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Gen Anat 3
Gen Anat 3
LECTURE 3 WALL
Thoracic Region
1. Sternum
Thoracic Wall - ANTERIOR TO THE THORACIC WALL
Surface Anatomy - Lies in the midline
o Anatomical landmark – clavicle - Three parts:
o Superior to the clavicle is the neck, inferior is a. Manubrium
thoracic b. Body or Corpus
Thoracic Region: Covering c. Xiphisternum / Xiphoid process
Mammary region – breast thicker superficial fascia
Endothoracic fascia – deep fascia Surface marking: elevation, depression on long bones
Notches – depression
Ridge – lines
Points of articulation – marked by ridge or lines
a. STERNUM : Manubrium
Superior border – suprasternal notch / jugular notch
- Superior margin of the sternum /
Basic Anatomy: Thoracic Region manubrium
Between the neck and abdomen
Framework: thoracic cage
a. Vertebral column : thoracic vertebral bone
b. Ribs and intercostal spaces
c. Sternum and costal carilages
Protects:
Clavicular notch – point of articulation – clavicle
a. Lungs
Costal notch – “costal” – ribs
b. Heart
c. Big vessels
d. Other viscera
Provides attachments for muscles of the thorax,
upper extremities and back
Division of the thoracic cavity:
1. Median partition
- Mediastinum
2. Lateral
- Pleurae and lungs
Inferior border of the mandibrium joins the body : RIBS
manubriosternal joint
b. STERNUM : Body
Anatomical landmark to count the costal notches:
manubriosternal joint / sternal angle / 2nd costal facet
Surface markings along the body of sternum: ridge
(elevated marking)
Sternebrae – segments of the body of the sternum.
- unpaired segmental series of bones forming
the body of sternum.
Xiphisternal joint – connection with the xiphoid process
and the body of the sternum
c. STERNUM : Xiphisternum
- Highly made out of cartilage
- No bone that articulates / attaches in
xiphisternum except to the lower body of the
sternum
Borders:
a. Superior border – round and smooth
b. Inferior border – sharp and thin, with costal
groove
Shaft – thin, flattened and twisted
Cervicothoracic Joint
ATYPICAL RIBS
a. First rib
b. Second rib
c. Tenth rib
d. Eleventh rib
e. Twelfth rib
1st rib
- Anatomical relationship with:
a. Lower nerves of brachial plexus
b. Main vessels: subclavian artery and vein
Serratus anterior – neck muscle
Groove – passage of the vessels
- Most important muscle of respiration
DIAPHRAGM: OPENINGS
3 openings:
1. Aortic Opening
– lies anterior to the body of the 12 th thoracic vertebra
- Transmits aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein
- Descending aorta
2. Esophageal opening
Aperture – openings - Lies at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra
Anterior border is made up of suprasternal notch Transmits:
Lateral border – first rib a. Esophagus
b. Right and left vagus nerve
c. Esophageal branches of the left gastric
INFERIOR THORACIC OPENING vessels
Boundaries:
d. Lymphatics from the lower third of the
a. Posteriorly – body of the 12th thoracic vertebra
esophagus
b. Laterally – costal margin
3. Caval opening
c. Anteriorly – xiphisternal joint
– lies at the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra in the
-Closed by the diaphgram
central tendon
– transmits inferior vena cava and terminal branches of
Both openings are covered by:
the right phrenic nerve
SUPRAPLEURAL MEMBRANE
- Example of deep fascia
- Dense fascial layer
- Attached laterally to the medial border of
the first rib and costal cartilage
- Provides additional protection to the apex
Diaphgram
- provides enclosure that separates the two
cavity and closes the inferior thoracic
opening
- Skeletal muscle
- Thin muscular and tendinous septum
- Pierced by the structures that past between
the chest and the abdomen
4th costal
notch