Animal Reproduction

Teacher
Nash

2020
© Jolie Canoli.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce.

DISCOVER
DISCOVER
Asexual Reproduction

▪ It is one of the two types of reproduction which splits an organisms

into two to produce another of the same species.

▪ In asexual reproduction, one organisms produces offspring that

are identical to itself and inherits the genes of that parent only.

▪ It is reproduction which does not involve ploidy reduction,

fertilization, gametes or sex cells.
Budding
• Budding is a type of sexual
reproduction. It is most commonly
associated with single-celled organisms
such as Bacteria, yeast, corals,
flatworms, Jellyfish and sea anemones
are some animal species.

• A parent organism creates a bud from

its own cells, which then form the basis
of the offspring organism and develop
into an organism resembling the parent.

© Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy

Binary Fission
• Binary fission is the primary method of
reproduction of prokaryotic organisms.
In protists, binary fission is often
differentiated into types, such as
transverse or longitudinal, depending on
the axis of cell separation.
• Asexual reproduction in free-living
species usually involves nuclear division
and the division of the cell into two
identical daughter cells of equal size by
binary fission.

© Elliot et al. (2012).

Fragmentation
• Fragmentation is a form of asexual
reproduction where a new organism
grows from a fragment of the parent.

• Each fragment develops into a fully

grown individual. Fragmentation is seen
in many organisms such as animals
(some annelid worms and sea stars),
fungi, and plants.

© Elliot et al. (2012).

Parthenogenesis
• Parthenogenesis is Greek for “virgin birth”
• Parthenogenesis has been recorded in many bony
animals but never in sharks until 2001
• If sharks really can reproduce with virgin births, that
leaves only mammals that cannot reproduce with
parthenogenesis
• When egg is laid, it fuses with a polar body
• Polar body – DNA packed particles that female
sharks shed during reproductive cycle
• Apomictic parthenogenesis is when the offspring is
clone of mother, which is common among plants
• Automatic parthenogenesis is when the offspring is
half clone of mother
• The offspring of the sharks after parthenogenesis is
always female since the males are the ones who
give the male chromosomes
• Sharks are a lot like humans in the way that females
are XX and males are XY © BECKY LITTLE/National Geographic.
Sexual Reproduction

▪ Combines genetic material from two parents to produce a new

individual
▪ Creates an increase variation among the offspring
▪ Population can adapt to changing environments
▪ The world is more enjoyable with variation
▪ Costly – it takes twice as many individuals to produce an offspring

Sexual Reproduction Steps:

1. Gametogenesis: production of gametes
2. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction in animals requires two members of the opposite sex, a male
and a female. Each one has different reproductive organs. These are called gonads.
Depending on the types of gonads, animals can be:

© Elliot et al. (2012).

Sexual Reproduction
Hermaphroditism – individuals has both male
and female reproductive systems.
Although some fertilize themselves, most must
mate with another member of same species.
When this occurs the animal serves as both
male and female donating and receiving sperm
e.g. Tapeworms and other sessile or burrowing
animals. © wormbook.org

Sequential hermaphroditism – reproductive

pattern where an individual reverses its sex
during its lifetime.
2 types of sequential hermaphroditism
1. Protogynous (Female first)
© Krzysztof Odziomek/Shutterstock
2. Protandrous (Male first)

e.g. Reef fishes (Wrasses)

© Ashley Marranzino.
Types of Fertilization

Informal Fertilization – sexual reproduction in most

aquatic animals that occurs outside of the body.
1. External fertilization/Spawning – sexual
reproduction in most fishes or amphibians
where females lay eggs usually on the sea
bed/river bed, then male sprays the eggs with
sperm cells and fertilization takes place.
Animals that practice this are oviparous
organisms.
2. Internal fertilization – sexual reproduction in
reptiles and mammals (including humans)
which takes place inside the body of the
female. Placental mammals are also called
viviparous which means the young develop
inside the mother’s body until they are mature
enough to be born and live independently. © Major Differences
Embryonic Development
It is the process that goes from the formation of the zygote to the birth of a new
individual. Depending on where it takes place, animals are classified as:

© Major Differences
Summary

© Major Differences
 Reproduction in Some Animals

INVERTIBRATES
1. Sponges
2. Bivalves

INVERTIBRATES
1. Fishes and Amphibians
2. Reptiles
3. Mammals © Prehistoricplanes.

© Ernst Haeckel - Kunstformen der Natur (1904),

plate 96: Chaetopoda.
INVERTIBRATES
1. Sponges are animals that belong to the
phylum Porifera. Sponges live in fresh and
salty water.

© Nhobgood Nick Hobgood.

© Cengage Learning.
INVERTIBRATES
2. Bivalves are animals that belong to the
phylum Mollusca, a large group of
invertebrate animals. Most bivalves undergo
external fertilization.
Embryo develops into 3 stages:
1. Trochophore
2. Veliger
3. Spat

© F. S. Rikard.

© Samantha Andrews.
VERTIBRATES
1. Fishes and Amphibians reproduce
externally.
- female lays eggs in the water
- male fertilizes these eggs
- after fertilization eggs hatch into larvae
that spend first part of their life as © ZooFari

zooplanktons then grow into adult.

© Narelle Power.
VERTIBRATES
1. Fishes
• Most reproduce sexually through external
fertilization in a process called spawning.
• During spawning
o a female fish releases eggs into the water
o then, a male fish swims over them and
releases sperms.

© Iris Blair
VERTIBRATES
1. Amphibians
• Amphibians are still tied to the water
because it is where they reproduce
• They reproduce sexually by external
fertilization

© Iris Blair
VERTIBRATES
2. Reptiles – Most reptiles such as turtles
and crocodiles, lay eggs on land. In some
species of reptiles, esp. those that are in
cool climates, the developing eggs remain
inside the mother’s body where they can
incubate and are born live, enclosed in a
membrane.

© The Leaders Online.

VERTIBRATES
2. Reptiles
• “Amniote”
• Reptilian eggs are fertilized internally
(protects gamete from drying out on
land)
• Many reptiles are oviparous
• Young hatch from egg laid outside of
mother’s body
• Eggs of these reptiles are not protected
• Some reptiles are ovoviviparous
• Fertilized eggs remain inside female’s © Mphathi Nxumalo.
body
• Eggs of these reptiles are protected
VERTIBRATES
3. Mammals – are homeothermic or warm-
blooded animals. Most mammals give birth to
live young. Mother’s feed their young with
milk that is produce by mammary glands.
a. Monotremes – lays eggs e.g. duct-billed platypus and
echidna.
b. Marsupials – give birth to young that are not fully
developed. These young stays in pouch on their
mother stomach to drink milk until they are mature
enough to leave their mother’s pouch e.g. Kangaroos
and Koalas.
c. Placentals - Placental mammals are also called
viviparous which means the young develop inside the
mother’s body until they are mature enough to be
born and live independently.
- e.g. rats, dolphins, cow, whales, and humans

© Animals Network Team./San Diego Zoo Global/NATALIA PRYANISHNIKOVA/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO

Thank you!

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