The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System
"Biology." Scienceclasstemplate. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014. IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009
Parts of the Circulatory System
• Divided into three major parts:

–The Heart
–The Blood
–The Blood Vessels
Blood
• Pumped by your heart.
• Travels through thousands of miles of
blood vessels
• Carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste
products to and from your body cells.
• Made up of liquids, solids and small
amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Blood
• Red cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all
the cells of the body.
• Takes carbon dioxide and transports it back
to the lungs
• They are disc-like cells with no nuclei.
• Red pigment: haemoglobin (protein combined
with iron)
• Oxyhaemoglobin: haemoglobin + oxygen
• About 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE
drop of blood.
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
• Red blood cells live for about four months

• Produced by bone marrow of ribs, vertebrae,
breastbone.
Blood
• White blood cells:
• Produced by bone marrow 🡪 maturation
and development in the thymus and lymph
nodes or spleen. They have nuclei.
• Protect the body from germs 🡪 attack and
destroy germs when they enter the body
• The two most abundant types of white cells:
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
• Phagocytes: they eat and digest harmful
bacteria and other substances
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies
http://www.thebreastcaresite.com/chemotherapy/recognizing-symptoms-low-white-bloo
d-counts/
scienceu.fsu.edu
user.gru.net/clawrence/ vccl/chpt7/plate.htm
• Platelets are pieces of blood cells that

help stop bleeding (clotting).
Blood
• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood
• About half of your blood is made of plasma
• The plasma carries the blood cells
throughout the body
• Plasma is made in the liver.
• It contains many substances, ions,
proteins, antibodies, food products,
hormones, urea.
• Kidneys and liver maintain its composition
constant
Functions of blood
• Homeostasis: maintaining conditions
stable 🡪 blood delivers oxygen and
nutrients to the tissue fluid and remove
waste products
• Transport of oxygen
(deoxygenated/oxygenated blood)
• Transport of carbon dioxide (it is carried in
the form of hydrogencarbonate ions
(HCO3-)
Functions of blood
• Transport of digested food from the
intestine to the tissues
• Transport of nitrogenous waste (urea)
from the liver to the kidneys
• Transport of hormones
• Transport of heat : it carries heat from
warm places to cold places
Functions of blood
• Clotting: platelets clump together and
block the loss of blood (fibrinogen 🡪
fibrin 🡪 network of fibres)
• Defence against infection thanks to
the action of phagocytes and
lymphocytes.
Circulatory system:
Transportation system by which
oxygen and nutrients reach the
body's cells, and waste materials
are carried away.
Also carries substances called
hormones, which control body
processes, and antibodies to
fight invading germs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn6QmETEm8s
The heart, the lungs, and the

blood vessels work together to
form the circle part of the
circulatory system.
The Heart
• Size of your fist
• Thick muscular walls
• Divided into two pumps
• Each pump has two chambers
• Upper chamber - atrium receives blood
coming in from the veins
• Lower chamber - ventricle squeezes blood
out into the arteries
• The coronary arteries bring blood to heart
tissues
"Biology." Scienceclasstemplate. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
Close up of heart valve.
• Heart sounds are made by the valves as they open and close.
• Valves stop blood flowing backwards.
• Tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral) 🡪 atrioventricular valves
• Aortic and pulmonary valves 🡪 semi-lunar valves.
www.biosbcc.net/doohan/ sample/htm/heart.htm
Circulation
• Two parts
• Heart acts as double pump
• Blood from the right side pump is dark
red and oxygen-poor
Circulation
• Travels through pulmonary arteries to
lungs where it gets fresh oxygen and
becomes bright red
• Blood from lungs through pulmonary
veins back to the heart's left side
pump
• Pumped out into the body
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/circulatory.html
3 Kinds of Circulation:
• Pulmonary circulation
• Coronary circulation
• Systemic circulation
• A red cell would go round the whole

circulation in 45 seconds!
Pulmonary Circulation
Movement of blood from the heart, to

the lungs, and back to the heart again
sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/ pulmonary.html

Coronary Circulation
Movement of blood through the tissues of
the heart
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci2/systems/

Systemic Circulation
Supplies nourishment to all of the
tissue located throughout the body ,
except for the heart and lungs
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/systemic.html

Three Kinds of Blood Vessels
Hollow tubes that circulate your blood
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
Arteries
• Carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Main artery called the aorta
• Aorta divides in branches
• Many smaller arteries 🡪 arterioles
• Each region of your body has system of
arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich
blood.
Arteries
• Elastic tissue and muscular fibres in
their wall 🡪 they help to respond to
the high pressure caused by the
heart.
• You can feel the pulse from radial
artery by pressing the finger-tips.
Have strong, muscular walls

The inner layer is very smooth so that the blood
can flow easily
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Capillaries
• Very thin
• Only one cell thick
• Connect arteries & veins
• Thin capillary walls allow some liquid to
pass through, they are permeable 🡪 the
fluid which passes is called tissue fluid
(similar to plasma but with less proteins)
Capillaries
• Food and oxygen released to the body
cells
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products
returned to the bloodstream
• Capillary network is dense that no living
cell is far from the supply of oxygen and
food
• Capillaries 🡪 venules 🡪 veins
w3.uokhsc.edu
Veins
Valves are located inside the veins. The valves

only allow blood to move in one direction.
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/circulatory.html
Veins
• Carry blood to the heart
• Receive blood from the capillaries
• Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood
back to the lungs and heart
• Blood pressure is lower than arteries
• Walls are less elastic and muscular
• Valves are located inside the veins 🡪 allow
blood to move in one direction
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Blood pressure
• In the arteries the pressure fluctuates with

the heart beat.
• The pressure wave can be felt as a pulse.
• In veins blood pressure is greatly reduced.
• Filtration process in the kidneys needs a
consistent blood pressure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9OZsDECZ
w
IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009
How to measure blood pressure
• Place the cuff on the bicep and inflate it (it
constricts the arm and prevents blood from
entering the forearm)
• Deflate the cuff slowly and listen for the the
occurence of a sound (it occurs when the cuff
pressure is lowered below the systolic pressure)
• Further deflate the cuff until normal blood flow
returns and there is no longer sound (the absence
of sound occurs when the cuff pressure is less
than diastolic pressure)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmic13mvsgo
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• It’s a system of vessels called lymphatics.
• Functions: 1- drainage, 2- defense.
• The fluid is the lymph and it is similar to
tissue fluid.
• Plasma and white cells leak out of the
blood capillaries 🡪 tissue fluid 🡪 tissue
fluid drains into lymphatics 🡪 two large
vessels which empty their contents into
the blood system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjkHzEVcyrE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kh-XdNnTZUo
LYMPH NODES:
-They are swellings containing lymphocytes
and phagocytes.
-The white blood cells can be released into
the lymph and reach the blood system.
Bacteria can be carried to lymph nodes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system
• SPLEEN:
• It is the largest organ of the lymphatic
system.
• It contains lymphatic and blood vessels.
• It removes worn-out red cells, bacteria and
cell fragments from the blood.
• It produces lymphocytes and antibodies.
• THYMUS:
• It is a gland at the top of the thorax.
• Very important in the newborns.
• It produces lymphocytes (immunological
organ).
• After puberty it becomes smaller.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Lymphocytes and phagocytes
• Lymphocytes:
- B cells (from bone marrow): they stay
in the plasma and produce antibodies
- Killer T cells (from the thymus): they kill
non-self cells
- Helper T cells: stimulate B cells to
divide and produce antibodies and
stimulate phagocytes

http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=105&section=1.4.3
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-detail.html
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Lymphocytes and phagocytes
• On the surface of cells there are molecules
called antigens specific for each organism
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies against
non-self antigens
• Antibodies are very specific
• Functions of antibodies: 1) they help
phagocytes to ingest bacteria 2) they clump
bacteria together 3) neutralize toxins

IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Some lymphocytes remain into lymph
nodes and produce antibodies 🡪 memory
cells (primary and secondary response)
• When antibodies are produced after
contact with an infectious agent 🡪 natural
acquired immunity
• When antibodies are acquired from
mother’s milk 🡪 innate immunity
• When immunity is produced by a vaccine
🡪 artificial acquired immunity
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Vaccine: harmless bacteria o viruses
(micro-organisms =mo) are inoculated into
your body in order to make lymphocytes
produce antibodies.
• Examples of vaccines:
- harmless mo (Sabin polio)
- killed mo (Salk polio, whooping cough)
- toxoid (tetanus)

IMMUNE SYSTEM
• ACTIVE IMMUNITY: 1) natural acquired
immunity and 2) artificial acquired
immunity
• PASSIVE IMMUNITY: 1) innate immunity
and 2) passive immunization: some
diseases are cured by using serum from a
donor who recovered from the disease
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYPlc6-nnzU

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
There are four main excretory organs:
• Lungs
• Colon
• Skin
• Kidneys (urinary system)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The urinary system includes:
- Kidneys
- Bladder
- Ureters
- Urethra
https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Kidneys:
- They filter and reabsorb materials from the
blood
- They regulate the volume and
concentration of body fluids (water and
salt balance)
- Urea (the product of deamination) is
released by the kidneys
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Kidneys are divided in three parts:
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Pelvis
http://images.medicinenet.com/images/appictures/kidney-pain-s4-function-of-the-kidneys.jpg
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
- Renal artery carries
waste products, oxygen
and nutrients to the
kidneys
- Renal vein carries CO2
and the purified blood
from the kidneys to the
vena cava
- Ureter carries urine from
the kidneys to the http://images.medicinenet.com/images/appictures/kidney-pain-s4-function-of-the-kidneys.jpg
bladder
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN3MFhYPWWo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF_lF3J4ZKs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXcEAH_yesY

The Circulatory System

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The Circulatory System

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The Circulatory System

• Divided into three major parts:

• Red blood cells live for about four months

• Platelets are pieces of blood cells that

The heart, the lungs, and the

• A red cell would go round the whole

Movement of blood from the heart, to

"Biology." Scienceclasstemplate. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.

"Biology." Scienceclasstemplate. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.

"Biology." Scienceclasstemplate. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.

Have strong, muscular walls

Valves are located inside the veins. The valves

• In the arteries the pressure fluctuates with

IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009

IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009

IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009

IGCSE biology D. G.Mackean - Hodder Murray - 2009

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