CHAPTER 2 ye have learnt in your previous classes that the sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids and bases, respectively, prese I someone in the family 4s suffering from a prob overeating, which of the followin Jutee, vine in them, of acidity after 4 would you suggest asa remedy- lemon, tr or baking soda solution Which property did you think of while choosing the remedy Surely you must have used your knowledge about the ability acids and bases to nullify each oth effect Recall how we tested sour and bitter substances without tasting them, You already know thal[GeHISaresour WMS ind change the colour of blue limus to red, whereas Jhases are bite} and change the colour of are iticai rie. cnaead cermmermean eer Pn i fecsdn eae such indicator. Have you noticed it in of curry on a white clothy O22 Norsds me is scrub ehttim, Liu J TC turns yellow again when the cloth ts washed with plenty of . Wwater, You can also use xynititie indicators such as methyl orangeand 3M ettas Veatnel Qua phenolphthalein to test for acids and bases, suai due | tn thls Chapter, we will study the reactions of actds and bases. How fxs ywue of fULuTMUns, ackds and bases cancel out each others effeetsand many more interest goay etuatinn 3, al things that we use and see in our day-to-day life. 2 Hoy ind isco ‘solution is netther acidic nor baste, its colour is purple, There are many other natural materials like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of some Nowers such 3 ‘Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, which indicate the presence of acid or solution. These are called acid-base Indicators or sometimes simply Indicators.fe been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other neo contain an acidic solution and a baste solution, respectively. If you are given only red litinus paper, how will you Identify the contents of cach test tube’ . 2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES 2.1.1 Acids and Bases in the Laboratory STOGEM = Collect the following samples from the sctence laborato hydrochloric acid (HCH), sulphuric acid {11,S0,), nitric actd (11NO,), acetic acid (CH,COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ealeium hydroxide [Ca(Oil],|, potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnestum hydroxide [Mg(OH),]. and ammonium hydroxide (NH,OID, = Puta drop of each of the above solutions on a wate: test with a drop of the following Indicators as shown La Table » What change in colour did you observe with red IItmus, blue litmus phenolphthalein and methyt orange solutions for each of the solutions taken? = Tabulate your observations in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 Simple ca re Woon solation | Iltmus Wet aoe solution | solution reer! out some of these indicators. sown Nowe, 2 Activin g _ Activit ase «= Take some finely chopped onions in a plastic bag along with some * eh kat strips of clean cloth. Tic up the bag tightly and leave overnight in Auld menu, the fridge. The eloth strips can now be used to test for actds and sma bases. . - Take {wo of these cloth strips sind clieck their odour, Boat, wstublon dats. Keep them on a clean surface and put a few drops of dilute HCI pe Ips solution on one strip and a few drops of dilute NaOH solution on the other, ae ScienceRinse both cloth strips with water Note your Observations, * Now take some odour, Take some ditut solution in a both test tubes record and again check thelr odour, lute varitia essence and clove oll and chev their te HCI solution in one test tube ther, Add a few drops of «dilute v nd shake well. Chee! Changes in udour, if any. * Similarly, test the change in and dilute NaOH solutions and dilute NaOH ‘anilla essence to « the odour once again and the odour of elove olf with dilute HEL and record your observations, Which of these Indicators on the Let us do some of acids and ‘antlla, onton and clove, basts of your observations? More activities (o understand the chemical Properties ases, can be used! as olfactory 2.1.2 How do Acids and Bases React * REH2 v.v-v, amp CAUTION: This aeuvi with Metals? [Besuesott ent W4goxous ily needs the teacher's assistance, Junction inkts place +, Sel the apparatus as shown in Fig. 21, dria gas te wotwed., 7 FAKE about 8 mL of dilate sulphuric acid in a test tube and adda, Upham Lat hive few pleces of zine granules 10 1 = What do you observ ¢ on the surface of zine granules? L-rPass the gas being evolved TKe toutes Jourmect through the soap solution bi) soup setutdontest Ia & Why are bubbles formed tn the soap solution? a gap Take a buming candle near a gas filled bubble, forniesp oni, pb beny © What do you observe? Sto Sound “in otsserued. # Repeat tits Activity wilh some more ackds like HCI, INO, and CH,Coon. FL TMP Me cbseraons i alt te cases the same or rene Karun Page 5} Delivery tbe Qu Utsiy do ust tobe on apa thos wanton 2 Conte aly sacha cue Se\ SNE On Se, baer] menies OA Ship rate tea Zine grarules Fipure 2.1 Reaction of zine granules with ddue fas by burning Acids. Bases and Salts . suiphurie act and testing tyytroga Nydtogen ges Wu wa Une dust thy gps GSU tole a © fartuy soto: vith hydrogen Soap salon 9then Aontlusorn. Retsvty a+ 3 Note that fhe metab in Mieabove xe tlons displaces hydrogen fem ielion of a metal with an acid ¢: Acid 4 Metal —: Salt + Hydrogen as Can you now write the equatlons for the reactions you have observed?” Activity 2.4 Place a few pleces of granulated zine tnetal an a test tube. Add 2 ml. of sodium hydroxide solution and warm the contents of the test tube, Repeat the rest of the steps as tn Activity ‘observations. 2.3 and record your ‘The regetion that takes place can be written as follows. LBD Zn -y Nu ZnO, + Sedhunremicatey Bmp is formed in the reaction, However Reucmnaind oO + ® Gray 2.1.3 How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates React with Acids? ws oe - vied ‘Activity 2.5 geadiag Take (wo test tubes, label them as and DB ‘Take about 0.5 4 of sodium carbonate [Na,CO,) In test tube A and about 0.5 ig of sodinm hydrogencarbonate INaLICO J fn test tube B, etivery tube Test tube Cre dune gus batae Add buat 2 mn. of dilute HCH 10 both bytrocione tlhe test tab we What do you observe? Pass the yas produced i exch ase through Hine water [ealerum Figure 2.2 hydroxide solution) ay shows in Passtay carbon dlavide ras Pig. 2.2 and record your observations. through culetwm hydroxide sain : “The reactions occurring in (he above Activity are written as ~ ‘Test tube A: Na,CO (sb + 2UCHag) -» 2NaCthagl + HOW) « CO, 1g) Fest tube Bs NaHCO (8) + HCHagh + NaCHagh + HOW! + CO.t) S wr, i ecalOlt),tayy + CO,lg) +» CaCO Is) + HOU == yup L f Laie water) Avie preetpuated : —Howalions ~~ Sctence 20Makineas . dis hpoun 2s CoHHL03)> Jb soeBe am wali « CaCO,(s)+ 101+ CO,Ig) + CalHCO,),Laq) (Soluble in water) ddrogencarbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water, + Guim Cine halts out made Thus, the reaction can be summarised as ~ Say 3 Up el (ole Wkonads Metal carbonate / Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid + Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water 2.1.4 How do Acids and Bases React with each other? Quays Unt acy fours af Caliium, Gsrbonatt ® Take about 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and add two drops ef phenol solttion, # What ts the colour of the solution’? = Add dilute HCT solution to Uke above solution drop by drop. Is there any colour change for the Why did the colour of phenolphtts of wd? ® Now add a few drops of NaOH to the above mixture, ® Does the pink colour of phenolphthalein reappear? «© Why do you think this has happened? pserved that the effect of a base is tp anacid and viee-versa. The reaction takingplace s written as QueS2 Lekad fy NaOH lag) + HEMAg) -» Nach + HOU) N Sutin 2.1.5 Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids ctivity 2.7 « Take a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker and add dilute hydrochloric acid slowly while stirring «Note the colour of the solution. What has happened to the copper oxide? You will notice that the colour of the solution becomes blue-green and the copper oxide dissolves. The blue-green colour of the solution ts due to the formation of copperill) chloride in the reaction. The general metal oxide and an acid can be written as — Acids, Bases and Salts EuNow write and balance the equation for the above reaction. Since metallte oxides react with actds to give salts and water, similar to the ‘action ofa base with an acid, metallic axides are said to be baste oxides. 2) How we som tondude Wal navy You saw the reaction between carbon dioxide and calclum hydroxide obdke am nal? 2.1.6 Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base FA 1, Why should cimd dud soir substarters not be kept inv brass and copper vessels'® 2. Whieh gas is usually Wberated when an acid reaets with a metal? Miustrate with an example, How will you test for the presence of thus gas 7 Mista eampound 4 reacts with dilute hydrochloric ack te produce Geant ERE) The gas evelved extinguishes st burning candle, Write a Halanced chemical equation tor the reaction Hane of the compounds, formed ts calenun chioride, 2.2 WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON? In Section 2.1 we have seen that all acids have similar chemical properties. Whitt leads to this similarity in properties? We saw in Activity . 2.3 that all acids generate hydrogen gas on reacting with metals, so hydrogen scems to be common to all actds. Let us perform an Activity to i investigate whether all compounds containing hydrogen are acidic, Guuslt> carrh help of a autos dhow the - : Eroranicuiar " Moe wRetivity 2.8 y-v-Beb_ Svottbanes yt (OL —M oldie} sotake solutions of glucose, alcohol, rc hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, ete: {@FIx wWo natls on a cork, and place the corks tn 2-100 mL. beaker ‘onnect the nally to the two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a bulb and a suite, as shown in Pig. 2.3 y pour some dilule HCI in the beaker and j—— Hilute switeh on the current, ohn PH Repear wih dilute sulphuric wetd, ‘Rubber WPwWhar do you observe? ‘e@’Repeat the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol solutions, What do you Figure 2.3 r ‘Acld solutton in water observe now? conducts electricity Does the bulb glow In all cases? Obtexwabon — nerd-poge Science B® ora,i Gouwahon Aufudh, 9-2 aor, etic ulbtndieates that-there:s-a-flow of elecirion wip ruaaainth names ena (igo) 'Y Using alkalls such as sodium hydroside, Qilcluun hydroxide, ete, What can vou conclude from thie rears ofthis Activtiy? ANack +4,50,-> Nasa, sce 2.2.1 What Happens to an Acid or a Base in aWater Solution? Let us test this. eo welds produce tons only in arqacaus, solutlon Activity __ AG) Se Take about tg solid Nach ina eh ro, ae dry test tube and set up the apparatus = shown itt Fig. 2.4 ‘Ald some concentrated sulphuric actd to the test tube, °F What do you observe? Is OML of the delivery tube? est the gus evolved successively with dry and wet blue Istmus paper. © In ehieh case does the hanes paper change colour? there a gas coming, More * On the basis of the above Activtty, what do Yeu ttiler about the aeidie character (dry HCL gas UW HEL sotutiony reli warsk Tub you will have to pass the gas produced Through a guard tube (deying tube) containing dry the ga), 3 anki: Seumvation There “i hoy ivdrogensions.tlCheresproduceds Thema ube cenatning nb Figure 2.4 Preparation vf HCL gas This experiment gests tha Bomat vin tobose, ean : alte dy Upuass Aaa no io 4¢ Pape taut uth Wet a Jibmus jrajoen He 7 oan shamay pore, Astin ty ued Ht 110 Ne have seen that acids ge H,O" or Haq) ton in water. Let us see GLLLNI3® Lit, heUpel, what happens when a base is dissolved tn walter, Navuts) EO vaanl OH tigi why chet Hat . Hpuacien fos un HCL dots Ket tus Gi Us Bo Fruslucid Sw Sy ented utah hows) sae Tua Cris fsa Acids, Bases and Ge Van cepa dae Hy02 23 Owns Uby do adds sLos acdie bahandoive vi pases GUO onty}W OHS) ee taqie OFF faq Muio1t),tst 2 atu *faqy+ 20117 lagh Bases generate hydroxide (OH ) fons in water Bases whichare soluble Be Fd Z| Allbases do not dissolve in water. An alkall sa base that dissolves in water. They fs 2 dye soupy to touch. bitter andcarrasive, Never taste or touch them as they may: a xz es in the Table 2.1 are alkalis? Quunin boty Feed fo caer Feet No as we have identified that all acids generate H-faq) and all pases yenerate OH lag), We ean view the neutralisation reaction as A nB1D Arthas ABUL Ee follows Greve Uroeubdnatehaery gous ase Salt + Water Auwarmubscombaumenise H[Xe Mon - Mx 4 ton Tetagl + OLD laqh + HOU Both actdls and barey — Letus see what is involved when wa we manne; Activity 2.10. er is mixed with an acid ora base, Take 10 ml. water tn a beaker: Add a few drops of concentrated 11,5, to it and swirl the eg beaker slowly © Touch the base of the beaker ‘De pants © Is there a change in temperature? that oOoL ® IS this an exothermic or endothermle process? Repeat the above Activity with sodium hydroxide pellets: Base t iy fant, iaaarrg tay and record your observations, Wiarnung stan ilisplayed Br mabide py contanersionting RtAam concentuteducidsand Tye process of dissolving an acid or a base in water Is a highly Aasumvamytses exothermic one, Care must be taken while mixing concentrated nltrt pee ce Gy cane acid or sulphurivacid with wi slyars Buriodion esl’ Qutsee Lukas dfdudlor? — oul for the warning sign (shown in Fig, 2.5) on the ean of concentrated = z SI acid of ¢ bottle of sodium hydroxide pellets. ad happansioN! etusiasiphurie acid and on thy ‘oh da Gd : Quwye Hoe deletion. of, 4 add. pith H, D takunplou? Ze ty ascomrendal ee ON ot Pool shout Setence tied te wos Galen, foaridtQ UES TION §S 1 Why do tic, UN while sold charaete 10, ete, show netic ¢harac peuanels ike aquieo 10 nat show neidic whand ghieese 2 Why does an aqueans Solution of an acid conduct electricity 3. Why does dry HCI gas not change the colour of the dry limus paper? 4. While diluting an seid, why ts It recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water othe etd? How #8 the concentration of hydrontum tons (10°) affected when a solution of an acid is clilutect"? 6. Tow Is the concentration of hydroside Jons (OH | alfected when excess base ts dissolved tna solution of sod: hydroxides 2.3 HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTIONS? We know how acid-base indicators can be used to distinguish between an acid and a base. We have also learnt in the previous seetion about dilution and decrease in concentration of H* or OH. fons in solution: Can we quantitatively Nd the :umount of these tons p: Can we judge how strong a given acid or base is? We can do this by making use of a fiumiyersaldindieators whi nt ina solutior h Isarfma) 2 ale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pl scale has been developed. The p in pl stands for “poten in German, “OLid wabmEslition. meaning power, On the pil seale we can measure pH generally from O fwery acidic) to 14 (very alkaline}. pH should be thought of simply as a number which indicates the a lic or basic nature ofa solution. Higher the hydronium jon concentration, lower {s the pl] value. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale represent an acidic solution. As the PH value increases from T to 14. it Fepresents an increase in OH Jon concentration in the solution, that is, increase in the strength of alkali (Fig. 2.6), Generally paper impregnated with the universal Indicator ts used for measuring pH. Neutra Increasing 7 Basle nature increasing . Increase nH” om eoncentratin gS Decrease in 1 ton r lon concentration Figure 2.6 Vartation of pil with the change in concentration Flag) and O11) fons " Acids, Bases and Salts “ a5‘Table 2.2 Fite Activity 211 E ‘Solution! yao ae © Test the pit values of solutions given in Nines bars saliva (before meal of-eoluch 1 Sativa [hefore meal © Record your observations, 2 Saliva (after meal) © What iy the nature of each 3 Lemon julce substance an the basts of your observations? 4 Culourless aerated drink Badung soba “8 5 Carrot Jutce 6 Coffee 7 Tomato juice 8 Tap water 9 IM NWOH to im ute nuke Pure water, Melk of Sein Labuan 2.3) ‘oa rmuugnesta hnvdrexide lat 2 Wrath to} Solute ment Figure 2.7 pil of sone common substances shoren on a pH paper (colours are only an igh guide) ihe strength of acids and bases depends on the number of Ht tons and OH: fons procuiced, respeetively. If we (ake hydrochloric acid and. acetic acid of the same concentration, say oue molar, then these produce different amounts of hydrogen tons, Acids that give rise to more H* tons: lve less IH fons are said to be akc and strong bases areP] Gutnig tobe “Ls prt sam ge O,oun ody 3 v4 2.3.1 Importance of pH in Everyday Life Are plants and animals pH sensitive? besa- Living organisms can SctenceDo You Know? ‘What is the pH of the soil in your backyard? = —+ i Plants require a specfic pH range for their healthy growth. To find out the pl required for the healthy growth of a plant, you ean collect the soil from various places and check the pH in the manner deseribed below nt el Activity 2.12. Also, you can note down which plants are growing tn the region from which you have collected the soil, = Activity 2.12 . = Put about 2 g soll tn a test tube and add 5 aul, water to 4 & Shake the contents of the test tube. ° By sake Uh cont hI in tos uaa, toky Sedan © Check the pit of this filtrate with the help of universal Gicawhenals ds weal Jin. dlicator paper. Fp © What can yau conclude about the ideal soil plt for the growth of — O™ ° planta in jour region? bro pH In our digestive system sencusiyoutde. QO (eis very interesting to note (hat our stomach produces hydrochloric = acid. It helps in the digestion of food without harming the stomach, To get rid of this pain, people tse muagastledn One such remedy must have been sugested ta-you at the beginning of this C apler. These antieids neutraliseitherexcessiacid., is offen used for this purpose.) aminuts pH change as the cause of tooth decay VO _ * ss Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth {s Tower than 5.5, Tooth Qu22 How tno k emarme enamel, made up oe SSeS he gusty damaget Har body. It does not dissolve in water, but(iseorrodedwhen the plhinthe °r Saag Com BE prunuatd _mouth |s:below 5:5. Bacterie present in the: mouth produce ails by!™ sy ional d “1 the tn : Gua 3 namr ths oud. Self defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare praiuimt iin, teat Uteigy Have you ever been stung by a honey-bee?|Beessting leaves ameacidy Hows Tt com bt schicned Acids, Bases and Salts carG1) Athar does Nestle planting ual 7 heats OF searrnecy Nature provides neutralisation options ; ts leaves have stinging hair, NeiHSSA herbaceous plant which grows in the wild. I which cause painful stings when touched aceidentallyihiadeduestonefaethance | em, A traditional remedy is rubbing the | | | area with the leaf of t which often grows beside the nettle in the wild. Can you guess the nature of the dock plant? So next time you know what to look out for if you accidentally touch a nettle plant while trekking. Are you aware of any other effective traditional remedies for such stings? Do You Know? Table 2.3 Some naturally occurring acids a Vinegar Acetic acid Sour milk (Curd) Lactic acid Orange Citric acid Lemon. Citric acid Tamarind Tartaric acid Ant sting Methanoic acid Tomato | Oxalic acid Nettle sting Methanoic acid QPsUL AE Selle Oy Ne eS 1, You have two solutions, Avand B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ton concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic? 2. What elect does the concentration of H(aq) ions have on the nature of the solution? 3. Do basic solutions also have H-{aq) ions? I yes, then why are these basi 4. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of b fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or staked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate}? B bedonsde or 2.4 MORE ABOUT SALTS In the previous sections we have s een the formation of salts duri% various reactions. Let us understand more about their preparatio! properties and uses, . 2.4.1 Family of Salts AY Activity 2.13 © Piste the formulae of the salts given below. assium sulphate, sodium sulphate, caleium sulphate. magnesi Es agnes tum sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium chloride, sodiut 4 lum carbonate and ammonium chloride, scien®x Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained. = Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are said to belong to a family, For example, NaCl and Na,SO, belong to the family of sodium salts. Similarly, NaCl and KCI belong to the family of chloride salts, How many families can you Identily among the salts given in this Activity? 2.4.2. pH of Salts EERE « Collect the following salt samples - sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, aluminium chloride, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate (some other salts available can also be taken). = Check their solubility in water (use distilled water only). Check the action of these solutions on litmus and find the pH using a pH paper. = Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral? = Identify the acid or base used to form the salt = Report your observations in Table 2.4 2.4.3 Chemicals from Common Salt By now you have learnt that the salt formed by the combination of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is called sodium chloride. This is the salt that you use in food. ‘You must have observed in the above Activity that itis a neutral salt. ‘Seawater contains many salts dissolved init. Sodium chloride is separated from these salts. Deposits of solid salt are also found in . bag several parts of the world|Thesela a When seas of bygone ages dried up. Rock salt is mined like coal. You must have heard about Tan oy NaOH you know that sodium chloride Was such an important symboltt our om Ee) Struggle for freedom? by schemuad nome & dean common volt? ‘Aids, Bases and Sats 971 gat, 2 on (isa SShD Oo valine. 6.3) Nuts Suse p) pom 4 62) How acdurm h fae z Zl Common salt — A raw material for chemicals . sip The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material for yay BJ Lave ome qe materials of daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, wage” soda, bleaching powder and many more. Let us see how one Substan cosh pou ¢ is used for making all these different substances. chigse obras Sodium hydroxide \ %~ 4, chw2_) + dodus products produced in this process are all useful different uses of these products. obs — | 65) Whamo a HypRocHLoRe aciD BLEACH ze - For ccaning stel aminontum chloride, For: nodauk a heaches, a - medics, conmetice leaching fabrte sins Figure 2.8 Important products from the chlor-alkali process _oleoly Bleaching powder ? ‘You have already ly come to know that chlori électrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine): {he manufacturs.of bleaching p is’produced during isu [ wd 1¢ actual corposition is a” ST ih HAY os Sonshine fouodase puch ? sete1) ae ppp we poodet D Rokumacdo , 921 Unwh Be hen} arn how ao dows obo @ 0 ; [Awa] 3) Whats tha-chomuea! for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for’ bleaching narre &. ‘wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes 2 d in laundry; bohueg oda § as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and fit) for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs. @4) HWhor- ern whore Baking soda C doctmmp Notco,> O24 ed theeapiy ‘The soda commonly used in the fichefor making tasty crispy pakoras. @vrnrremional Lyaume is baking soda. Sometimes it is added for faster cooking. The chemical 4Aolubcn 2? © ‘Dacsss) name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHICO,). It is . produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw nalesals, @5) How 2 ni [22). acdo lita (Ammonium. (Sodium sondung acca ? chloride) hydrogenearbonate) ae Did you check the pH of sodium hydrogencarbonate in Activi O6| What 4a vabosw 7 Can you correlate why it can be used to neutralise an acid! pamper bests oe following reaction takes sid itis emg soda ?, heated during cool ©74 rh poker rshorm hydrogencarbonate) carbonat dung oR ? ‘Sodium hydrogencarbonate has got various uses in the household. I aaa o o 1) [oro & a (@yFor making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda QS) peo ans ¥ (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a mild edible acid such as ? tartaric acid. When baking powder is heated or rhixed in water, bi Acda ? the following reaction takes place - ‘From any acid) + cha coke chase “a hosid & + ea Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. al. ae a dus Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and did ahe goge f provides relief. sumer * (GD) Its also u soda-acid fire extinguishers. do) 8 a elon Washing soda (J SRE ar H + Waa Ci . lodi Na,CO,.10H,O (washing soda). You have seen above that sodium carbonate can be obtained by heatin, aking sod: sodium carbonate Grn) yand Cid NasCOy + 10110 Na,CO,.10H,0. QU pWhat 1» chemucal See Name # apemula a ih waahung “oda ? Ox is pee 4 : seid bat crab q 31 : Male ” 833) Nome two amtocids 7 dow oeOy Ae wats 6) Woshung toda o2y Wn toe tg yj thee caffe uthhals: Cystaly Gm Holi What does 1011,0 signlly? Does ik make Na,CO, Wet? We vl addi, a this question in the next section. veyalattualson Sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate are use chemicals for many industrial processes as well, jpauSodium J (ashing soda) 18 used in lass Sopa G3) yb econp bs TUis used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as $3) ae ; 8 (Gi) {Sodium carbonate can be used as a for Casoy- 24,0 - Copper sulphate cystals colour of | es hat do you observe? Is the Blue " Removing water oferystallisation Ifyou moisten the crystals again with water, you will find that blue aFe SOge TH colour of the crystals reappears. ive water molecules are present in ot ‘ormula unit of copper sulphate. Chemical formula for hydrated cop’ sulphate is Cu SO,. 5H,O. Now you would be able to answer the questi! whether the molecule of Na,CO,.10H,0 is wet. 2)” One other salt, which possesses water of crystallisation . water molecules as water of cyrstallisation. It has the formu" us look into the use of this salt. we Hous doe we ebtauin losis ay Paws dusre gypusron seen 32 bye Casoy.24,0 28K, Coq ro + (Sap rCASO,« BA, (ing 92) dave uses awhite powder 4 per ? @3) a 4 coe Pop ? BY) What 4s chorea! What is the common’ name of the e« Cl, ? pound ¢ 2. Name the substance which on trea chlorine yields bleaching powder. 3. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water. 4, What will happen if @ solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give the equation of the reaction involved. Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes which are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases. = Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H*{aq) ions in solution. Formation of OH'(aq) ions in solution is responsible for the basic nature of a substance. = When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed. = When a’base reacts with a metal, along with the evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has a negative ion composed of the metal and oxygen. © When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogencarbonate. it gives, the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water. = Acidic and basic solutions in watér conduct electricity because they produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions respectively. Acids. Bases and Salts 33