Lecture 1: History of Medical Technology
Profession - Section 2 → definition of terms
WHAT IS A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST?
A health care professional who plays
a key role in the modern laboratory –
performs various clinical, laboratory
procedures that helps the physicians to
diagnose, monitor, and treat a certain
human condition.
A healthcare professional who
performs diagnostic analytic tests on body
fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid,
pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as well
as other specimens.
BY HEINEMANN:
• Application of principles
• Performance of laboratory
procedures
• Diagnosis and treatment of diseases
BY ANNE FAGELSON:
• Performance of Laboratory
determinations and analyses
• Diagnosis and treatment of disease
• Maintenance of health
ACCORDING TO “THE PHILIPPINE
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969”
(RA 5527)
Approved June 21, 1969
- by Ferdinand Marcos
- has 32 sections
TECHNOLOGIST
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
An auxiliary branch of laboratory
medicine which deals with the examinations
by various chemical, microscopic,
bacteriologic, and other medical laboratory
procedures or technique.
PATHOLOGIST
A duly registered physician who is
specially trained in methods of medicine, or
the gross examination of tissues, and
function of human body to diagnose certain
disease.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
A person who engages in the work
of medical technology under the supervision
of pathologist and a graduate of bachelor in
medical technology who passed the board
exam. Also regarded as the living clinical
eye.
MEDICAL TECHNICIAN
A person who is a graduate of
bachelor of MedTech but failed to passed
the board exam.
Microscope is regarded as the bread and
butter of MedTech
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MEDICAL
• Ability to solve problems efficiently
• Enjoy challenges and responsibilities
• Perform procedures accurately and
precisely
• Functions well even under pressure
• Able to communicate well
• Likes the sciences and performing
laboratory procedures
• Flexible and a team player
PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A
MEDTECH
A. Good eyesight
B. Caring attitude
C. Normal color vision
HISTORY OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
• Medical Technology in its Earliest
Onset
• 460 BC- Greek physician
Hippocrates the father of scientific
medicine, adopt the triad of regimen,
in treating diseases and infections
with the use of drugs, surgery, and
bloodletting.
• 1550 BC- Vivian Herrick shown the
incidence of intestinal parasitic
infection caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides and Taena species.
 - Ebers Papyrus- a book
that describes the treatment of
diseases and the three stages
hookworm infection.
- Anenzoa- a Arabian physician,
proved that scabies are caused by
parasites.
• During the medieval period (1098-
1438)-urinalysis became a fashion
practice. All these information was
mentioned in the book of Ruth
Williams entitled “An Introduction
to the Profession of Medical
Technology.
• 14th century- Anna Fagelson
strongly confirmed the beginnings of
medtech when she correlated that
the cause of death by Alexander
Gilani, a laboratory worker in the
university of bologna, was due to
laboratory-aquired infection.
HISTORY OF MED. TECH IN THE UNITED
• 17th century- Anton Van
Leuwenhoek invented the first
functional crude microscope. First
scientist to observe and describe the
appearance of red blood cell.
• Marcelo Malphigi- Father of
Pathology and Histology.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH
CENTURY
• 1821-1902- Rudolf Virchow was
recognized as the ‘’father of
microscopic pathology’’ also the first
scientist to emphasized the study
of manifestation of diseases and
infections
• 1850 - DEPT. OF PATHOLOGY
WAS ESTABLISHED
• Dr. Calvin Ellis - was the first to
utilize the microscope in examining
specimen at the Massachusetts
General Hospital.
• Dr. William Occam - used lab
findings as preliminary evidence in
diagnosing and evaluating disease.
• APOTHECARIES ACT of 1815-
initiated by Baron Karl von
Humbeldt. It was formulated for the
regulation of the practice of
apothecaries throughout England
and Wales. It is the beginning of
regulation of the medical profession
in UK.
• Herman Fehling- performed first
quantitative test for urine sugar.
STATES
• The first chemical laboratory
related to medicine was established
at the University of Michigan by Dr.
Douglas. He pioneered laboratory
instruction in this well-equipped
laboratory.
• 1878 - Dr. William H. Welch
established another laboratory at the
Bellevue Hospital Medical
College. He gave the first
laboratory course in Pathology
ever offered in an American Medical
School.
• 1885- Dr. W. Welch became the first
professor of pathology at the John
Hopkins University
• Dr. Simon Flexner the first
pathologist of the John Hopkins
Hospital Department of Pathology
• 1896 - Dr. William Osler – first
clinical laboratory opened at the
John Hopkins Hospital- routine
examination were carried out,
special attention being given to the
search for malarial parasites in
blood.
• 1896- Another clinical laboratory was
also opened at the University of
Pennsylvania (William Pepper
Laboratory).
• Burdon Sunderson- obtain
significant results in his works in
medicine, he initiated the use of
laboratory animals for
experimentation as part of his lab
examination.
• 1896- first clinical laboratory was
opened at John Hopkins Hospital.
• 1908 - Dr. James C. Todd wrote the
book “A Manual of Clinical
Diagnosis”. It was retitled “Clinical
Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in
its 6th edition by Dr. Todd and Dr.
Arthur Sanford. This book became
the standard reference for
laboratories.
 • 1919 census, 100 technicians, all
male employed in the United States.
This increased to 3,500 in 1920. In
1922, 3,035 hospitals had clinical
laboratories.
• 1915, the state legislature of
Pennsylvania enacted a law
requiring all hospitals and institutions
to have an adequate laboratory and
to employ a full time laboratory
technician.
• 1922, University of Minnesota- one
of the first school to trained
laboratory workers. A course bulletin
was titled “ Courses in Medical
Technology for Clinical and
Laboratory Technicians.
• 1923, University of Minnesota first to
offer a degree level program.
• 1940 United States required a 2
year collegiate education and a
twelve-month actual training in the
laboratory for the preparation of its
practice.
• 1950, Standard curriculum was
formalized in preparation for a
Bachelor of Science degree.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
• End of World War II (1939-1945)-
Medical Technology practice was
introduced in the Philippines by the
26th Medical Infantry of the 6th US
Army
• The US Army established the first
Clinical laboratory at Quiricada St.,
Sta. Cruz, Manila where the Manila
Public Health Laboratory (a division
of the Manila Health Department ) is
presently located.
• February 1944 - laboratory (MPHL)
offered training program to high
school graduates.
• June,1945 - US Army left the
Clinical Laboratory and endorsed it
to the National Department of
Health. The Department rendered
the laboratory non-functional for
some time.
• October 1, 1945, Dr. Alfredo Pio
de Roda-organized the Medical
laboratory and was given the name
Public Health Laboratory. He was
assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano
who was then the Manila City Health
officer.
• 1947- training of medical technicians
started under Dr. Pio de Roda and
Dr. Prudencia C. Sta. Ana.
Trainees were mostly highschool
and paramedical graduates. (No
definite period of training was set
and no certificates were given to
trainees.
• 1954, a six-month laboratory training
with certificates upon completion
was given to the trainees. Dr. Sta.
Ana prepared the syllabus for the
training program.
• Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two
doctors in the training program at the
public health laboratory.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Philippine Union College and
Manila Sanitarium offered the
first B.S. degree course in
Medical Technology.
• 1956, Dr. Jesse Umali- first
graduate of B.S. MedTech from
PUC; now OB-Gynecologist in
the USA. He is also the owner of
the Omega Laboratory at Vito
Cruz, Manila.
• Mrs. William Herrick- started to
offer the medical technology
course.
• 5 years curriculum was first offer
to PUC and manila sanitarium.
• 1957, Dr. Antonio Gabriel and
Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes (UST
Faculty of Pharmacy) offered
Medical Technology as an
elective subject to 4th and 5th
year B.S. Pharmacy students.
• Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez
decided to offer MedTech. as a
course at UST.
• June 17, 1957, issuance of
temporary permit to first to third
year students (Dep.Ed.)
• June 1960, issuance of permit
for the internship program.
 • June 14, 1961 - Full recognition
of the 4-year B.S. Medical
Technology course.
• 1960, Mrs. Purificacion
Sunico-Suaco pioneered B.S.
Medical Technology course at
the Centro Escolar University.
Their first graduates was in
1962.
• 1961, Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan
and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano ,
started offering B.S. MedTech at
FEU under the College of
Medicine. Their first graduates
was in 1963.
• U.P. Manila offers similar course
but the degree being conferred is
B.S. Public Health
• Our Lady of Fatima University-
offer the course Medical
technology in the year 2000.
• Postgraduate studies for B.S.
Medical Technology
Among the schools that offered the
course were the following:
- UST Graduate School
- Philippine Women’s University
- Manila Central University
- Our Lady of Fatima University
- Trinity University of Asia
- U.P. Manila offered 1 year, non-thesis
degree in Masters in Public Health
Lecture 2: Philippine Association of
Medical Technologists
PAMET
• National organization of all
registered Medical Technologist in
the Philippines.
• Mr. Crisanto G. Almario “Father of
PAMET” Organized PAMET on
September 15, 1963 at the Manila
Public Health Laboratory in Sta.
Cruz, Manila.
Pioneers of PAMET
1. Mr. Crisanto Almario
2. Mrs. Virginia Cabuen
3. Ms. Josefina Acayan
4. Ms. Josefina Tombo
5. Ms. Clarita Centeno
6. Ms. Bienvenida Cruz
7. Mrs. Cecilia Cabailo
8. Ms. Remedios Manansala
9. Ms. Antonia Geraldez
10. Mrs. Felisa de Leon
11. Ms. Florentina Catanghal
12. Ms. Cecilia Roque (UP)
13. Mr. Jesse Umali (PUC)
14. Mr. Romulo Tabo (PUC)
15. Ms. Juanita Sarmiento (UST)
16. Ms. Corazon Diaz (UST)
17. Mr. Bernardo Tabaosares (FEU)
18. Mr. Santos Sanchez (FEU)
19. Mr. Isabelo Samonte (CEU)
20. Mr. Rodolfo Villaroman
• September 20, 1964 – first National
convention of PAMET held at the
conference hall of the Far Eastern
University Hospital at Morayta St.,
Manila.
•
It was incorporated and registered at
the Securities and Exchange
Commission on October 14, 1969
with Reg. No. 39570, during the
presidency of Mr. Nardito D.
Moraleta.
• On June 21, 1969, R.A. 5527 also
known as the Philippine Medical
Technology Act was enacted into
law.
• On June 22, 1973, P.D.223 was
approved creating the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC).
PAMET was officially recognized as
the only Accredited Professional
Organization (APO) of registered
Medical Technologists in the
Philippines.
PAMET is a national body with forty-six (46)
chapters nationwide totaling to more than
twelve thousand (12,000) members.
PAMET is affiliated with other local
professional associations namely Council Of
Professional Health Associations (COPHA),
Philippine Federation of Professional
Associations (PFPA), Council of Health
Agencies (CHAP), Philippine Council for
Quality Assurance in Clinical Laboratories
(PCQACL) and Alliance of Allied Health
Organizations of the Nation (AAHON).
Internationally, PAMET is affiliated with
ASEAN Association of Clinical Laboratory
Sciences (AACLS), Asian Association of
Medical Laboratory Scientists (AAMLS),
International Federation of Biomedical
Laboratory Scientists (IFBLS) and Asia-
Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
(APFCB), International Federation in
Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), and with link with
PAMET USA and PAMET
The PAMET Insignia
The CIRCLE symbolizes the continuous
involvement where practice and education
must always be integrated
The TRIANGLE is the trilogy of LOVE,
Respect and Integrity
The letters are Green, the color of health
The Microscope and Snake symbolize the
science of Medical Technology profession
The year 1964 was the year of first PAMET
election.
The PAMET Presidents
CHARLEMAGNE T. TAMONDONG
• President for 3 consecutive terms
• Approval of House Bill No. 7682
on May 10, 1965
NARDITO D. MORALETA
• Father of the profession
• Approval of RA5527
• organized the 1st PAMET chapters
outside Manila (Cebu & Baguio)
• Registration of PAMET with the
IAMLT on May 28, 1970.
• Organized the council of MT
Education in 1969.
FELIX E. ASPRER
• The only president who served the
association for 5 years.
• Worked for the approval of PD498
on June 28, 1974.
• Accreditation of PAMET as a
bonafide organization with the PRC
on May 24, 1975.
• Organized more PAMET chapters.
BERNARDO T. TABAOSARES
• Proclaimed the 3rd week of
September as the Philippine Medical
Technology week.
• Amendment of Teves Law.
ANGELINA R. JOSE
• Shortest time of office (8mos.)
• Worked for the upgrading of Medical
Technology profession by raising the
professional number from 20 to 3.
VENERABLE C.V. OCA
• Monthly seminars for the Continuing
Professional Education of Medical
Technologists.
• Monthly medical missions which
offer free lab services to the less
fortunate Filipinos
• Quiz show
CARMENCITA P. ACEDERA
• Intensified civic development of
PAMET thru medical missions.
• Active participation and involvement
of the whole PAMET members in all
of its activities.
• Improvement of the financial status
of the organization.
• Closer coordination between PAMET
and PASMETH for the upliftment of
the profession.
• Publication of the official newspaper
of the association “Lab News” and
the “Philippine Journal of MT”.
• Scholarship projects for the children
of qualified PAMET members.
• Placement programs for medical
technology graduates in clinical
laboratories, in medical companies,
in school and in drug companies.
• Proposal of new staffing pattern for
MedTech’s, salary scheme, hazard
pay, change in the position of the
board of Medical Technology.
MARILYN R. ATIENZA
• Community service programs.
• Publication of the official journal and
membership of PAMET to the
AAMLS.
• Inclusion of MedTech’s to hazard
pay.
NORMA N. CHANG
 • Revision of Medical Technologist
Code of Ethics on May 7, 1997.
• Scholarship of deserving Medical
Technology students sponsored by
Safeguard.
AGNES B. MEDENILLA
• Amendments of RA5527
• House Bill 4742 (Board of MedTech)
SHIRLEY F. CRUZADA
• MOA between DOH-NRL for Drug
Testing Training Workshop
• Graduate scholarship project for
bonafide PAMET members.
LEILA M. FLORENTO
• “beyond expectations”
• 2007-2012
ROMEO JOSEPH J. IGNACIO
• “Golden Celebration”
• 2013-2015
RONALDO PUNO
• “EMPOWERMENT”
• 2015-Present
The Philippine Association of Schools of
Medical Technology and Public Health,
Inc.
PASMETH
• The national organization of all
registered schools of medical
technology in the Philippines.
• Formed in 1970 in the hopes of
maintaining the highest standards of
MT/PH education and to foster
closer relations among these
schools
Goals and Objectives of the
Organization:
1. To encourage a thorough study of
the needs and problems of MT
education and to offer solution for
them;
2. To work for the enhancement and
continuous development of Medical
Technology education in order that
the profession will be of maximum
service to the country;
3. To take a united stand in matters
which affect the interests of Medical
Technology education and;
4. To seek advice, aid and assistance
from any government or private
entity for the fulfillment of the
Association’s aims and purposes.
History of PASMETH
Established/Organized:
• May 13, 1970
• Narciso Albarracin appointed Dr.
Serafin Juliano and Dr. Gustavo
Reyes to organize an association of
Deans/Heads of schools of MT and
hygiene.
First organizational meeting was held at
UST on June 22, 1970.
Pres.: Dr. Gustavo Reyes
V.P: Dr. Serafin Juliano
Sec/Treas: Dr. Velia Trinidad
PRO: Dr. Faustino Sunico
• First annual meeting was held at
UST on May 7, 1971.
• First set of officers was re-elected for
a second term on April 30, 1972.
For SY 1972-73, the elected officers
were:
Pres: Dr. Gustavo Reyes
VP: Dr. Claro Cabrera
Sec/Treas: Dr. Elvira Silva
PRO: Dr. Faustino Sunico
Others who served as PASMETH
presidents:
1. Dr. Ibarra Panopio (1973-1974)
2. Dr. Angelita G. Adeva (1974-1977)
3. Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1977-1980)
4. Dr. Gustavo Reyes (1980-1981)
5. Dr. Claro D. Cabrera (1981-1982)
6. Dr. Elizabeth M. del Rio (1982-1983)
7. Dr. Norma V. Lerma (1983-1984)
8. Dr. Vicencio T. Torres (1984-1985)
9. Prof. Nardito Moraleta (1985-1988)
10. Dean Norma N. Chang (1988-1995)
11. Prof. Rodolfo R. Rabor (1996-2000)
12. Dean Nini F. Lim (2000-2002)
13. Dean Zenaida C. Cajucom (2002-
2010)
14. Dean Magdalena Natividad (2010-
Present)
PASMETH…
It was formally registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission on October 6,
1985 thru the Committee on Legislation
chaired by Mr. Cirilo S. Cajucom with the
help of a legal counsel, Atty. Dexter Bihis.
Lecture 3: INTODUCTION TO MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• aka Medical Laboratory Science,
Clinical Laboratory Science,
Laboratory Medicine
• Refers to the application of
diagnostic, preventive, therapeutic
medicine to monitor and improve the
management of health conditions
Defined by WALTERS (1996)
- a health profession concerned in
performing laboratory analyses in view of
obtaining information necessary in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease as well
as in the maintenance of health.
ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL NOTES:
• 300 BC - Hippocrates decribed
“HUMORS” or “body fluids”, Blood,
phlegm, yellow and black bile
- Bubble formations in urine indicates
chronic kidney disease
- Rufus of Ephesus described HEMATURIA
• 900 AD – Isaac Judaeus authored
“Kitab al baul” (Book of Urine)
describing urine formation,
sediments, and disease correlations.
Father of Nephrology
• 1590’s – Athanasius Kircher
described blood of people infected
with plague contained “worms” -
Marcelo Malphigi, physician of
Pope Innocent XII. Studies
embryology, histology and
physiology of the glands
Triks Picar, RMT
- Jean Baptiste van Helmont introduced
gravimetric analysis of urine in 24-hr urine
specimen
• 17th century – Richard Lower, blood
transfusion
• 18th century – William Hewson
described that clotting of specimen
separates its components, also,
“FIBRINOGEN” as coagulable lymph
• 1854 – John Snow traced that the
outbreak of cholera was due to a
contaminated water
• 1861 – Louis Pasteur discovered the
concepts of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria with PASTEURIZATION.
Also developed a vaccine agains
ANTHRAX in 1881
• 1905 – Robert Koch proposed the
Koch’s Postulates giving him a
Nobel Price for Medicine
Lecture 4: THE CLINICAL LABORATORY
CLINICAL LABORATORY
• A facility subdivided into different
sections where common diagnostic
procedures are done by specialized
health professionals.
 • RA 4688 or Clinical Laboratory Law ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL Requir
of 1966 – aims to ensure the health CHARACTER ed
of the general public by preventing Centrifuge Primary Second
the operation of substandard Non-Hospital Lab ary Lab
Hospital Based Based (Free Hematocyt equipm equipm
laboratories. ometer ent + ent +
standing)
- Assigns the DOH – Bureau of A clinical A laboratory that
Research and Laboratories laboratory that operates on its Microhem Refriger Incubat
nowadays known as Bureau of operates own, outside of a atocrit ator or
Health Facilities and Services within a hospital hospital Minimu centrigue
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 59 S F 2001 m Photom Trip/An
Facilitie Microscop eter alytical
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY s e with Balanc
Requir OIO Water e
CLINICAL ANATOMIC PRIMARY SECON TERTIA ed bath
PATHOLOGY LAB PATHOLOGY DARY RY Hemoglobi Rotator
LAB Routine Primary Second nometer Timer
Hematology Hematolog Laborat ary Serofug
y ory Laborat Diff count (or their e
Chemistry Examin ory cell equivale
Examin Routine ations + Examin counter (or nt) Autocla
Microbiology Surgical ations Urinalysis ations + their ve
Pathology Perfor Routine Special equivalent
Parasitology med Routine Chemist Chemis ) Drying
Immuno Fecalysis ry try oven
Mycology histopathology
Blood Blood Special Biosafe
Clinical Microscopy Cytology Typing Typing Hemato ty
(Hospital and logy cabinet
Immunohematology Autopsy Based) Crossm
Quantitativ atching Immun
Immunoserology Forensic e ology ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 27 S OF 2007
Pathology Platelet and
Laboratory Determina Serolog ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Endocrinology tion y
(Hospital According to According Accdg. To
Toxicology and Based) Microbi Ownership to Function Institution
Therapeutic Drugs ology Character
Monitoring Minimu • Gover • Clini • Insti
m 10 sq. m 20 sq. 60 sq. nment cal tutio
Space m m Path n
 • Privat olog Bas 2. Special Laboratories (Fertility labs, I
e y ed molecular and cellular lab, molecular
biology lab, research facilities) Laboratory Director (Department Head)
• Anat • Fre 3. National Reference Laboratories –
omi e- I
laboratories in government hospitals
c stan
Path ding which has been designated by the Chief of Different Sections (Associate
olog DOH to provide special functions Pathologist)
y and services such as the following:
a. Confirmatory testing I
d. Training and research
ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY Chief Medical Technologist
b. Surveillance
Primary Secondary Tertiary e. Evaluation of kits and reagents
Category Category Category 4. Satellite Testing Sites
Routine Primary Secondary - any testing sites that perform Assistant Chief Medical Technologist
Hematolo Labs + Labs + lab examinations under the
gy I
administrative control of a
Routine Special licensed laboratory but Different Laboratory Sections:
Routine Chemistry Chemistry
outside the physical confines
Urinalysis
Quantitative Special of the institution’s laboratory I
Routine platelet det Hematology 5. Mobile Clinical Laboratory
Hematology
Fecalysis - Any testing unit that moves
Crossmatchi Immunology from one testing site to I
Qualitativ ng (HB) and Serology another.
e Platelet Temporary location Microbiology
det Gram Microbiology
staining/KO - shall be licensed as part of the main I
Blood H (HB) • Aerobi clinical laboratory and is permitted to
typing c (HB) Clinical Chemistry
collect specimens only
(HB) • Anaero
bic - shall be allowed to operate only w/I I
(NHB) 100km radius from the min
laboratory Blood Bank
PROFESSIONALS WITHIN THE CLINICAL
ADDITIONAL NOTES LABORATORY I

1. Limited-Service Capability ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Immunology / Serology

(Dialysis centers, social hygiene
Hospital Administrator I
clinics)
 Clinical Microscopy - Responsible for the day-to-
day operation of the
I laboratory
- Responsible for setting
Histopathology
personnel standards,
establishing training and
evaluation procedures,
Medical Technologist Supervisor of different establishing appropriate
sections quality control programs, and
observing and documenting
I
employee performance and
Staff Medical Technologist competence.
• General Supervisor/ Department
I Head
- Responsible for the quantity
Laboratory technician
and quality of work
performed in his/her
I
department
Laboratory Nurse - Responsible for training
employees and for evaluating
I 9. Good intellect
employee performance.
• Testing Personnel/ Bench
Laboratory Aide
Technologist
MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL - Individuals who actually
perform the laboratory
• Laboratory Director
analyses.
-Pathologist
Qualifications for Medical Technologist
-Medical doctors
(MT) / Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS)
-Doctoral scientist
-Doctors of Osteopathy • has a baccalaureate degree from a
-has ultimate responsibility for all college or university
laboratory operations • Has completed specified clinical
• Laboratory Manager training in an accredited Medical
- usually someone educated in Technology program.
the laboratory sciences and • Individuals must also pass the
with additional business or National Examination (Medical
management training.
Technology Board Licensure
Examination)
• Laboratory Technician / Med. Lab.
Technician
- Assist MedTech. in the
performance of different
laboratory assays.
• Phlebotomist
- Perform blood extractions
MEDICAL LABORATORY
PROFESSIONALS
1. Dedication
2. Cooperation
3. Neatness
4. Caring attitude
5. Physical stamina
6. Good eyesight
7. Normal color vision
8. Manual dexterity
10. Aptitude for biological sciences
11. Communication skills
12. Honesty
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
• International – American Association
of Clinical Laboratory Science
(ASCLS); formerly American Society
for Medical Technology (ASMT)
• Local – Professional Regulation
Commission Ethics Committee /
PAMET Ethics Committee
• Prescribed code of conduct and
behavior
PRIVACY / CONFIDENTIALITY
 • Patient information is confidential. It
must only be discussed with health
care employees who are directly
related to the case and who have a
“need to know”
• Test results should not be discussed
with patients, their relatives, or other
inappropriate persons
• Test results should be reported only
to the physician or other appropriate
designated employee.
• The employee must be professional,
courteous and considerate of
patients.
• Laboratory analyses must be
performed carefully and
accurately, using the best
techniques available.
Lecture 5: Factors affecting the Demand
for Health Services in the Philippines
Income
Higher families tend to have higher
actual use of health services because they
are able to afford the cost. But since they
can also afford preventive care, they are
able to reduce their real need for health
services. This is the so-called double effect
of income.
Price
Price has a negative effect on the
demand for health care. Although total
demand for health care was found in
several studies to be not so responsive to
price changes, selection of the source of
health care services was observed to be
influenced by the price factor. For example,
Heller discovered that the decision to use or
not to use public facilities was affected by
the price of private health care.
Health Insurance
Aside from reducing the net price of
health care, insurance may be viewed as a
method of financing the demand for health
care. It not only reduces the cost of care, it
also increases the family’s ability to secure
health services. Therefore, health insurance
is expected to raise the utilization and
expenditure of health care.
Age
The incidence of illness varies with
age, so does the need for health care. The
presence of children and elderly persons in
the family raises the frequency of illness,
which in turn increases the use of health
services.
Sex
To isolate the effect of sex on
demand, factors such as age and health
status are considered in a model
specification. However, attempts to do so
yielded weak results; only marginal
differences in usage were detected.
Family Size
The effect of family size on the use
of health services is unpredictable. A large
family has a higher frequency of illness
since it has more potential patients.
Education
Greater amount of education may
enable a person to recognize early
symptoms of illness, resulting in the
patient’s greater willingness to seek early
treatment. The patient spends more for
preventive services and less for curative
services.
Health Knowledge and Beliefs
An individual’s health, knowledge
and beliefs affect his efficiency in
maintaining personal health through dietary,
hygienic, and preventive.
Health Need
Demand for health care is based
upon felt needs. Doctors assess whether
felt needs are actual needs. Some turn out
to be so. Self-perceived need determines
whether or not an individual is in the market
for health care. It is the immediate cause of
decision to seek medical care.
Distance of source of Health care
Distance has been the most studied
hindrance to the use of health facility. The
more distant a facility is from potential
users, the less likely it is to be visited.
Note: Reflective of this concern are such
questions as:

1. Are the economic factors that affect

demand for health care services as
significant as the non-economic
factors?
2. How responsive is the demand for
health care services to changes in
the price of health care?
3. How does this responsiveness vary
across income classes?