Leading 5G

Innovations

Young Blood Training Program

August 2021 – October 2021

Panya Prachachit (ID: 6395000877)

Agenda
Topic 2 – Week 2
1. Cellular Network
2. Multiple Access
3. 2G (GSM)
4. 3G
5. 3G (UMTS)
6. 3.5G (HSPA)
7. 4G (LTE)
Overview

This slide will bring us learn about cellular concepts which is base of 2G, 3G, and 4G
technology which always changed the activity of humankind. The technologies cause
comfortable, improve life humankind, create many jobs, make much money in the
capitalism around the world.

Knowing these technologies, in addition to let us understand technologies, it also let us

to work with genuine understanding, see the flow and the picture of working, resulting
in efficient work.

3
Leading 5G Innovations
1. Cellular Network: Basics
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics
(helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are
electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands

Cell phones operate in this frequency

range (note the logarithmic scale)
5
1. Cellular Network: Basics
• Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned spectrum
• Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
• The service area of each base station is called a cell
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base stations
• Handoff when terminals move

6
1. Cellular Network: Cellular Network Generations
It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations:
• 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
• 1G: Analog cellular telephony
• 2G: Digital cellular telephony
• 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony)
• 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster
data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)

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1. Cellular Network: Evolution of Cellular Networks
ANALOG VOICE DIGITAL VOICE PACKET DATA VOICE OVER IP
1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020

NR
OFDMA/(NOMA)

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G 5G

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2. Multiple Access: Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and
uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station
• Interference among different senders and receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme

9
2. Multiple Access: Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and
uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station
• Interference among different senders and receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme

10
2. Multiple Access: Schemes

5 Schemes of Multiple Access:

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
• Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
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2. Multiple Access: Frequency Division Multiple Access

frequency

• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink
frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it
• Cognitive radio

12
2. Multiple Access: Time Division Multiple Access

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile

terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time

• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during each slot
• Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn
• Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
• Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

13
2. Multiple Access: Time Division Multiple Access
Orthogonal among users

• Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions

• Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific
code – Spreading
• Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
• But all users use the same frequency band together
14
2. Multiple Access: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access

Individual
User

• OFDMA incorporates elements of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) so that

the subcarriers can be allocated dynamically among the different users of the
channel
• OFDMA uses sync function to separate subcarrier orthogonally
• The result is a more robust system with increased capacity

15
2. Multiple Access: Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

• NOMA uses the power domain to separate signals from each other
• NOMA gives a new dimension in which signals can be separated and given access
to a base station

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3. 2G (GSM)
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile Communications
• The Key Technology is Digital
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s
• The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990’s

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3. 2G (GSM)
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
• 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent
between handsets and other stations
• Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps
• Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
• GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other
• Performance degrades as number of users increase
• GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G

18
3. 2G (GSM): Channels

Downlink
Channels

Uplink

• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel

• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. Different types of
logical channels:
• Traffic channel
• Control Channel

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3. 2G (GSM): Frequencies

UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES

1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

• Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on 700MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges.
• Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
• One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200
MHz

20
3. 2G (GSM): Architecture

BTS
MS

MSC/VLR
BSC HLR

21
3. 2G (GSM): Mobile Station (MS)
• MS is the user’s handset and has two parts
• Mobile Equipment
• Radio equipment
• User interface
• Processing capability and memory required for various tasks
• Call signalling
• Encryption
• SMS
• Equipment IMEI number
• Subscriber Identity Module

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3. 2G (GSM): Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• A small smart card
• Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
• Subscriber IMSI number
• Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)
• Third party applications (banking etc.)
• Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some WLAN access points accept
SIM based user authentication

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3. 2G (GSM): Base Station Subsystem
• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
• Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone network and the
13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes
• Manages the handovers within BSS area
• Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
• Controls several transmitters
• Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific frequency

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3. 2G (GSM): Network and Switching Subsystem
• The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with additional cellular network
capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports mobile communications
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• A database, part of the MSC
• Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
• Links the system to PSTN and other operators
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Contain subscriber information, including authentication information in Authentication
Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g., blacklisting stolen
phones

25
3. 2G (GSM): Home Location Register (HLR)
• One database per operator
• Contains all the permanent subscriber information
• MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone number of the subscriber
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15 digit code used to identify the
subscriber
• It incorporates a country code and operator code
• IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber’s SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module)
• Charging information
• Services available to the customer
• Also the subscriber’s present Location Area Code, which refers to the MSC, which can
connect to the MS.

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3. 2G (GSM): Other Systems
• Operations Support System
• The management network for the whole GSM network
• Usually vendor dependent
• Very loosely specified in the GSM standards
• Value added services
• Voice mail
• Call forwarding
• Group calls
• Short Message Service Center
• Stores and forwards the SMS messages
• Like an E-mail server
• Required to operate the SMS services

27
3. 2G (GSM): Location Updates
• The cells overlap and usually a mobile station can ‘see’ several transceivers (BTSes)
• The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC controlling the cells
• When the mobile station reaches a new BSC’s area, it requests an location update
• The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered into the VLR, the old BSC is notified and an
acknowledgement is passed back

28
3. 2G (GSM): Handover
• The cells overlap and usually a mobile station can ‘see’ several transceivers (BTSes)
• The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC controlling the cells
• When the mobile station reaches a new BSC’s area, it requests a location update
• The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered into the VLR, the old BSC is notified, and an
acknowledgement is passed back

29
3. 2G (GSM): Roaming
• When a MS enters another operators' network, it can be allowed to use the services of this
operator
• Operator to operator agreements and contracts
• Higher billing
• The MS is identified by the information in the SIM card and the identification request is
forwarded to the home operator
• The home HLR is updated to reflect the MS’s current location

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4. 3G: Evolution to 3G
2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
Cdma2000-3xRTT TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 3GPP

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4. 3G: Overview
• 3G is created by ITU-T and
is called IMT-2000
• Smartphone use 3G
technology for supporting

32
4. 3G: Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery

Broadband
3G-specific services take
in wide area
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS Video sharing
Video telephony
A number of mobile Real-time IP
services are bearer Multitasking multimedia and games
independent in nature WEB browsing Multicasting
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS
Push-to-talk
Typical
average bit GSM GPRS EGPRS WCDMA HSDPA
rates 9.6 171 473 2 1-10
(peak rates
higher) kbps kbps kbps Mbps Mbps
2000 1x
CDMA

CDMA

CDMA
EVDO

EVDV
2000-

2000-
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4. 3G: GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM Uses 8PSK modulation
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances
GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)

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5. 3G (UMTS)
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
• 144 kbps for rural
• 384 kbps for urban outdoor
• 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

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5. 3G (UMTS): Frequency Spectrum
UMTS-FDD Frequency Band

36
5. 3G (UMTS): Frequency Spectrum
UMTS-FDD Band I

37
5. 3G (UMTS): Frequency Spectrum
UMTS-FDD Band V

38
5. 3G (UMTS): Frequency Spectrum
Summary of UMTS-FDD Band Allocation

39
5. 3G (UMTS): Frequency Spectrum
UMTS-TDD Frequency Band

40
5. 3G (UMTS): Architecture
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM

EIR HLR AUC PLMN

RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM

Core Network
UTRAN PDN
(CN)
User Equipment UTRAN
+
SD

(UE)

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

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5. 3G (UMTS): Network Architecture
UMTS network architecture consists of three domains
• Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air interface access method
for user equipment.
• User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base stations. The
various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV

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5. 3G (UMTS): Network Architecture
• Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air interface
• WCDMA
• TD-SCDMA
• Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control equipment for Node-B is called as Radio
Network Controller (RNC).
• Functions of Node-B are
• Air Interface Tx/Rx
• Modulation/Demodulation
• Functions of RNC are:
• Radio Resource Control
• Channel Allocation
• Power Control Settings
• Handover Control
• Ciphering
• Segmentation and reassembly

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6. 3.5G (HSPA)
• High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols,
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols
• 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV
already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

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7. 4G (LTE)

• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, it belong to 3GPP

• Next Generation mobile broadband technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic
45
7. 4G (LTE): Advantages of LTE

46
7. 4G (LTE): 1G - 4G Comparison

OFDMA, SCDMA

47
7. 4G (LTE): Basic Specifications
LTE BASIC SPECIFICATIONS
PARAMETER DETAILS
Peak downlink speed 100 (SISO), 172 (2x2 MIMO), 326 (4x4 MIMO)
64QAM
(Mbps)
Peak uplink speeds 50 (QPSK), 57 (16QAM), 86 (64QAM)
(Mbps)
Data type All packet switched data (voice and data). No circuit
switched.
Access schemes OFDMA (Downlink)
SC-FDMA (Uplink)
Modulation types supported QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and downlink)
Spectral efficiency Downlink: 3 - 4 times Rel 6 HSDPA
Uplink: 2 -3 x Rel 6 HSUPA
Channel bandwidths 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
(MHz)
Duplex schemes FDD and TDD
Mobility 0 - 15 km/h (optimised),
15 - 120 km/h (high performance)
Latency Idle to active less than 100ms
Small packets ~10 ms

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7. 4G (LTE): New LTE features
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex):
• OFDM technology was used for the signal format for LTE because it enabled high data
bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience to
reflections and interference. As data was carried on a large number of carriers, if some were
missing as a result of interference from reflections, etc, the system was still able to cope. The
access schemes differed between the uplink and downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access was used in the downlink; while SC-FDMA(Single Carrier - Frequency
Division Multiple Access) was used in the uplink. SC-FDMA was used in view of the fact that its
peak to average power ratio is smaller than for OFDMA - the lower peak to average power ratio
enabling better levels of final RF power amplifier to be achieved - this was and is an important
factor for mobile handset battery life.

49
7. 4G (LTE): New LTE features

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output):

• One of the main problems that previous telecommunications systems has encountered was that
of multiple signals arising from the many reflections that are encountered. By using MIMO, these
additional signal paths could be used to advantage and were able to be used to increase the
throughput.
• When using MIMO, it is necessary to use multiple antennas to enable the different paths to be
distinguished. Accordingly schemes using 2 x 2, 4 x 2, or 4 x 4 antenna matrices could be used.
While it is relatively easy to add further antennas to a base station, the same was not true of
mobile handsets, where the dimensions of the user equipment limited the number of antennas
which should be placed at least a half wavelength apart.

50
7. 4G (LTE): New LTE features
SAE (System Architecture Evolution):
• With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it was necessary to
evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One
change was that a number of the functions previously handled by the core network were
transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provided a much "flatter" form of network
architecture. In this way latency times could be reduced and data routed more directly to its
destination. As part of the upgrade an Evolved Packet Core, EPC was developed to ensure that
the packet data was routed as efficiently as possible.

51
7. 4G (LTE): New LTE features
IP data: 4G LTE is an all-IP data system.
• 3G UMTS had included circuit switched voice, but LTE had not provision for any circuit
switched voice. Originally it had been anticipated that operators would supply the data
capability and voice would be via OTT applications. As operators would lose out significant
revenues as voice, at the time, constituted a major element of the revenue. To overcome this
GSMA set the standard for voice connectivity as the Voice over LTE scheme, VoLTE.
• VoLTE required the implementation of an IMS core and this slowed roll out of this capability in
view of the expense. To help operators overcome this, a limited implementation of IMS was
developed and this considerably reduced the capital expenditure required by operators.

52
7. 4G (LTE): OFDMA
OFDMA
• The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe
channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire,
narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex
equalization filters.
• Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly-
modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly-modulated wideband signal.
• The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it
possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
• This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where several
adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency, as the
signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than
interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.
Drawbacks of OFDM
• High peak-to-average ratio
• Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well

53
7. 4G (LTE): SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA
• LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM,
which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
• High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on
linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.
• SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that
reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR
also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance.

54
7. 4G (LTE): OFDMA vs SC-FDMA
• SC-FDMA system usually has low PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio) compared to the
OFDM system.
• SC-FDMA system is less sensitive to frequency offset compared to the OFDM system.
• SC-FDMA is widely used in LTE subscriber terminals in the transmit (Uplink) path and variant
OFDMA is used in the eNodeB downlink (or receive path of LTE subscriber).

55
7. 4G (LTE): Architecture

NAS Security
IDLE state mobility Handling
EPS Bearer Control

Radio bearer control

Inter-cell RRM
Connection Mobility Control Mobility UE IP address allocation
Radio admission control Anchoring Packet filtering

56
7. 4G (LTE): LTE vs UMTS
• Functional changes compared to the current UMTS architecture

57
7. 4G (LTE): Interfaces

Core Network
(CN)

58
7. 4G (LTE): Interfaces
• S1-MME:- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
• S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
• S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in
idle and/or active state.
• S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor
function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user
plane tunnelling.
• S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN
GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to
connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
• S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing
user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS.
• Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging
Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
• S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in
the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
59
7. 4G (LTE): Interfaces
• S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home
PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
• S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information
transfer.
• S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
• S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when Direct
Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as
defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12
is an operator configuration option.
• S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
• SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data
network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator
packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi
for 3GPP accesses.
• Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.
• SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control
functions.
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Leading 5G Innovations
Source
• CELLULAR_NETWORK
• steemit.com/mobilenetworks/@irelandscape/introduction-to-mobile-networks-gsm-cs-attachment
• news.txtbuff.com/umts-frequency-bands-for-3g
• telcoaaminto.blogspot.com/2015/02/spectrum-allocation-in-umts-and-lte.html
• www.cablefree.net/wirelesstechnology/4glte/lte-interfaces
• https://medium.com/@wild_melophile/sc-fdma-single-carrier-frequency-division-multiplexing-access-vs-
ofdma-orthogonal-frequency-b785a6e8034c
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_ofdm_technology.htm
• https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/4g-lte-long-term-evolution/4g-lte-carrier-aggregation-
ca.php

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Thank You