Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

As members of search and rescue team, they are expected to help the public

from danger and risk in any terms of calamity, disaster and always ready in natural

emergency circumstances that will occur.

In a global setting, most natural catastrophes could fall unexpectedly in any

part of the globe and usually deal a devastating damage to the inhabitants and

infrastructure in last past decades. A lot of countries experienced a tragic

consequence of nature’s rampage, such as Haiti and Chile earthquakes in 2010,

Japan tsunami and radiological spill in 2011, Nepal earthquake in 2015, typhoon

Haiyan in 2014, California wildfires and the typhoon Ullyses 2020 in the Philippines.

As disasters are recognized with no boundaries and borders, practitioners together

with the academicians have to acknowledge the necessity to share insights and

lessons learned from managing these kinds of crises. This laid the foundation for the

International Preparedness and Response to Emergencies and Disaster (IPRED)

conference which have been conducted in Israel since January 2010. IPRED

meeting will provide an opportunity for the professionals around the world to

contribute the newest finding experience concerning health system readiness for

disaster and emergencies of all types. The most recent (6 th) conference was held in

January 2020 collaborated with the Israel ministry of health. IPRED was attended

participants from 30 countries from across the globe; the majority of international
 2

participants came from the United States (84), China (34) and Germany (20) (Adini,

2016).

In the national setting, over the past two decades, the country experience 20

typhoons in a year, everything from floods to landslides to volcanic eruptions. And

disaster risk officials say that disaster is becoming more serious, in part because of

climate change. The national statistics board says that typhoons per year on average

have grown in power since the 1960’s that out of 10 disasters have come in the past

10 years 4 of them become deadliest when it lands in the area of responsibility

(Calupitan, 2020).

In local setting, based on the 2007 NSO census the Municipality of Kiamba

has the total population of 53,040 with the growth rate of 2.44%. The barangay

Poblacion has the biggest number of populations among the barangays of Kiamba

which defines as urban area of Kiamba. The said municipality are prone to heavy

flooding once the sporadic heavy rain in the area brought by the two rivers in

Sarangani Province Southern Philippines that overflowed during March 09, 2017.

The Kalaong River in Maitum and Tual River in kiamba, both burst their banks,

flooding nearby areas. Around 150 people were preemptively evacuated. Most of

those displaced houses living near to the rivers have been damaged and completely

destroyed, the MDRRMO Disaster Preparedness Plan is to ensure effective and

efficient implementation of civil protection programme through an integrated, multi-

sectoral and community based approach and strategies for the protection and

preservation of life, property and environment (Davies, 2017).

 3

Statement of the Problem

This study wanted to find out the significant relationship between the

operational readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Operational Center and the effectiveness of its personnel towards

search and rescue. Specifically, it answered the following sub-problems:

1. What is the level of operational readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Operational Center in times of disaster

/emergency?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of its personnel towards search and rescue?

3. Is there no significant relationship between the operational readiness of

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operational

Center in times of disaster/emergency and the effectiveness of its personnel

towards search and rescue?

Hypothesis

There is a no significant relationship between the operational readiness of

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operational Center in

times of disaster/emergency and the effectiveness of its personnel towards search

and rescue.
 4

Theoretical Framework

According to the Centre for Research on Epidemiology (CRED), these five

catastrophic events are grouped among the classes of geophysical, meteorological,

hydrological, natural, and climatological. The twentieth century records a outgrow of

a number of disaster and this must be proceeded at an expanding rate in the

forthcoming hundreds of years. Environmental change on the planet likewise

expands its rate and may cause a catastrophe, especially those meteorological

concerns. This is reflected in the truth that most risks become more disastrous and

their solid impact is more become expanding. In Asia being wedged in the pacific

hurricane belt and the volcanic ring of fire, has been obvious to a variety of regular

dangers causing hazard and disasters. The incredible sea and oceans around the

territory also a root as the origin of hydro-meteorological dangers for example,

cataclysmic tropical storms, rainstorm that offer ascent to floods and landslides, while

it is commonly concurred that readiness of an individual, community, and different

associations are significant for hazard impacts, the way that expanding the frequency

of mindfulness through calamities does not commemorating the expanded of

readiness that direct to seek after the objective of expanded training in readiness

that need to arrange.

In developing nations this arrangement of plans must be supported in the

types of conduct change speculations that have been utilized to be the base model of

readiness. While significant pandemic has happened in on-going years, similar to the

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Ebola,
 5

until the introduction of Corona virus in 2019 has been considerate the requirement

for the availability of enormous scope general wellbeing and scourge risks. Each

administration of these sicknesses cover with obligation regarding in natural hazards,

wellbeing health, and it gets imperative increase a superior grasp of different conduct

change theories to add to the wide scopes of risk management plans (Bollentino,

2016).

Conceptual Framework

As can be gleaned in Figure 1, the independent variable of the study is the

Operational Readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Operational Center (KMDRRMOC) while the dependent variable is the

KMDRRMOC personnel’s effectiveness on search and rescue. Thus, it is perceived

in the study that the effectiveness of KMDRRMOC personnel on search and rescue is

dependent on the operational readiness of KMDRRMOC.

 6

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Operational Readiness of KMDRRMOC Personnel’s

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Effectiveness towards Search
Risk Reduction and and Rescue
Management Operational
Center (KMDRRMOC)

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study Showing the Variables

 7

Significance of the Study

The outcome of this research is believed to be important to the following

persons:

Officials of the Local Government of Municipality of Kiamba, this research

definitely helps to maintain public safety and adhering to emergency planning.

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Operational

Center, this research will help them to be more efficient and prepared in their field of

duty in serving the community.

Community, this research will help the community to be more conscious and

alert in the disaster and natural emergency situation. Also, it can infect the

community to be more responsible and cooperative in the community.

Future Researchers, this research will serve as their reference for future

studies.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the Operational Readiness of

KMDRRMOC in Disaster Emergency Response in disaster and natural emergency

and the Effectiveness of its personnel towards Search and Rescue within the

Municipality of Kiamba, Sarangani Province.

 8

Definition of Terms

To completely understand the variable that subject in this study the following

terms are defined in the context of this research.

Operational Readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Operational Center, it refers to the level of Operational Readiness of

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operational Center in

times of Disaster and Natural Emergency Response Management.

Effectiveness of its personnel towards Search and Rescue, This refers to

the level of satisfaction of the community on the operational readiness of search and

rescue team in terms of natural emergency response.

KDRRMOC, it stands for Kiamba Municipal Risk Reduction and Management

Operational Center.
 9

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies which provide bearing to

present study. This chapter will help readers to know and understand all about the

Operational Readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Operational Center and the Effectiveness of its personnel towards Search and

Rescue.

Disaster planning and response has been generally founded on long-standing

works on, despite the way that for over 10 years there have been calls for proof

based practices. The interwoven of practices and inclinations is frequently narrative,

in view of the set of experiences and impression of the host nation's initiative, non-

legislative associations (NGOs), and outer guide associations, instead of on the

utilization of proof based mediations and practices. In a climate that inexorably

perceives the significance of responsibility and the need to put together activities with

respect to confirm, this brings up the issue of how rehearses that are upheld by

science and the fundamental holes in a disaster response can be recognized

(Gerdin, 2014).

Records show that between 1994 and 2013, floods were the most frequent

event (43% of all events registered), affecting approximately 2.5 billion people and

caused the greatest material costs and losses. In the same period, earthquakes and

tsunamis caused the highest number of fatalities, estimated at around 750,000, with

tsunamis being twenty times more lethal than earthquakes. These statistics
 10

demonstrate the critical multi-hazard environment to which the global population is

exposed (Centre for Research on Epidemiology, 2015).

The department of social welfare and development record that a total 290, 860

families (2,280,744) in 1,136 barangays in 21 provinces have been affected by

combined effects of the pandemic, habagat and weather disturbances. Of these

reportedly people, 12, 127 families (50,830people) remain in the evacuation centers.

To ensure the delivery of protective services to evacuees of Typhoon, the

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) continues to provide

technical assistance to local government units (LGUs) in the proper management of

evacuation centers amid the COVID-19 pandemic (Gov. of the Philippines, 2020).

From typhoons and torrents, characteristic and man-made disasters around

the globe brief for US government help. Crisis readiness and reaction start at the

neighbourhood level, with the city and province authorities, state lead

representatives, and ancestral pioneers who are the first to react to any disaster.

Specialists over crisis the executive's capacities are verifiably assigned to state and

nearby governments. Obligations regarding natural dangers rest with state and

nearby general wellbeing offices, crisis reaction offices, and public and private

medical care establishments—associations that regularly need clear financing

systems or very much characterized experts for continued readiness exercises, with

no deficiency of contending needs (Lister, 2017).

The individuals in risk should know and do about common peril and debacle

hazard is interceded by a scope of variables among social conditions. Authorities and

 11

strategy creators have focused in on building up another methodology for convincing

individuals and taking jumps in disaster risk reduction, for example, preparing the

youngsters, the overall population, particularly weak individuals by considering the

expanded danger of vulnerability and weakness because of environmental change,

advancement, expanded pay imbalance, and low degree of status among

homemakers comprehension and mindfulness, moderation and transformation—are

recognized and investigated as comparing to enter components in disaster risk

reduction (Kagawa, 2012).

About 50 PNP personnel attended the seminar. Training on Disaster

Preparedness, Response and Post-Actions to Natural Calamity was held on

September 19-23, 2016 at the Philippine National Police Regional Office 1 at Camp

Brigadier General Oscar M. Florendo, Parian, San Fernando, and La Union. Among

the topics discussed were the Revised LOI 35/10 “SAKLOLO” and PNP Disaster

Response Checklist, Disaster Incident Management: NDRRMC Framework,

Community Preparedness Response and Post Actions to Calamity which include

Geohazard Map Identification of local areas at risk to flooding, landslide, erosion,

liquefaction, tsunami, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, etc., Local Emergency Warning

System: SAR Plan for Natural Calamities and basic tools needed, Concepts on

Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Basic Firefighting Concepts, Rope Course

and High Angle Rescue, Basic Life Support (Emergency Medical Action), Boat

Handling and Life Saving Techniques (WASAR), Disaster Incident Command System

and Drill Scenario (Vecino, 2016).

 12

Being fourth at risk country in the world in terms of climate- related natural

disaster, the Philippine archipelago that consists of 7,641 islands are subject to many

reports of typhoons, sea level, flooding and extreme temperature. The changing

nature of meteorological hazards and emergence of New Normal means that events

such as super typhoon Haiyan and the devastating impact that can be expected to

occur more frequently, escalate possibility losses that 25 percent of the population

are living below national poverty level are unable to prepare, cope with and recover

from disasters. The Philippine government has devoted itself to build a significant

resource in capacity that reduces the population exposure and vulnerability and

focuses on high risk, challenges of poverty and inequality that can serve as a model

on how to build resilience and promote disaster risk reduction (Bollettino, 2016).

At the hour of reaction to Disaster and crises, the need is to help, backing, and

treat the people in support; to save lives. Along these lines, catastrophe alleviation

and help are fundamentally completed by rescue or crisis clinical groups. Besides,

when a crisis occasion, for example, fire happens for instance; inside the wellbeing

facility, clinical experts will be on the forefront. Along these lines, they should be

proficient in disaster the executives are ready to react successfully to any disaster

and crisis emergency. Instruction and preparing are fundamental for wellbeing

experts to acquire information and build up the abilities that make a compelling

reaction to disaster and crisis conceivable. Be that as it may, the absence of

preparing programs in a disaster readiness was one of the primary issues adding to

the negative results of two provincial investigations on Yemen surveying emergency

clinic catastrophe readiness (Ingrassia et. al 2015).

 13

The Global Flood Monitoring System, ‘’GFMS’’, a computer tool which maps

flood conditions Worldwide, NASA’s Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS) can

capture a flood and rain intensity forecast for over the next few days. The NASA

NASA GEOS-5 forecast model is up to nearly 12 inches over the next three days.

The GFMS is a NASA-funded experimental system using real-time Global

Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission precipitation information (and GEOS-5

forecast precipitation) as input to a land and river model estimating the effects of the

heavy rainfall on the stream flow in rivers and the existence and intensity of flooding

(Rosales, 2017).

As a side note, up to seventy-five per cent of the rescues made in the first

hours of a disaster are made by non-professional responders, A disaster overwhelms

the capacity of local responders to manage the needs that the event creates not only

very chaotic and difficult also the most important for successfully fighting the

consequence, saving human lives and reducing damages in public and private

properties (Noel, 2017).

Hurricanes are a constant natural threat in the United States and the

Caribbean regions. In addition to posing significant environmental risks, hurricanes

wreak havoc on the economies of the areas they strike. Environmental disasters

render the human population vulnerable in many ways. Hurricanes placed whole

communities at risk of a variety of economic and social effects, coastal regions

affected by hurricanes have seen a marked increase in population. The ability of

populations to rebuild themselves after tropical storms significantly depends upon the
 14

regional or the national economy. Often, smaller island nations find themselves

economically handicapped to rebuild hurricane-damaged regions (In Harm's Way:

Hurricanes, Population Trends and Environmental Change, 2010).

As stated by the National Red Cross in one of their objectives is to help

minimize deaths and injuries caused by accidents. This is important since it can be

applied to one self and help to others. As a rescuer you have the knowledge for an

emergency care for a victim and give medical treatment when available for different

situations in consideration of the injuries suffered by the victim. Emergency rescue is

the movement of victim from the unsafe to safe place that poses an immediate risk to

health, life, property or environment in the following indications in which may danger

of fire explosions, serious hazards, risk of drowning, danger of collapsing walls during

earthquake, being prepared for unlikely situations will help to know how to get out

and save lives when this phenomenon will occur (American Red Cross, 2010).

Disaster preparedness training is a critical component of a student education.

Despite recent natural and man-made disasters, there is no national consensus on a

disaster preparedness curriculum. The authors designed a survey to assess prior

disaster preparedness training among incoming interns at an academic teaching

hospital. In 2010, the authors surveyed incoming interns regarding the number of

hours of training in disaster preparedness received during medical school, including

formal didactic sessions and simulation, and their level of self-perceived proficiency

in disaster management. Survey respondents represented 42 medical schools

located in 20 states. Results demonstrated that 47% of interns received formal

 15

training in disaster preparedness in medical school; 64% of these training programs

included some type of simulation. There is a need to improve the level of disaster

preparedness training in medical school. A national curriculum should be developed

with aspects that promote knowledge retention (Jasper, 2013).

Health professionals and support staff need to be prepared for disasters and

know how to respond. This study aimed to examine a one-day “Conductor-type

disaster healthcare management personnel” training course and its effect among

healthcare professionals. Tohoku University and Fukushima Medical University are

experienced in disaster response preparedness and they conducted the one-day

course comprising multiple sessions at the World Bosai Forum-2019 (WBF-2019).

The course introduced the recent activities of four groups: the Practical Disaster Risk

Reduction Research Group; the Natural Science Research Group; the Disaster

Humanities Research Group; and the Disaster Medicine Research Group. Unifying

four scientific areas based on the theory of the disaster cycle, the research field

“disaster science” has been created through interdisciplinary cooperation. The

participants completed reports, which were then analyzed using the KJ method. The

program participants wanted to gain practical knowledge about disasters and have a

multifaceted perspective on disaster response. Participants who attended other

sessions had an interest in comparing their training with the training provided by

other sessions on disaster preparedness. Comparisons included determining the

effectiveness of high-level disaster medical preparations from a multilateral viewpoint

and involving an interdisciplinary research team in disaster medical preparations to

prepare for future disaster events (Okuyama, 2019).

 16

Local Literature

Seven out of 10 Davaoenos are uninformed if their region is subject to

experience the ill effects of calamities, as indicated by a study by the Ateneo de

Davao College. The consequences of the review directed by the school's Social

Exploration, Preparing and Improvement Office were delivered a week ago by the

University Research Council. The city-wide overview, led from April 9 to 16 on 632

grown-up respondents, discovered that past their encounters with common crises,

71% of Davaoenos don't have the foggiest idea whether they are living in a disaster

hazard territory and are presented to disaster. It said 69% notwithstanding this they

were not stressed over natural disasters with 77% having encountered calamities.

Flooding is the first in the rundown of catastrophes that occupants were usually

stressed over, trailed by seismic tremors and tempests. Mudslides and landslides

were scarcely considered as concerns, while typhoons and torrents were keep going

on the rundown. The overview noticed that 71% individuals had information and

attention to storms because of the notification given by the media. Concerning family

unit arrangements for crises, most respondent’s referenced electric lamps and

different wellsprings of light, trailed by food and water, and tuning in to news reports

on the radio. Just 45% know about catastrophe early notice frameworks while 52%

guaranteed they know about calamity reaction frameworks, 76% are unconscious of

the crisis departure drill, and about a quarter really went to debacle readiness

preparing, said the overview. Nine of every 10 respondents firmly concurred that with

regards to environmental change that there ought to be participation inside nearby

activities (Mindanews, 2016).

 17

For the time being, 82% of the respondents participated in the city’s three

districts and 12 sub-districts considered themselves on the poverty line with 26%

claiming that their daily income was not enough for actual disbursement in terms of

disaster savings. When asked to project their financial situation in the next three

months, 29% of the respondents said they will earn a salary less than what is spent

while 49% said they will earn just about the same amount. However, 20% of the

respondents were optimistic about earning and saving. Family savings is primary in

the list of the main sources of income (95%) for the participating households, reliance

on loans (74%), assistance from private persons and institutions (44%) and reliance

on government support (9%). According to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan from

the City Planning and Development Office, among the city’s housing issues were

uncontrolled squatting along danger areas such as waterways, open canals, road

right of way, river banks and private properties, severe and frequent flooding in

residential areas (MindaNews, 2014).

Metro Manila's floods are compounded by many factors including

encroachment of concrete surfaces, densification of buildings and residential areas,

silting of riverbeds and canals, obstruction of waterways by informal settlers, clogging

of flood ways by garbage, narrowing of rivers due to development on floodplains,

draining and filling in of small rivers forcing more water into fewer channels, forest

degradation, and reclamation of coastal land. Furthermore, humans have altered the

landscape in the metropolis which has grown rapidly but with poorly planned

urbanization. Since the 1970's, people have migrated from rural areas to Metro

Manila increasing the population from 4.9 million residents in 1975 to more than 11
 18

million today. A survey by the National Housing Authority showed that by the early

1980s, a quarter of Metro Manila residents were informal settlers living in crowded

shanty towns along waterways. Further complicating the problem is ground

subsidence. From 1978 to 2000, parts of Metro Manila sank by an amount ranging

from 16 cm to 1.46 m. The probable causes of subsidence are excessive

groundwater extraction, soil compaction and tectonic movement, though more

research is needed to fully determine the primary causes (Lagmay et al. 2010).

Local government's emergency response role is crucial. When the number of

emergencies rises and changes, so do our strategies for preparing for, responding to,

and recovering from them. Public officials must approach this role in new ways,

recognizing the intersectional nature of crises and expanding resources to build a

more inclusive and safer community for all, Emergencies can be defined as natural,

human-caused or technological. These types of emergencies can include acute

shocks categorized by sudden events, such as earthquakes or floods (Brown, 2020)

The Philippines positions third among nations most in danger for calamities,

including floods, tempests, and quakes, in the previous 30 years, in excess of 360

catastrophes struck the Philippines, with an absolute loss of life of 33,000 individuals

which influenced 120 million individuals. Tsunamis are more common in the Pacific

Ocean than in the other oceans of the world primarily because there is so much

seismic activity at the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean, Tropical storms and floods are

the most pulverizing as far as their financial and social effect, representing 80%,

everything being equal, 90% of the absolute number of influenced individuals, and 92
 19

per cent of the complete monetary effect, Tides are the up and down movements of

the sea surface at the shore, and they are caused by the gravitational attraction of

the moon and sun on our marine waters. Tides rarely cause major damage unless

they are associated with a storm. Tsunamis, on the other hand, are caused by the

movements of Earth's crustal plates, and they can cause major loss of life and

property (Strieb, 2013).

As the focus shifts to recovery, ethical concerns emerge in regards to

infrastructure and livelihood reconstruction, as well as societal healing and

development. It may be possible to create a "new standard" in which vulnerability is

minimized and distributed more evenly, intercommunity cohesion is strengthened,

victims are adequately compensated, and so on. DRR steps the (“build back better”

principle) through structural engineering, improved early warning systems, and better

access to social and economic goods such as health care and adequate insurance. If

disaster risk is “a function of the interaction between hazard, exposure and

vulnerability” (and possibly resilience) then technological solutions to improve

preparedness and response measures also require augmentation of a more socio-

political variety. Exposure and vulnerability to hazards are rarely equally distributed,

instead tracking socioeconomic factors. Indicators of social vulnerability include age,

gender, ethnicity, wealth, quality of housing, urban density, speed of urbanization,

education and literacy, social exclusion, and lack of political voice (Rebera, (2015).

The Philippine Government, International Non-governmental Organizations

(INGOs) and local NGOs are all making attempts to address the impact of disasters
 20

and climate change at various levels. The Philippine Government has made

significant strides in the implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning and

activities through the development of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Council (NDRRMC) which acts as the lead agency for DRR in the

Philippines. The disaster focal points are the NDRRMC and the Office of Civil

Defence (OCD). The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is

responsible for leading immediate disaster relief efforts (Gillard, 2015).

There is increased awareness on disaster risk reduction in the Philippines, but

proper integration with climate change adaptation and sustainable development

policies can be improved. Disaster risk reduction management and climate change

adaptation have been integrated in various plans and frameworks; however, multiple

plans can be overwhelming for local government units. The Philippine Government

has learned from Typhoon Haiyan that risk communication is essential and through

the NDRRMC has issued very specific warnings regarding potential storm impacts as

a result (The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian

Assistance, 2018).

The various literature presented in this study will help bring into focus on the

Operational Readiness Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Operational Center and Effectiveness of its Personnel towards Search and Rescue.

This related literature will help the researchers and readers widen their knowledge

about the study.

 21

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this study. It includes the

research design, research instrument, locale of the study, respondents and sampling

technique, data gathering and statistical tools that will be used in the presentation of

data.

Research Design

The research design used in this study was the descriptive-correlation method

of research. According to Calmorin (2012), correlation survey is designed to

determine the relationship of two variables the X and Y. However, this was used

because the data gathered focused on the relationship between Operational

Readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Operational

Center and the Level of Effectiveness of its personnel towards Search and Rescue.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted at Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Operational Center (KMDRRMOC) in Kiamba Sarangani Province;

MDRRMO will expand its disaster mitigation and preparedness activities to better

prepare communities and residents against possible major disaster or calamities and

further increase awareness among residents on the necessary safety measures and

protocols during disaster.

 22

Respondents and Sampling Used

The respondents of the study were the 100 selected residents of Municipality

of Kiamba, Sarangani Province. They were chosen through convenience sampling.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in gathering data was a researchers’ self-made survey

questionnaire. It consisted of two sets, one for the Operational Readiness of Kiamba

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operational Center and the

other one’s for Level of Effectiveness of its personnel towards Search and Rescue.

The instruments have undergone revisions from the inputs of the research adviser,

and these were subjected to a face validation by three experts.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers observed the following steps in gathering data:

Asking permission to conduct study. The researchers sent a request letter

to each of the Barangay Captain in Kiamba, Sarangani Province asking permission to

conduct the study.

Distribution of questionnaire. The researchers distributed questionnaires to

the chosen respondents when the permission is granted.

Retrieval of questionnaires. The answered questionnaires were retrieved

after the respondents finished them.

 23

Tallying of the data. The data gathered were immediately be tallied and

tabulated for the preparation of statistical treatment.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used in interpreting the data gathered:

Mean. Was used to determine the Operational Readiness Kiamba

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Operational Center and

Effectiveness of its Personnel towards Search and Rescue.

Pearson-r. Used to determine the significant relationship between the

Operational Readiness Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Operational Center and Effectiveness of its Personnel towards Search and Rescue.

Ethical Considerations

Voluntary participation of respondents in this research is more important.

Moreover, participants have rights to withdraw from the study at any time if they wish

to do so. The research data remained confidential to protect the dignity and wellbeing

throughout the study and the researcher obtained the respondents permission to use

their real names in the research. Any type of misleading information, as well as

representation of data findings in a biased way must be avoided. In terms of the

formulation of the questioners the researchers must avoid the use of offensive,

discriminatory, or other unacceptable language. The researchers will make the study

possible and receive the credits, responsibilities and have the right to publish the

study once the research has been done.

 24

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter consists of the presentation of findings, analysis and

interpretation of the gathered data.

Table 1
Operational Readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Operational Center in Times of Disaster/Emergency

Indicator Mean Description

1. The designed program and coordinate risk reduction and
management activities consistent with the national council’s 4.05 Moderately Ready
standards and guidelines
2. Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanism for
4.40 Moderately Ready
partnership with volunteer groups in the community
3. Coordination of the purok officials to the Municipal
4.31 Moderately Ready
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
4. The rescue team inform the community about disaster
4.16 Moderately Ready
prone areas
5. Hotline numbers are widely inform 4.38 Moderately Ready
6. Training programs and activities of search and rescue
4.37 Moderately Ready
are well conducted
7. Attentiveness of the Search and Rescue Team is
3.8 Moderately Ready
efficient
8. Coordination of the barangay council to the Municipal
4.03 Moderately Ready
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
9. Community is assured of their services 4.12 Moderately Ready
10. Community is assured of their safety 4.27 Moderately Ready
Weighted Mean 4.16 Moderately Ready

As shown in Table 1, the level of readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Operational Center (KMDRRMOC) in terms of

disaster/emergency obtained has a weighted mean value of 4.16, which means that

KMDRRMOC is moderately ready in terms of responding to disaster or emergency

situations.
 25

More specifically, the Center is moderately ready in all 10 indicators being

surveyed, but the top three indicators where they are moderately ready are:

developing, strengthening and operationalizing mechanism for partnership with

volunteer groups in the community; creating hotline numbers to widely inform the

people, and conducting training programs and activities on search and rescue with

obtained mean values of 4.40, 4.38, and 4.37, respectively. Being moderately ready

in all 10-indicator-surveyed, this implies that the KMDRRMOC is often prepared for

disaster/emergency situations.

This article will support the findings of the study as written in the article of

Mindanews (2016): the overview noticed that 71% individuals had information and

attention to storms because of the notification given by the media. Concerning family

unit arrangements for crises, most respondent’s referenced electric lamps and

different wellsprings of light, trailed by food and water, and tuning in to news reports

on the radio. Just 45% know about catastrophe early notice frameworks while 52%

guaranteed they know about calamity reaction frameworks, 76% are unconscious of

the crisis departure drill, and about a quarter really went to debacle readiness

preparing, said the overview. Nine of every 10 respondents firmly concurred that with

regards to environmental change that there ought to be participation inside nearby

activities.
 26

Table 2
Effectiveness of its Personnel on Search and Rescue

Indicator Mean Description

1. Hotlines numbers are available 3.92 Moderately Effective

2. Emergency alarms are available 3.92 Moderately Effective

3. search and rescue team are available 3.83 Moderately Effective
4. Emergency kits and equipment are available 4.16 Moderately Effective
5.Vehicles are readily available for responding to an
emergency 3.86 Moderately Effective

6. There is a close coordination with the PNP in the

area 3.87 Moderately Effective

7. In the event of flood, a rescue boat is available 4.10 Moderately Effective

8. Equipment for communication available are enough
for team responders 4.03 Moderately Effective

9. There is close coordination with barangay officials in

the area 4.07 Moderately Effective

10. Evacuation centres and open spaces in case of a

disaster are available 4.04 Moderately Effective

Weighted Mean 3.98 Moderately Effective

As shown in Table 2, the Effectiveness of its personnel on search and rescue

has obtained a weighted mean values of 3.98 which means that they are moderately

effective in terms of performing search and rescue operations in their area of

responsibility.

Specifically, they are moderately effective in all 10 indicators being surveyed,

but the top three (3) areas where they are moderately effective are: emergency kits

and equipment are available; in the event of flood, a rescue boat is available; and
 27

there is close coordination with barangay officials in the area with obtained mean

values of 4.16, 4.10, and 4.07, respectively. This implies that they are moderately

effective in conducting search and rescue in their area of responsibility during

emergency situations.

The result will support the findings of the study of Gillard, (2015): the

Philippine Government, International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and

local NGOs are all making attempts to address the impact of disasters and climate

change at various levels. The Philippine Government has made significant strides in

the implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning and activities through

the development of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) which acts as the lead agency for DRR in the Philippines. The disaster

focal points are the NDRRMC and the Office of Civil Defence (OCD). The

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is responsible for leading

immediate disaster relief efforts.

 28

Table 3

Pearson-r on the Relationship between the Operational Readiness of Kiamba

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operational Center and
the Effectiveness of Its Personnel on Search and Rescue

Variable Df Level of Computed Tabular r- Decision Remarks

Significance r-Value Value

Operational 98 0.05 0.1287 0.1967 Accept H0 Not Significant @

readiness 0.05 level of
significance
&
Effectiveness

As shown in Table 3, using Pearson Product Moment of Coefficient of

Correlation (r), at 0.05 level of significance and 98 degrees of freedom, the result of

the relationship between the Operational Readiness Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Operational Center and effectiveness of its personnel

towards search and rescue obtained an r-computed value of 0.1287and an r-tabular

value of 0.1967. This finding calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This

means that there is no significant relationship between the two variables.

The result will support the findings of the study of Jasper, (2013): disaster

preparedness training is a critical component of a student education. Despite recent

natural and man-made disasters, there is no national consensus on a disaster

preparedness curriculum. The authors designed a survey to assess prior disaster

preparedness training among incoming interns at an academic teaching hospital. In

2010, the authors surveyed incoming interns regarding the number of hours of

training in disaster preparedness received during medical school, including formal

 29

didactic sessions and simulation, and their level of self-perceived proficiency in

disaster management. Survey respondents represented 42 medical schools located

in 20 states. Results demonstrated that 47% of interns received formal training in

disaster preparedness in medical school; 64% of these training programs included

some type of simulation. There is a need to improve the level of disaster

preparedness training in medical school. A national curriculum should be developed

with aspects that promote knowledge retention.

 30

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary, conclusions and recommendations

made for the study.

Summary

This study wanted to find out whether or not there was a significant relationship

between operational readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Operational Center and the effectiveness of its personnel towards

search and rescue.

It used the one hundred (100) residents of Kiamba, Sarangani Province as

respondents of the study using random sampling from the population employed by

the researchers after determining its required sample size.

It also used the descriptive - correlational survey research method.

Descriptive-correlational research is a type of quantitative research that involves

making careful descriptions of educational phenomena (Gall & Borg, 2013).

Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical

data are used to obtain information of the world. It is used to describe variables, to

examine relationship among variables, and to determine cause-and-effect

interactions between variables.

The researcher choose the design because its purpose was to determine the

significant relationship between the two (2) variables.

 31

Weighted mean, and ranking were used to determine the level of Operational

Readiness and Effectiveness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Operational Center. Pearson r was used to determine the significant

relationship between the two (2) variables.

The presentation of the findings was done based on the sub problems

formulated in the Statement of the Problem of the study found in Chapter 1.

Findings

1. The operational readiness of KMDRRMOC in terms of disaster/emergency

obtained weighted mean value of 4.16, which means that they are moderately ready

in terms of responding to disaster or emergency situations .

2. KMDRRMOC personnel’s effectiveness towards search and rescue

obtained weighted mean value of 3.98, which means that they are moderately

effective in terms of performing search and rescue operations in their area of

responsibility.

3. There is no significant relationship between the operational readiness of

Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Operational Center and the

effectiveness of its personnel towards search and rescue.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:

1. The KMDRRMOC is moderately ready in terms of responding to disaster

or emergency situations.
 32

2. Likewise, KMDRRMOC personnel are moderately effective in terms of

performing search and rescue operations in their area of responsibility.

3. It was found out that there is no significant relationship between the

operational readiness of Kiamba Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Operational Center and the effectiveness of its personnel towards search and

rescue.

Recommendations
From the results of the study, the following are recommended:

1. The KMDRRMOC may enhance the attentiveness of its Search and Rescue

Team during emergency situations to improve its work/performance efficiency.

2. The rescue team may maintain and improve their skills on search and rescue

by attending to more trainings and workshops.

3. The community residents may also be made prepared for disasters and

calamities so that they would not rely solely on the rescue team when

disaster/emergency occurs.

4. Officials of Local Government of Municipality of Kiamba shall support any

endeavour to improve and maintain the preparedness of search and rescue

team in Municipality of Kiamba.

 33

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LLC, publishing New York Retrieved from
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Map”. Retrieved from
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36
 37

Appendix A
LIST OF EXPERT VALIDATORS

Validators Qualification

Marlon C. Rañises, MAEd Faculty, Liberal Arts Department, RMMC,

Gensan

Jerine A. Pueblo, RCrim. Faculty, Criminology Program, RMMC,

Gensan

Michael M. Macayan Admin Aide, Communication Unit Leader

Kiamba LGU
 38

Appendix B
SUMMARY OF EXPERT VALIDATORS’ RATINGS
OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Name Rating Description

Rañises, MC 4.70 Excellent

4.70 Excellent
Pueblo, JA

5.00 Excellent
Macayan, MM

TOTAL 4.8 Excellent

LEGEND:

5 – Excellent
4 – Very Good
3 – Good
2 – Fair
1 – Poor
 39

LETTER OF COMMUNICATION

Letter-Request of Validation 
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES
College of Criminal Justice

________________________________________________________________

February 08, 2021

Sir/ Ma’am:

Greetings of peace!

The undersigned is a Bachelor of Science in Criminology students currently working

in their research entitled “OPERATIONAL READINESS OF SEARCH AND
RESCUE TEAM AND THEIR LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS TOWARDS SEARCH
AND RESCUE” as a requirement of completion of the course Criminological
Research 2.

In line with this, the researchers is humbly requesting for your expertise to validate
the survey questionnaire considering the appropriateness of the content.

Your affirmative response will be a great help on making this study successful.
Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours, 

TRISHIA ANGELIKA I. GARIGADE

ARNEL CARE L. COMPRENDIO
          Researchers

Noted by:

MARNIE J. BESAS PhD

            Adviser
 40

Appendix D

SURVEY INSTRUMENT

Operational Readiness of KMDRRMOC in Times of Disaster/Emergency

Instruction: Answer the following question by putting a check mark () on the number
of your choice. Please, do not leave any item unanswered. Rate them using the
following scale.
1 – Not At All Ready
2 – Less Ready
3 – Not Very Much Ready
4 – Moderately Ready
5 – Very Much Ready

INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5

1. The designed program and coordinate

risk reduction and management activities

consistent with the national council’s

standards and guidelines

2. Develop, strengthen and operationalize

mechanism for partnership with volunteer

groups in the community

3. Coordination of the purok officials to the

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council
4. The rescue team inform the community

about disaster prone areas

5. Hotline numbers are widely inform
6. Training programs and activities of
 41

search and rescue are well conducted

7. Attentiveness of the Search and

Rescue Team is efficient

8. Coordination of the barangay council to

the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council
9. Community is assured of their services
10. Community is assured of their safety

Effectiveness of KMDRRMOC Personnel on Search and Rescue

Instruction: Answer the following question by putting a check mark () on the number
of your choice. Please, do not leave any item unanswered. Rate them using the
following scale.
1 – Not At All Effective

2 – Less Effective
 42

3 – Not Very Much Effective

4 – Moderately Effective

5 – Very Much Effective

II. INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
1. Hotlines numbers are available

2. Emergency alarms are available

3. search and rescue team are available

4. Emergency kits and equipment are

available
5.Vehicles are readily available for

responding to an emergency
6. There is a close coordination with the PNP

in the area
7. In the event of flood, a rescue boat is

available
8. Equipment for communication available

are enough for team responders

9. There is close coordination with barangay

officials in the area

10. Evacuation centers and open spaces in

case of a disaster are available

 43

Appendix E
CERTIFICATE OF APPEARANCE
 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

ARNEL CARE L. COMPRENDIO

Brgy. Kadi, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat
Mobile Phone: 09120403433
Email:Acomprendio12@gmail.com
Facebook: Ac Lemon Comprendio

Personal Data:

Nickname : Kerker

Age : 20

Birthday : February 20, 2000

Sex : Male

Civil Status : Single

Height : 5’6

Weight : 60kgs

Citizenship : Filipino

Father : Marlon A. Comprendio

Mother : Nelita L. Comprendio

Special Skills:

Cooking

Educational Background:

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
General Santos City
(2021)
 45

Secondary: Senator Ninoy Aquino College Foundation

Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat
2017-2018

Primary: Senator Ninoy Aquino College Foundation

Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat
2011-2012
 46

CURRICULUM VITAE

TRISHIA ANGELIKA I. GARIGADE

Brgy. Nalus, Kiamba, Sarangani Province

Mobile Phone: 09389997005
Email: garigadetrishiaangelika@gmail.com
Facebook: Trishia Angelika Ilagan Garigade

Personal Data:

Nickname : Lyka

Age : 20

Birthday : March 10, 2000

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Height : 5’3

Weight : 58kgs

Citizenship : Filipino

Father : Raul V. Garigade

Mother : Ma. Marly I. Garigade

Special Skills:

Dancing

Educational Background:

Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
General Santos City
 47

(2021)

Secondary: Kiamba National High School

Poblacion Kiamba Sarangani Province
2017-2018

Primary: G.E Antonino Memorial Elementary School

Linek, Nalus, Kiamba Sarangani Province
2011-2012