ESTABLISHING

THE RESEARCH GAP

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Review of Literature

RESEARCH ABSTRACTS, EXECUTIVE

SUMMARIES, INDEXES

KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS:

HIGHWAY Findings, conclusions, implications,
recommendations

KNOWLEDGE AREAS:
Theories, generalizations,
operationalization of variables,
research designs, sampling
strategies, statistical techniques,
data instruments

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Review of Literature
An important component in the preparation of the research
proposal and of the research report

PROPOSAL • Identification of problem

PREPARATION • Point gaps in data
• Shape theoretical framework
• Basis of methodology

REPORT • Details previous investigations

GENERATION • Links research with past efforts
• Justifies new researchable area
• Gives mastery of information

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Review of Literature
Determine what others have learned about similar research problems
and gather information relevant to the research problem

Where is the information The specific sources of written reports

found?

What should be done with How information is assembled and

information after it has summarized
been found?

What is made of the Making judgment about the information

information? for the research report

What parts of the

reported results are
relevant to the research
problem? EALagunda
Literature Review Pointers
Establish the need for the research

Select studies that relate most directly to the problem

Examine variations in findings and their explanations

Tie together studies so that their relevance is clear

Determine if research area reviewed requires extension

Indicate relative importance of results from studies

Provide a summary and pull together important points

Organize according to major points relevant to problem

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Review of Literature
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

Formats:

GEOGRAPHICAL – Foreign/Local

LITERATURE TYPE – Conceptual/Research

THEMATIC – Topic Order

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Review of Literature
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

FORMAT:

Foreign Literature and Related Studies

Local Literature and Related Studies

Relevance of Related Literature and Studies

Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies

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 Review of Literature
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

• Structure the review similar to a ‘funnel effect’ which goes from the
general to the more specific, ending with the research question
• Arrange the contents based on the statement of the problem and
variables of the study
• Acknowledge all sources of information following the Publication
Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) model
• No items must be plagiarized
• Incorporate relevant facts and information from books, articles,
studies conducted, reports of scientists, speakers and other sources
• Include only studies that related in objectives, methods, findings to
the research topic
• Present the relationships between the studies reviewed by citing
their weaknesses/strengths
• State the similarities or differences between the studies reviewed
• Make summary of relevant literature and studies that will justify the
conduct of the research work

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 Foreign Literature and Studies
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

The Open Systems Model (Theory)

The open systems model is a useful framework for understanding
the change process in schools (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2000). This
model shows the linkage of inputs from sources in the external
environment, a transformation process, and outputs, with one or more
feedback loops for control. Moreover, it depicts an open system
interacting with the external environment, and highlights the open
system characteristics.

Facility Factor In Education (Variable)

The school plant requires support selection orientation, planning,
law and management. It includes sites, buildings, playground and
facilities. It affects curriculum, school organization, school services,
safety mental and public relation.
Frazier (2003) noted that it is the changing of objectives advantages
worldwide that determined the demand and increase of appropriate
physical facilities. For quality instruction in different types of school,
the level of adequacy is determined by the size of the school
population.

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 Local Literature and Studies
GUIDE TO FORMULATION (ANALYSIS OF REVIEWED MATERIALS)
Gender and Academic Performance (Variable Analysis)
According to Lao (1999), attempt was made to explain the combined effect of
several factors on academic performance and to explore whether this effect was
different for males and females. Results showed that the highly achievement
motivated, internal, low dependent, female students had significantly higher grades.
There were also two significant sex interaction effects, indicating that some factors
influence achievement operate differently for males and females.
In the Philippine National Police Academy, the corps of cadets is composed of
males and females who are given similar training and education regimen. It is of prime
importance that their performance could be evaluated in relation to their sexual
differences.
Socio-Economic Status and Academic Performance (Variable Analysis)
Nigeria like any other developing nations has witnessed series of political
instability, with obvious effects on educational policies at federal, state and local
government levels. This gradually laid the foundation of fallen standard in education at
the school levels, which caused differential academic performance of students. In the
quest of finding survival feat, the nation has evolved a series of socio-economic and
educational measures but these have not improved the socio-economic status of
families in the country. It is within this milieu that that the study examined socio-
economic factors influencing students’ academic performance in Nigeria. The study
revealed that insufficient parental income, family type and lack of funding by
governments are factors influencing student’s academic performance (Basil, 2007).
Correlating with the situation in the Philippine National Police Academy, the
cadets come from different socio-economic classes. Up to now, there is no formal in-
depth investigation on the influence of the socio-economic factor to the academic
performance of the cadets. EALagunda
 Relevance of Related Literature and Studies
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

The extensive review presented the results of studies and

literature related to the factors influencing performance in the
pursuit of education. Moreover, the literature review and studies
showed the cadets’ challenges in the police and military
academies.
Accounts of demographic characteristics which have impact
on academic performance were presented. Relevant studies
indicated that the demographic characteristics can affect
academic performance, as highlighted by Cruz (2010).
The factors of academic performance were also contained in
the review. Studies of Santos (2012), Smith (2009) and Craig
(2008) indicated that behavioral attributes, technology, and other
learning-support infrastructures can influence performance in
the academe.

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Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies
GUIDE TO FORMULATION

Very few studies have dealt on the actual

identification of the real problems of the
cadets. Majority of the studies dealt with the
required conditions that would support
performance in the academe. This condition
strengthens more the urgent need to conduct
an in-depth evaluation of the actual dilemma
of the cadets in the Philippine National Police,
to be used as a decision framework for
addressing the cadetship concerns.

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APA STYLE

IN TEXT

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APA Style – Citations in Text

• Follow the author-

date method of in-
text citation
• Author's last name
and the year of
publication for the
source should
appear in the text

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• Generally, it is best to put
both the author and date in
parentheses after you refer
to information from that
source

In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 2005),

...........................................................................

If you are just stating research findings, then you should

try to put their name in parentheses so the reader’s
attention is focused on the findings.

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• If you directly refer to the
author or date in the
sentence, then you do not
need to include that
information in parentheses

Jones (2005) compared student performance ..........

In 2005, Jones compared student performance ........

It is recommended to refer to the author’s name in the sentence

itself only if that particular author is really important in what you
are trying to say (e.g., you are describing their theory, your
methodology is based on theirs).

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APA STYLE

IN REFERENCE LIST

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• Journal article, one
author

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology

journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893-896.

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• Book

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to

preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• Work discussed in a
secondary source

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).

Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-
distributed-processing approaches. Psychological
Review, 100, 589-608.

Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text,

name the original work, and give a citation for the
secondary source.

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Rules for Formatting Citations
• Magazine article, one
author

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in

today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

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