often fly faster when on a migratory flight then they do during
ordinary flight. Thus distances of 200 to 400 miles a day are commonplace
among long distance migrants. Some birds, however, migrate more slowly, e.g.
Robins coming up the Gulf coast average 13 miles a day.
•  Most flights occur at between 600 and 5,000 ft above sea level with an average
height of 1525 ft a.s.l. However, mountains may mean greater heights are
needed and heights over 10,000 ft a.s.l. are not uncommon.

Golden Plover
 How Do Birds Migrate Such Long Distances?
•  Birds exploit the winds to their favour so they can go the distance by
burning minimal fuel. They may shift altitude to find the best wind
"conveyor belt". Winds at high altitude may blow in the opposite
direction from wind on the ground, and usually are blowing strongly.
Larger birds rely on thermals (hot air) rising from the ground in the
mornings to gain altitude by simply soaring. These birds usually
migrate during the day. They may also follow strong updrafts along
ridges.
•  A few birds fly non-stop, some for several days, covering enormous
distances. But most birds break journey at staging posts. A vital
aspect of being able to make such long trips is to lay down enough fat
reserves.
•  Preparing for the journey: Besides laying down fat reserves, migrating
birds also need to eat a lot to fuel their regular feather molts. Their
feathers must be in tip-top condition for their long trips. Different
species molt at different times; for most shorebirds it is just after
breeding and before the migration to wintering grounds.
 How Do Migrating Birds Find Their Way?

•  Studies suggest birds orientate themselves to the

compass points using the position of the sun during
the day, and the stars at night. They can also sense
magnetic north. In addition they use other clues such
as visual layout of the land, smell (of the sea), sound
(waves on shores, winds through mountain passes).
•  The most amazing aspect of bird migration is that the
location, route and perhaps even the techniques are
hard-wired into their brains. Many migrating birds
abandon their young as soon as they fledge, and a
short time later, the young make the migration on their
own.
 Threats To Migrating Birds
•  Sadly, in addition to surviving storms and bad weather,
exhaustion and other natural obstacles, migrating
birds are increasingly face human threats. Habitat
destruction that affects staging posts handicap their
ability to re-fuel. These include draining wetlands,
cutting down forests. Pollution of the sea, water and
air also affects them. Migrating birds are also
distracted and killed by lit-up skyscrapers, lighthouses
and other unnatural man-made formations that
mislead them. Sadly, many migrating birds are also
hunted, for food and for sport.
Help Migratory Birds In Your Community
•  Because many birds use constellations for guidance,
well-lit skyscrapers and communication towers
provide misleading cues and lure birds away from the
correct path. These man-made structures can
sometimes cause them to circle for hours until they
become disoriented, exhausted or stunned, leading to
predation and death. You can help prevent this
tragedy by encouraging cleaning crews, building
management and security guards to turn off the lights
in offices, especially during peak migration seasons,
and by working with others in your community to
address the proliferation of communications towers.
Help Migratory Birds – Be A Caring Consumer
•  Much of the coffee we drink comes from Central and South America.
Traditional plantations grow coffee under a canopy of trees, which
provides habitat needed by over-wintering birds. Increasingly,
however, land is being cleared to grow coffee in full sun; this habitat
loss, coupled with the alarming rate of summer habitat loss in the
United States, is the most significant factor contributing to the decline
in Neotropical migratory birds. You can help preserve critical winter
habitats for birds such as the ruby-throated hummingbird, Baltimore
oriole, Kentucky warbler, and swallow-tailed kite by purchasing only
shade-grown coffee and cacao.

•  http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/MigratoryBirds/
Coffee/Bird_Friendly/birdlist.cfm
 Eliminate The Poisons In Your Yard
•  Yet, we assume that the lawn and garden chemicals found on the shelves at hardware
stores are safe to use around birds (and people.) Take a close look at the labels. Too many
popular pesticides are lethal to birds. And while many pesticides may not kill birds on
contact, they can contaminate bird food (insects) and water.
•  What are the alternatives? Mechanical and biological techniques for pest control provide
less hazardous options.
•  Website http://www.audubon.org/bird/pesticides/#Insecticides

ACEPHATE (An organophosphate insecticide used in Orthene and other Products.)

BENDIOCARB (A carbamate insecticide used in Ficam and other products.)
CHLORPYRIFOS (Organophosphate used in Dursban, Dragon, Ortho-Klor, and other
products.)
DIAZINON (Organophosphate used in Bonide Diazinon Soil Granules, Knox-Out, and other
products.)
DIMETHOATE (Organophosphate used in Cygon and a variety of other products.)
BRODIFACOUM (An anticoagulant rodenticide used in d-CON, Talon-G, and other products.)
GLYPHOSATE (An alphatic herbicide used in Roundup and other products.)
 Cat Predation
•  Americans keep an estimated 60 million cats as pets.
•  Scientific studies actually show that each year, cats kill hundreds of millions of migratory
songbirds. In 1990, researchers estimated that "outdoor" house cats and feral cats were
responsible for killing nearly 78 million small mammals and birds annually.
•  University of Wisconsin ornithologist, Dr. Santley Temple estimates that 20-150 million
songbirds are killed each year by rural cats in Wisconsin alone.
•  Cats are a serious threat to fledglings, birds roosting at night and birds on a nest.
Research shows that de-clawing cats and bell collars do not prevent them from killing birds
and other small animals. For healthy cats and wild birds, cats should not be allowed to
roam free.
•  Work with your local humane society, veterinarians and state wildlife agency to enact and
enforce free-roaming cat regulations.

Cat Collar with

Bell To Reduce
Risk
 Bird-Window Collisions
•  Contemporary homes and modern office buildings often use insulated and reflective glass
to replace walls. These windows may be aesthetically pleasing to humans, but often they
are lethal to birds. Unfortunately, many birds cannot distinguish the difference between real
sky and a reflection of the sky in a window.
•  In the United States alone, Dr. Dan Klem of Muhlenberg College estimates that each year
during migration 98 to 976 million birds fly full tilt into windows and are fatally injured.
•  Dr. Klem says we can minimize these collisions by breaking up the reflection on the
outside of the window with a non-reflective window coating, window screens, flash tape
and bird netting.
•  Life size animate "scares" (plastic falcons, owls and balloons) and falcon or owl silhouettes
attached to windows with suction cups are not effective deterrents.
•  Planting trees and installing window awnings to block the sun from hitting the window may
eliminate some reflection. Putting a bird feeder on or within a few feet of a window helps to
slow birds down and lessen the effect of impact.
•  Migration isn't the only time homeowners have trouble with bird-window collisions. Birds
may hit your windows during breeding season and in the winter too.
 House Sparrows And Starlings
•  Every Spring, birds that nest in cavities compete with each other for a
limited number of nest sites. The neotropical migrants that nest in
cavities - purple martins, tree swallows and great-crested flycatchers -
have adapted to competition from chickadees, titmice and woodpeckers.
•  The "rules of competition" changed around the turn of the century when
we humans imported two European cavity nesting species: house
sparrows and starlings.
•  House sparrows eliminate nest competitors by attacking the adults and
killing the young when they are on the nest. Starlings eliminate nest
competitors by taking over cavity nesting sites. Our native birds don't
seem to be able to defend themselves from house sparrow and starling
attacks. So, if you put up a nest box to help bluebirds, martins,
chickadees, titmice, woodpecker, wrens or flycatchers, you must monitor
the box and eliminate house sparrows and starlings.
 Protect, Create and Restore Habitat
•  Getting involved in migratory bird conservation here in the United States or in Latin America can
be as simple as writing a check, donating equipment or picking up a shovel. Many agencies and
organizations that work to protect, create and restore breeding and wintering habitat for
migratory birds are participating in Partners in Flight. You can get involved in this international
effort by contacting any of the participants listed at the end of this booklet.
•  Then think about your lawn. How much lawn do you really need?
•  Survey your yard for dead and dying trees. Top them so they don't fall on your house, but leave
the standing trunks and make a brush pile with the downed canopy. Dead trees and brush piles
provide shelter, nest sites and food (insects) for migrating birds.
•  Providing water can be as simple as putting out a bird bath or as complicated as installing a
pond with a creek and waterfall. Birds are attracted to water features that are shallow (less than
2" deep), clean (hosed out daily, sanitized with hot soapy water and bleach at least weekly) and
noisy (the sound of dripping water is a magnet for songbirds). Water features are most effective
when placed out in the open, where birds can see predators coming.
•  If you put out bird feeders, select a safe feeder and keep it clean. Polycarbonate plastic tube
feeders are the easiest to clean. Use one kind of seed per feeder, don't use seed mixes. Wash
seed, suet and fruit feeders in hot soapy water and chlorine bleach at least once a month. If you
use a tray or bowl feeder, plan to sanitize it more often. To be sure your hummingbird feeders
do not harm the birds.
•  You don't have to put out a bird feeder to provide food for our neotropical migrants. Landscape
your yard with native evergreen and fruiting trees, shrubs, grasses and vines. Design your
garden so that your plants flower and fruit throughout the spring, summer and fall.
Help Migratory Birds In Your Own Backyard
•  You can make your yard a stopover for migratory birds
by providing them with some essentials: water (even
just a shallow dish), cover (evergreens and brush
piles), and berry-producing trees and shrubs (such as
dogwoods, American holly, viburnums, American
highbush cranberry, and serviceberry). To attract the
insects that birds eat, mulch your leaves in a
sheltered corner and don't deadhead flowers such as
coneflowers, marigolds, cosmos, and sunflowers.
Birds will feed on the seeds. You may also choose to
put out a variety of seed feeders during migratory
periods, along with cut or dried fruit.
•  Certification will require:
–  At least 50% native plants
–  Food for the wildlife year round,
preferably provided by plants.
A feeder alone will not be
considered.
–  Shelter for the wildlife, including:
brushy plants, tall trees, shrubs,
and wildflowers. Artificial shelter
such as nest boxes, brush piles,
rock piles, and bat houses may also
be included.
–  Water in a useable, reliable form for
the wildlife.
FOOD SOURCES: Natural or Supplemental

•  Identify the types of plants that provide fruits,

nuts, berries, seeds, nectar and other materials
that wildlife might eat.
–  Acorns from oak trees
–  Fruits attract numerous birds and small mammals
–  Sunflower (Helianthus) provides seeds for many kinds
of birds
–  Tubular flowers attract hummingbird species
FOOD SOURCES: Natural or Supplemental

•  Identify the types of plants that provide fruits,

nuts, berries, seeds, nectar and other materials
that wildlife might eat.
–  Acorns from oak trees
–  Fruits attract numerous birds and small mammals
–  Sunflower (Helianthus) provides seeds for many kinds
of birds
–  Tubular flowers attract hummingbird species
 FOOD SOURCES: Natural
•  Tall Trees •  Shrubs
–  Live Oak –  American
–  Red Mulberry Beautyberry
–  Pecan –  Texas Wax Myrtle
•  Small Trees –  Dewberry
–  Yaupon •  Perennials
–  Mexican Plum –  Turks s Cap
–  Shining Sumac –  Cardinal Flower
–  Shrimp Plant
–  Firecracker plant
FOOD SOURCES: Supplemental
WATER SOURCES: The Key Ingredient
SHELTER: Natural
SHELTER: Artificial
 Wildscaping Tips:
■ Usenative plants adapted to your local conditions that
provide the kind of food and cover wildlife require.

■ Recycle leaves, plant clippings and kitchen scraps into

compost and don t bag grass clippings.

■ Conserve water. Irrigate in the early mornings or evenings to

reduce water waste.

■ Closely follow all label instructions when applying pesticides

and fertilizers, and try to minimize their use.

For more information on creating your Habitat visit:

www.tpwd.state.tx.us/wildscapes
 How To Watch Spring Migratory Birds
Along The Texas Coast
•  Plan to arrive after April 15 and before May 15 for the best birding. Make reservations at a
central spot that will give you access to several birding areas along the coast.
•  Make High Island one of your main stops. Smith Oaks, a 122.2-acre sanctuary here, is one
of the best-known migratory stopovers on the coast. Boy Scout Woods and Eubanks
Woods are other excellent birding sites on High Island.
•  Consider Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. Although this is better known as a wintering
ground for thousands of ducks and geese, there are good numbers of birds here year-
round. In spring, areas such as The Willows may serve as migrant traps for a variety of
warblers and other birds.
•  Spend some time at the Bolivar Flats Shorebird Sanctuary on the Bolivar Peninsula. This is
a great spot for regularly occurring shore birds, as well as migrants, and has been
recognized as an internationally important site by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird
Reserve Network. Bring a scope for the best views.
•  Stop at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, best known as the wintering place of endangered
whooping cranes. The cranes start to leave the refuge in early April to go north to nesting
grounds in Canada, but there is still much to see here in migration.
•  Visit Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge. This area has plenty of varied habitats and
can be a good migrant trap in spring, especially when the weather is bad.
•  Check your bird guides and maps for other birding locations on the upper Texas coast.
Those mentioned are the most visited, but there are many more birding opportunities in the
region.
Where To Go To View Migratory Birds
Texas Ornithological Society - http://www.texasbirds.org/
National Audubon Society - http://www.audubon.org/
American Birding Association - http://www.americanbirding.org/
American Bird Conservancy http://www.abcbirds.org/
World Birding Center - http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/worldbirdingcenter/
Bird Links to the World (Texas)
http://www.bsc-eoc.org/links/links.jsp?page=l_usa_tx
Houston Audubon Society - http://www.houstonaudubon.org/
Outdoor Nature Club - http://www.texasbirding.net/hog/
USGS - http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/infocenter.html
Enature - http://enature.com/birding/birding_home.asp

Saturday Edition of the Houston Chronicle, Star Section, Wonders of Nature

TEXBIRDS listserv - http://listserv.uh.edu/archives/texbirds.html

http://www.texasbirding.net/maps/wharris.htm
 
 
Sources Of Information About Migratory Birds

To keep current with efforts in migratory bird conservation, get

on the mailing list for the free

Partners in Flight Newsletter http://www.partnersinflight.org/

(National Fish and Wildlife Foundation,
1120 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 900,
Washington, DC 20036.)

TEXAS
Parks & Wildlife, 4200 Smith School Rd.,
Austin 78744