Solutions 1

Solution Types &

Process
Anupam Gupta
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Solutions 1
Solution Types &
Process
 Homogenous mixtures - Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures can be classified according to the size of their constituent

particles as either Solutions or Colloids.
 Binary solutions: Solute and Solvent

● Solutes are spread uniformly throughout the solvent.

● Solutes are not visible, but can give a color to the solution.
● Solute cannot be separated by filtration
● Properties like Density, Vapour Pressure, B.P, depend upon relative amount of solute
& solvent.
 Types of Solutions: Gaseous Solutions

Gaseous Solutions Gas Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases

Liquid Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas

Solid Iodine in nitrogen gas

Liquid Solutions Gas Oxygen dissolved in water

Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water

Solid Glucose dissolved in water

Solid Solutions Gas Solution of hydrogen in palladium

Liquid Amalgam of mercury with sodium

Solid Copper dissolved in gold

 Dissolution Process
Like Dissolves Like
 Polar and Non-polar Solvents

● Compounds with covalent bonds may have small electronegativity difference

between the atoms.
● In some molecules, there are polar bonds, but the atom is symmetrical leading to an
overall non-polar molecule.
Dynamic H-bonding in liquid water
 Dissolution in water: Rock Salt
When solid NaCl is placed in water, those ions that are less tightly held because of their
position at a corner or an edge of the crystal are exposed to water molecules, which collide
with them until an ion happens to break free.
Dissolution in water: Ammonia
Example Solid LiCl dissolves in water because:

A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the oxygen atom (δ-) of water.
B. The Li+ ions are attracted to the hydrogen atom (δ+) of water.
C. The Cl- ions are attracted to the oxygen atom (δ- ) of water.
D. The Cl- ions are attracted to the hydrogen atom (δ+) of water.
E. both A and D
F. both B and C
Example Will each of the following solutes dissolve in water?

A. Na2SO4
B. Gasoline (nonpolar)
C. I2
D. HCl
Dissolution & Crystallization: Unsaturated & Saturated Solutions
 Dissolution and Crystallization: Supersaturated solutions

● When a saturated solution of sodium acetate is prepared at high temperature and

then cooled slowly, a supersaturated solution results.
Example When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its
concentration increases in solution. This process is known as
________________. Some solute particles in solution collide with the
solid solute particles and get separated out of solution. This process is
known as __________________.

A. Crystallization, dissolution.
B. Dissolution, saturation.
C. Saturation, crystallization.
D. Dissolution, crystallization.
Thermodynamics of dissolution
Thermodynamics of dissolution - Entropy
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Enthalpy
Values for enthalpies of solution, ΔHsoln, are difficult to predict.
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy
Dissolution can be viewed as occurring in three steps:
1. Breaking solute-solute attractions (endothermic), i.e., lattice energy in salts
(ΔHsolute-solute > 0).
1. Breaking solvent-solvent attractions (endothermic), i.e., hydrogen bonding and dipole-
dipole interactions in water (ΔHsolvent-solvent > 0).
2. Forming solvent-solute attractions (exothermic), i.e., salvation energy (ΔHsolute-solvent < 0).
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