TYPES OF SENTENCES

There are four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:

 declarative sentence (statement)
 interrogative sentence (question)
 imperative sentence (command)
 exclamatory sentence (exclamation)
1. Declarative Sentence (statement)
Declarative sentences make a statement. They tell us something. They give us information, and they
normally end with a full-stop/period (.)
The usual word order for the declarative sentence is:

 subject + verb...

Declarative sentences are the most common type of sentence.

2. Interrogative Sentence (question)

Interrogative sentences ask a question. They ask us something. They want information, and they always end
with a question mark (?).
The usual word order for the interrogative sentence is:

 (wh-word +) auxiliary + subject + verb...

3. Imperative Sentence (command)

Imperative sentences give a command. They tell us to do something, and they end with a full-stop/period (.)
or exclamation mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the imperative sentence is:

 base verb...

Note that there is usually no subject—because the subject is understood, it is YOU.

4. Exclamatory Sentence (exclamation)
Exclamatory sentences express strong emotion/surprise—an exclamation—and they always end with an
exclamation mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the exclamative sentence is:

 What (+ adjective) + noun + subject + verb

 How (+ adjective/adverb) + subject + verb

  form function example sentence (clause) final punctuation

1 declarative statement: It tells us something John likes Mary. .

2 interrogative question: It asks us something Does Mary like John? ?

3 imperative command: It tells us to do something Stop! ! or .

Close the door.

4 exclamative exclamation: It expresses surprise What a funny story he told us! !

Department of Education
Region V
 Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

TYPES OF SENTENCES
Directions: Identify each type of sentence. Put your answer on the blank provided.
Types of Sentences: declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative.

1. The students wanted to go on a field trip.

Answer: ___________________
2. Can we go to the Adventureville Theme Park?
Answer: ___________________
3. Be on your best behavior for the next two weeks.
Answer: ___________________
4. After a couple long weeks of keeping their hands to themselves, quietly focusing on instruction, and cleaning up
their messes, the students were rewarded with a fieldtrip.
Answer: ___________________
5. We are so excited about going to Adventureville!
Answer: ___________________
6. How far away is the park from the school and what time do we have to come home?
Answer: ___________________
7. But, the park is three hours away from the school and we’ll have to be back by 3:00 for the busses!
Answer: ___________________
8. Quit asking questions and just be happy.
Answer: ___________________
9. But, if it takes us six hours to get there and back, and we have to be back by 3:00, we’ll only be able to stay for
thirty minutes.
Answer: ___________________
10. The students wondered why they were going to Adventureville.
Answer: ___________________

MAIN IDEA & SUPPORTING DETAILS

  The main idea in a paragraph is the most important idea. It is the central point that an author is trying to get
across to the reader.

 The supporting details describe the main idea. They make the main idea stronger and clearer.

 Keep in mind that the main idea is often the first or last sentence of a paragraph.

 To find the main idea, answer two questions:

(1) What is the paragraph mostly about?

(2) Which sentence best tells what the paragraph is about?

Example:

(1) The paragraph is mostly

about what mother gorillas
Mother gorillas do a lot for their babies. They nurse their babies. They do.
protect them from danger. And they teach the tiny gorillas how to get along
with other gorillas. (2) The first sentence tells
what the paragraph is about.
It is the main idea.

Main Idea

Mother gorillas do a lot for their babies.

Supporting Detail #1 Supporting Detail #2 Supporting Detail #3

They nurse their babies They nurse their babies. And they teach the tiny
They protect them from gorillas how to get along with
danger. other gorillas.

 In this case, the main idea that is stated in the box is a broad and generalized statement about mother gorillas.
It is not the main idea. This statement also cannot be found within the paragraph.

 The supporting details do not support the main idea. They are made up and cannot be found within the
paragraph. Lastly, the supporting details neither make the main idea stronger nor does it make it any clearer.

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
 ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION

WHAT IS ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION?

"The word which declare that something is true or some equivalent expression or negative statement,
judgment, doctrine or a logical proposition is called Adverbs of affirmation and negation."

Difference between Adverbs of Affirmation and Adverbs of Negation.

 Adverb of Affirmation: I will definitely do that project.

 In the sentence ‘definitely’ affirms the listener that the speaker is going to do the task which is being
talked about. ‘Definitely’ is therefore an Adverb of Affirmation.

 Adverb of Negation: I will never do that project.

In the sentence ‘never’ negates the sentence by telling that the speaker is not going to do the particular
task. ‘Never’ is therefore an Adverb of Negation.

Uses of Adverb of Affirmation and Negation

 ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION SENTENCES: (AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES):

Adverbs of affirmation are words which declare that a given statement or fact is true, or positive.
Example:
• I can probably go there.
• He will surely give you money.
• Raj clearly states her concern.
• We are definitely leaving tomorrow.
• Pooja doubtlessly agrees on his side.
• Riya exactly knows the right thing to do.
• The family truly embraces the Western culture.
• I would obviously feel awesome about your comment.
• The soldier should certainly get an award for bravery.

 ADVERB OF NEGATION SENTENCES: (NEGATIVE SENTENCES):

Adverbs of negation are words which declare that a given statement is false, or negative.
Example:
• I have never seen him.
• He is not very active.
• I almost ran out of words.
• I never talk to him this way.
• Dimple scarcely does her house duties.
• He no longer takes interest in his work.
• The brothers hardly ever meet each other.
• He contradictorily did the correct thing.
• Vivek invalidly checked the receipt given to him.
Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION
Direction: Complete the below sentences by choosing the Adverbs of Affirmation/Negation from the
choices given.

1) It was ______ an act of courage that saved the lives of millions.

a. not at all
b. not
c. never
d. definitely
2) The price of the asset was ________ declared by the bidding agency.
a. assertedly
b. truly
c. rarely
d. not at all
3) Mahatma Gandhi is _______ the most revered freedom fighter of Indian freedom struggle.
a. rarely
b. certainly
c. almost
d. never
4) After the lecture is over, I am ______ going to the auditorium.
a. never
b. not
c. also
d. surely
5) India will _______ emerge as the world’s largest economy in few years.
a. undoubtedly
b. never
c. may
d. not
6) My friend _______ has a bike, so we go together.
a. doesn’t
b. certainly
c. definitely
d. also
7) Water is so _______ found in some parts of Rajasthan that you have to walk for miles to get it.
a. profoundly
b. scarcely
c. never
d. plenty
8) If you don’t speak assertively, ____ one will ever believe you.
a. every
b. some
c. no
d. any
9) He pledged to ________ disrespect his elders.
a. never
b. ever
c. surely
d. sure
10) I was expecting him to deny, but ________ he accepted.
a. Contradictorily
b. never
c. absolutely
d. certainly
 SIMPLE SENTENCES
What are Simple Sentences?
A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one clause, or more specifically, an independent
clause, with a subject and a predicate.

A simple sentence is typically made up of a subject, verb, and object, or SVO, and creates a complete
thought; however, since a simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase only, a simple sentence can also be made
up of only a subject and verb (SV).

Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)

 Jessie ate dinner.

Subject + Verb (SV)

 Jessie ate.
Both of these examples are grammatically correct simple sentences, but including an object helps to clarify
the full idea of the sentence.

Despite their name, simple sentences can include things that are not so simple. Let’s review the use of
modifiers, compound subjects, and compound verbs/predicates in simple sentences.

Modifiers in Simple Sentences

Modifiers are words or phrases that can be included in simple sentences to add more detail. Let’s see
how we can modify the simple sentence used above:

 Jessie ate dinner.

Adding Articles/Adjectives
 The hungry Jessie ate a large dinner.

Adding Adverbs
 The hungry Jessie quickly ate a very large dinner.

Adding a Prepositional Phrase

 The hungry Jessie quickly ate a very large dinner after a long day at work.

All of these examples still qualify as simple sentences, because they are all independent clauses that convey
a complete thought.
Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

SIMPLE SENTENCES
Direction: Re-write each group of words to form a statement that makes sense. Use end marks and
capitalization correctly.

1. Jason on Gloria Rd. lives

________________________________________________________________________

2. he shot the basketball

________________________________________________________________________

3. english he enjoys learning

________________________________________________________________________
4. from the United States is Aaron

________________________________________________________________________

5. history she is good at

________________________________________________________________________

6. she likes to play the piano

________________________________________________________________________

7. gave the award to the boy the teacher

________________________________________________________________________

8. back home she walked after school

________________________________________________________________________

TENSES OF VERBS

Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already
happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to
describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous. The future tense describes things
that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).

■Examples
1. Mike has to take the notes before he lends them.
PAST Yesterday, Mike lent (simple past) you the notes he had taken (past perfect) in
class last week.

PRESENT Mike is lending (present progressive) you the notes he took (simple past) in
class last week.
FUTURE Mike will lend (future) you any notes he takes (simple present) in class today.
2. Meg has to finish the paper before she turns it in.
PAST Yesterday, Meg turned in (simple past) the paper she had finished (past
perfect) over the weekend.
 PRESENT Today, Meg is turning in (present progressive) the paper she finished (simple
past) this weekend.

FUTURE On Monday, Meg will turn in (future) the paper she will have finished (future
perfect) next weekend.
3. Ryan is reading and getting hungry at the same time. He is doing both gradually, so all the
verbs are progressive. He starts reading first, though, so the tenses have to show that.

PAST Ryan had been reading (past perfect progressive) for several hours, and he
was getting (past progressive) hungry.

PRESENT Ryan has been reading (present perfect progressive) for several hours, and he is
getting (present progressive) hungry.

FUTURE Ryan will have been reading (future perfect progressive) for several hours, and he
will be getting (future progressive) hungry.
Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

TENSES OF VERBS

Direction: Fill the correct tense of verb on the underline.

1. Chris (bake) the cake for the dinner we (cook). (The cake is baked first.)

PAST Chris _______ the cake for the dinner we ________ last weekend.
PRESENT Chris _______ the cake for the dinner we ________ tonight.
FUTURE Chris _______ the cake for the dinner we ________ on Friday.

2. Ana (drive) for ten hours straight and her back (start) to hurt. (Both are taking place over time, but
the driving starts first.)

PAST Ana _______ for ten hours straight and her back _______ to hurt.
PRESENT Ana _______ for ten hours straight and her back _______ to hurt.
FUTURE Ana _______ for ten hours straight and her back _______ to hurt.

3. Kim (bring) ten balloons to the party and he (give) one to me.
PAST Kim _______ ten balloons to the party and he _______one to me.
PRESENT Kim _______ ten balloons to the party and he _______one to me.
FUTURE Kim _______ ten balloons to the party and he _______one to me.

4. The guest speaker (begin), so the audience (grow) quiet.

PAST The guest speaker _______, so the audience _______ quiet.

PRESENT The guest speaker _______, so the audience _______ quiet.
FUTURE By eight p.m. the guest speaker _______, so the audience _______ quiet.

MGA URI NG BANTAS

1. TULDOK (.) - Ang tuldok ay ginagamit na
pananda sa katapusan ng pangungusap na paturol o
pasalaysay at pautos.
Halimbawa:
 Igalang natin ang Pambansang Awit.
2. PANANONG (?) - Ginagamit ang pananong sa
pangungusap na patanong.
Halimbawa:
 Ano ang pangalan mo? Sasama ka ba?
3. PADAMDAM (!) - Ang bantas na pandamdam
ay ginagamit sa hulihan ng isang kataga, parirala o
pangungusap na nagsasaad ng matindi o masidhing
damdamin.
Halimbawa:
 Mabuhay ang Pangulo!
 Aray! Naapakan mo ang paa ko.
4. KUWIT (,) - Ginagamit ang kuwit sa
paghihiwalay ng magkakasunod na salita at lipon ng
mga salitang magkakauri.
Halimbawa:
 Kumain ka ng itlog, gulay at sariwang
bungang-kahoy.
5. KUDLIT (‘) - Ginagamit na panghalili ang
kudlit sa isang titik na kina-kaltas:
Halimbawa:
 Ako’y mamayang Filipino at may
tungkulin mahalin at pangalagaan ang
aking bayan.
6. GITLING (-) - Ginagamit ang gitling sa pag-ulit
ng salitang-ugat o mahigit sa isang pantig ng
salitang-ugat.
Halimbawa:
 araw-araw isa-isa apat-apat dala-dalawa
sari-sarili kabi-kabila masayang-masaya
7. TUTULDOK( : ) - ginagamit matapos maipuna
ang pagpapakilala sa mga sumusunod na paliwanag.
Halimbawa:
 Maraming halaman ang namumulaklak
sa hardin tulad ng: Rosal, Rosas,
Orchids, Sampaguita, Santan at iba pa.
8. TUTULDOK – KUWIT ( ; ) -Ito ay
naghuhudyat ng pagtatapos ng isang pangungusap
na kaagad sinusundan ng isa pang sugnay nang hindi
gumagamit ng pangatnig
Halimbawa:
 Kumain ka ng maraming prutas; ito’y
makabubuti sa katawan.
 Naguguluhan siya sa buhay; iniisip nya
ang magpatiwakal.
9. PANIPI (“ ”) - Inilalagay ito sa unahan at dulo
ng isang salita. Ginagamit upang ipakita ang buong
sinasabi ng isang nagsasalita o ang tuwirang sipi.
Halimbawa:
 “Hindi kinukupkop ang criminal,
pinarurusahan,” sabi ng Pangulo.
10. PANAKLONG ( () ) - Ang mga panaklong ay
ginagamit na pambukod sa salita o mga salitang
hindi direktang kaugnay ng diwa ng pangungusap, Halimbawa:
gaya ng mga ginamit sa pangu-ngusap na ito.  Ang ating pambansang bayani (Jose Rizal)
ang may-akda ng Noli Me Tangere.

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City
PANGALAN: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________
CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

MGA URI NG BANTAS

Panuto: Isulat sa patlang ang angkop na panapos na bantas sa hulihan ng bawat pangungusap.

1. Nanood ka ba ng balita sa telebisyon kagabi _____

2. Magsipilyo ka muna bago ka matulog _____

3. Wow, napakasarap ng luto mo _____

4. Nakopya mo ba ang takdang-aralin sa pisara _____

5. Hoy, bawal magtapon ng basura diyan _____

6. Pakisabi kay Nanay na uuwi na ako _____

7. Makinig ka nang mabuti sa mga magulang mo _____

8. Nakakainis talaga _____

9. Naku, nakalimutan kong kunin ang sukli _____

10. Paano kaya tayo makakatulong sa kanila _____

11. Mahirap paniwalaan ngunit totoo ang balita _____

12. Pakibigay itong papel kay Binibining Melchor _____

13. Aray, nakagat ko ang dila ko _____

14. Natanggap mo ba ang text message ko kanina _____

15. Ay, nabasag ang baso _____

16. Aba, hindi ako papayag _____

17. Ihanda mo na ang susuutin mo bukas _____

18. Nagtimpla ng kape si Tatay para kay Nanay _____

19. Hala, umalis ka na dito _____

20. Masama ba ang pakiramdam mo _____

SALITANG HIRAM

Marami sa mga salitang ginagamit natin ngayon sa pagsulat, pakikipag-usap, o ano pa mang paraan ng
komunikasyon ay mga hiram na salita. Isa sa katangian ng wika ay pagiging buhay nito. Nababago ang mga
salita, maaaring may madagdag at maaaring magkaroon ng ibang anyo. Tulad ng alpabetong Filipino na
tumatanggap ng bagong titik na c, f, j, n, q, v, x, at z, may mga salitang banyaga na itinuring na ring wikang
Filipino.

May iba’t ibang paraan ng panghihiram. Ilan sa mga ito ang sumusunod

1. Ihanap ng katumbas ang salita sa Tagalog;

Halimbawa:
o water =tubig (kahit may salin ang water sa Ilokano na danum at agua sa Kastila)

2. Kung wala sa Tagalog, sa iba pang wikang katutubo;

Halimbawa:
o husband =bana (Cebuano)

3. Kung wala sa iba pang wikang katutubo, sa Kastila ngunit nasa baybay-Pilipino;

Hlimbawa:
o onion = cebullas (Kastila) = sibuyas (baybay-Pilipino)

4. Kung wala sa Kastila, sa Ingles ngunit susundin ang tuntuning kung ano ang bigkas, siyang baybay;

Halimbawa:
o computer= kompyuter

5. Kung inkonsistent ang bigkas sa baybay, mananatili ang orihinal na ispelling nito

Halimbawa:
o pizza at spaghetti

Narito ang ilan sa mga halimbawa ng mga hiram na salita sa wikang Filipino:

 Kompyuter (Computer)  Elementari (Elementary)

 Iskor (Score)  Interbyu (Interview)
 Titser (Teacher)  Taksi (Taxi)
 Keyk (Cake)  Dyip (Jeep)
 Hayskul (High School)  Nars (Nurse)
 Populasyon (Population)  Manedyer (Manager)
 Magasin (Magazine)  Kostomer (Customer)
 Telebisyon (Television)  Ketsap (Ketchup)
 Basketbol (Basketball)  Iskrin (Screen)
 Babay (Bye-Bye)  Traysikel (Tricycle)
 Breyk (Break)  Trapik (Traffic)
 Bilib (Believe)  Pulis (Police)
 Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City
PANGALAN: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________
CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

SALITANG HIRAM
Panuto: Bilugan ang titik ng tamang sagot.

1. Baybayin ang salitang BASKETBALL

a) basketbol b) baskitbol
c) basketball
2. Ano ang pagsasalin ng salitang PRINCIPAL sa Filipino?
a) Prinsipal b) Punong guro
c) principal
3. Lahat ng mga rekado para sa iluluto mo ay nasa mercado.Ano ang kahulugan ng mercado sa Tagalog?
a) pamilihan b) barangay
c) bahay
4. Baybayin sa Filipino ang salitang Jeep.
a) Dyep b) Jip
c) Dyip
5. Ang asul ay mula sa salitang Kastila na
a) azzul b) asull
c) azul
6. Ang ekonomiya ay mula sa salitang Kastila na
a) Economia b) Ecunumia
c) Ekonumiya
7. Ano ang pagbaybay sa Filipino ng salitang CHEQUE na mula sa mga Espanyol ?
a) tseke b) tsek
c) tseki
8. Ang X-ray ay mananatiling X-ray.
a) Tama b) Mali
9. Ang salitang lapis ay mula sa salitang kastila na ____________ .
a) llapizz b) lapizz
c) lapiz
10. Alin ang wasto sa dalawang pahayag?
A. Ang panghihiram ng salita sa dayong wika ay hindi palatandaang unti-unting namamatay ang sariling wika.
B. Ang pagsulpot ng mga bagong salita ay hatid ng pagbabago at pag-unlad ng teknolohiya.
a) Tama ang A; mali ang B. b) Tama ang B; mali ang A.
c) Parehong tama ang A at B.

IMPORTANCE OF 5Rs
IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Repair are also known as “the most important 5R’s” of waste
management. The concept of 5R’s is to decrease the amount of things we use and simultaneously also decrease
the amount of things we throw away. Since we have limited space on earth to dispose all the waste, it is
important to use the resources efficiently and create less waste. The 5Rs play an important role in solving the
problems which can arise out of wrong waste management habits.
IMPORTANCE OF 5R’S
Waste has become a big challenge for the environment and humans in modern times. Our water bodies,
our grasslands, our fields, our public spaces; all of them are being affected by the waste we discard. It is
important to take steps for Refusing, Reducing, Reusing and knowing about Recycling at a young age. It is
important to know what we actually need and what we just want.
1. Refuse
Refuse whenever and wherever possible. Choose items that are not packaged in plastic, and carry
your own bags, containers and utensils. Refusing will eliminate most of your waste/ trash. Ask the question,
“Why are we purchasing this item?” or, “Why do we need this?” For instance, make a personal commitment to
say “no” to plastic straws. Whenever ordering a drink, politely request “no straw, please.” as such plastics are not
recyclable and are harmful for the environment. So refusing such things which are not necessary will not end up
harming us and nature.

2. Reduce
Reduce/Reduction: To make something smaller or use less, resulting in a smaller amount of waste.
Waste reduction simply means reducing the things that we use and only consume what is necessary. This
way the amount of waste that is created in the end is reduced and avoids going to the dump. This also reduces the
pressure on natural resources which are utilized in treating the waste as well as natural resources which are
required to manufacture new things. Reducing things that we use can also save a lot of money since we stop
buying the product entirely. For instance, we can reduce the consumption of bottled water and instead carry a
steel bottle to avoid sending the used bottles to landfill/recycling plant. Also, avoid buying new toys frequently,
rather, build toys to play with.

3. Reuse
Reuse is a method or a practice of using something again. This can be done to use the product for
its original purpose or to fulfil a different function. Reusing a product more than one time benefits us as well
as the environment. Reusing also helps in saving time, money, energy and resources. For example, there are glass
jars at home in the kitchen. These jars are used multiple times after being empty. Old books can be used by other
people after being used once. The book can be used for reading or the paper of the book can be used for other
purposes if it is a notebook. Use cloth gift bags and stop ripping the paper off gifts. If you remove the wrapping
paper carefully, you can use it again.
4. Recycle
Recycling is one of the key components in the waste management system. It is the process of
converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is the practice of reprocessing and reusing the
items in the same or a different form which otherwise could have been discarded as waste. This process saves a
lot of time, energy and resources and money. It also reduces the consumption of natural raw material used to
produce things. It is thus important to buy recycled as well as recyclable products in order to reduce the pressure
on the environment. For example, your old notebooks can be recycled into recycled paper and then used again to
bind notebooks.

These are some things that can be recycled:

• Aluminium Cans • Building Materials • Cardboard • Electronic Equipment • Glass (particularly bottles
and jars) • Lead • Magazines • Metal • Newspapers • Paint • Paper • Plastic Bags • Plastic Bottles • Steel Cans •
Tyres • Writing/Copy Paper • Garden Waste
5. Repair
It is the practice of reprocessing and reusing the items in the same or a different form which
otherwise could have been discarded as waste. Reducing, reusing and recycling, decrease both the demands on
natural resources, as well as the rate at which they are consumed. Fewer resources are used and supplies that are
limited are conserved. In addition, less waste is generated, thereby reducing the amount of trash that must be
landfilled or incinerated. As the amount of trash buried or burned decreases, so too does the potential for water
and air pollution which can occur as a result of burning or improper disposal of waste. Our world has a limited
supply of natural resources, including land used for landfills. All these techniques help us conserve such natural
resources.

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

IMPORTANCE OF 5Rs IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Refuse
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Reduce
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Reuse
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

4. Recycle
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

5. Repair
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation characterized by the

changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature, precipitation, and wind) that
are especially caused by human activities. As a result of unbalancing the weather of Earth, the
sustainability of the planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as the future of humankind and
the stability of the global economy.

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

 GREENHOUSE EFFECT
o is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the sun’s energy reaches
the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and radiated by greenhouse gas. The absorbed energy warms the
atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.

 GLOBAL WARMING
o is the long – term heating of Earth’s climate system due to human activities
primarily fossil fuels which increase heat which causes trapping greenhouse gas
levels in Earth’s atmosphere.

 POLLUTION
o Is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. Those harmful
materials are called pollutants. Pollutant can be natural such as volcanic ash. They
can also be created by human activity such as trash on produced by pollutants.

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE

1. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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2. GLOBAL WARMING
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3. POLLUTION
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SIMPLE MACHINES
Simple Machines get the same work done by reducing the size of the force needed by increasing the
distance.
1. INCLINED PLANE
An inclined plane consists of a sloping surface; it is used for raising heavy bodies.
The plane offers a mechanical advantage in that the force required to move an
object up the incline is less than the weight being raised (discounting friction).
The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches
the actual weight.
2. SCREW
A screw is a usually circular cylindrical member with a continuous helical rib,
used either as a fastener or as a force and motion modifier. It is used to raise and
lower weights and hold objects together. Examples are drills, jar lids, nuts and
bolts.
3. WEDGE
A wedge is an object that tapers to a thin edge. Pushing the wedge in one
direction creates a force in a sideways direction. It is usually
made of metal or wood and is used for splitting, lifting, or tightening, as in
securing a hammer head onto its handle.

4. LEVER
A lever is a bar or board that rests on a support called a fulcrum. A downward
force exerted on one end of the lever can be transferred and increased in an
upward direction at the other end, allowing a small force to lift a heavy weight.

5. WHEEL & AXLE

A wheel and axle is made up of a circular frame (the wheel) that revolves on a
shaft or rod (the axle). In its earliest form it was probably used for raising weights
or water buckets from wells.

6. PULLEY
A pulley is a wheel that carries a flexible rope, cord, cable, chain, or belt on its
rim. Pulleys are used singly or in combination to transmit energy and motion.
Pulleys with grooved rims are called sheaves. In belt drive, pulleys are affixed to
shafts at their axes, and power is transmitted between the shafts by means of
endless belts running over the pulleys.
Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY

SIMPLE MACHINES
 FOOD CHAIN, TROPHIC LEVELS
AND FLOW OF ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEM
FOOD CHAIN is the transfer of food from one trophic level to another through series of organisms with repeated eating and
being eaten is called a food chain. Food chain is the linear unidirectional flow of energy and materials through the food from one
trophic level to the other.

In a food chain, each stage represents a trophic level.

The feeding levels from producers to consumers is called trophic level. The energy flows only one way through various trophic
levels.

 First trophic level- Producers – Autotrophs

 Second trophic level – Primary consumers –
Herbivores
 Third trophic level – Secondary consumers –
Carnivores
 Fourth trophic level – Tertiary consumers –
Top level carnivorous

1. PRODUCERS

 They are autotrophs and represent 1 st trophic

level which can synthesize the food using
light energy.
 They produce food for all other organisms of ecosystem.
 They are largely green plants and photosynthetic prokaryotes which converts inorganic substrate into organic food by the
process of photosynthesis.

2.CONSUMERS
They are heterotrophs which obtain energy from producers directly or indirectly. They can be further divided as

 PRIMARY CONSUMERS:
 They are animals which feeds directly on plants.
 They are 1st level consumers and therefore they are known as primary consumers.
 Primary consumers make the II trophic level in food chain.
 Examples: herbivores animals such as deer, goat, cow etc.
 SECONDARY CONSUMERS:
 These are animals that feeds on other animals.
 They are omnivores and carnivores. Eg Bear, wolf, jackel, and snake etc.
 TERTIARY CONSUMERS:
 These animals get their food from all consumers.
 They are top carnivores. Eg lion, tiger, and eagle etc.

3. DECOMPOSERS

 They feed on dead and decayed plants or animals.

 They make up the final trophic level in food chain.
 They decompose the dead and decay matter and helps in recycling the nutrients.
 They are classified into two class:
 Micro-decomposers: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa
 Macro-decomposers: Earth worm, Nematodes, Molluscals

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM:

The process of transfer of energy to various trophic level of food chain is known as flow of energy. Energy flow in
ecosystem from energy source to autotrophs to heterotrophs. For most ecosystem the energy source is the sun and the autotrophs
are the green plants and BGAs. The solar energy that is captured in as ecosystem is based on the amount of photosynthesis that
occur there.

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
FOOD CHAIN, TROPHIC LEVELS
AND FLOW OF ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEM
I. Tell whether each living thing below is a producer, consumer, or decomposer.

a. apple tree - __________________________ b. hawk - ___________________________

c. mushroom -__________________________
e. dragonfly - __________________________
g. cougar - __________________________
i. daffodil - __________________________
k. snake - __________________________
d. carrot - ___________________________
f. bamboo - ___________________________
h. bacteria - ___________________________
j. pigeon - ___________________________
l. catfish - __________________________

II. Draw a simple food chain. (10 points)

 Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
COMPARING FRACTIONS
 Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
TRANSLATING REAL-LIFE VERBAL EXPRESSIONS INTO LETTERS OR
SYMBOLS

Direction: Translate each verbal phrase into an algebraic equation.

1) Sum of x and 3 gives 5 _______________

2) 2 multiplied by b is equal to 8 _______________

3) Di!erence between y and 23 is 12 _______________

4) Product of 4 and z is the same as 16 _______________

5) Total of m and 3 is 21 _______________

6) b divides 6 gives 1 _______________

7) n minus 2 is equal to 16 _______________

8) 11 times p is 33 _______________

9) 20 exceeds c gives 18 _______________

10) One-half of x is equal to 3 _______________

 PERIMETER

What is Perimeter?
In geometry, perimeter can be defined as the path or the boundary that surrounds a . It can also be defined as
the length of the outline of a shape.
The word perimeter has been derived from the Greek word ‘peri’ meaning around, and ‘metron’ which means
measure.
Perimeter is the total length of the sides of a two-dimentional shape.

How to find perimeter?

 We use a ruler to measure length of the sides of a small regular shape. The perimeter is determined by adding
the lengths of the sides/edges of the shape.
 For small irregular shapes, we can use a string of thread and place it exactly along the boundary of the shape,
once. The total length of the string used along the boundary is the perimeter of the shape.

The perimeter of all polygons can be determined by adding the lengths of their sides/edges.

PERIMETER FORMULAS
 Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
PERIMETER
 Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
RIGHTS OF PWDs (Disability Awareness)
Direction: Next to each statement, indicate if you believe that statement to be true or false.
1. Only people who can’t walk use wheelchairs. __________
2. You have a friend who has a speech impairment and sometimes you’re not sure what he said. To make things
easier, you should pretend that you understand. __________

3. When you meet someone who is blind or visually impaired, you should introduce yourself to that person.
__________

4. When communicating with people who are deaf or hard of hearing, it is necessary to speak through an interpreter.
__________

5. It’s safe to assume that people with disabilities usually need help. __________
6. It’s okay to gossip about people who are deaf hard or hearing because they can’t hear you anyway. __________

7. People who use wheelchairs can’t go anyplace fun. __________

8. People with cerebral palsy usually have a cognitive disability, too. __________
9. People with disabilities want to be treated just like everyone else. __________
10. When you meet someone with a guide or companion dog, you should make friends with the dog first so that the
dog is comfortable with you being nearby. __________

11. Among other professions, people with disabilities work as stockbrokers, lawyers, doctors and teachers.
__________
12. People with disabilities prefer to hang out with others who have disabilities. __________
13. Most public places such as movie theaters, restaurants and ballparks are easy for people who use wheelchairs to
enjoy. __________

14. People with disabilities can’t dance. __________

15. It’s okay to ask people with disabilities about their disabilities. __________
16. People with disabilities can participate in competitive sports. __________
17. People with disabilities can’t live on their own when they grow up. __________
18. Disabilities are illnesses to be treated by medical professionals in the hope of a cure. __________
19. People can become disabled at any point in their lives. __________
20. Many people with disabilities feel their real disability involves problems with the environment rather than
problems with their bodies. __________

Department of Education
Region V
Masbate City Division
 ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM
Masbate City

NAME: _________________________________________ SCORE: ___________

CLC: OLD TAMBAGO BLDG., BRGY. NURSERY, MASBATE CITY
Rights or Responsibilities at Work?
Direction: Put a check in the box if it is right or responsibility at work.