LEARNING

JOURNEY

FUNCTIONS
The learner…
1. represents real-life situations using functions,
including piece-wise functions.
2. evaluates a functions.
Learning
3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
Competencies and composition of functions.
4. solves problems involving functions.

RELATION
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of
first coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates.

The list and the set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is
paired with a number.

Letter Number
I 4
L 5
O 6
V 4
E 8
M 2
T 6
C 3

{(I,4),(L,5),(O,6),(V,4),(E,8),(M,2),(T,6),(C,3)}

The domain is {I, L, O, V, E, M, T, C} and the range is {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}. Note that for
each letter there corresponds exactly one number. This is a special kind of relation called
function.
 FUNCTION
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds
to exactly one element of the range.

Which of the following relations are functions?

a.) *( )( )( )( )+

b.) *( )( )( )( )( )+

c.) *( )( )( ) ( ) +

SOLUTION: The relations and are functions because no two ordered pairs have the
same -value but different -values, while is not a function because ( ) and ( ) are
ordered pairs with the same -value but different -values.

Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

X Y X Y
𝑓
5 11 1 19
2 8 23
1 21 7 11
7 4 17
0 6 4 13

X Y
𝑔
3
6 1
2
4 7
9

SOLUTION: The relations 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions because each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 corresponds to unique
𝑦 ∈ 𝑌. The relation is not function because there is at least one element in 𝑋 for which
there imore than one corresponding 𝑦-value. For example, 𝑥 corresponds to 𝑦 or
. Similarly, 𝑥 corresponds to both 𝑦 or .
 THE VERTICAL LINE TEST
A graph represents a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the
graph in more than one point.

Which of the following graphs can be graphs of functions?

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

SOLUTION: Graphs (a), (d), (e) are functions while (b) and (c) are not because they do not
pass the vertical line test.

THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

The domain of a function is the set of all values of the independent
variable for which the function is defined. If 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑓, 𝑓 is
defined at 𝑥. The range of a function is the set of all values assumed bu the
dependent variable 𝑦.
Which of the following represents a function? Find its domain and range.

a.)

b.)

SOLUTION: Solve each equation. Express in terms of . If two or more values of y can be
obtained for a given , the equation is not a function.

a.) Write the original equation.

Subtract from both sides.

From this equation, you can see that for each value of , there is one and only one value for
. For example, if , then . The equation defines as a function of .

Next, find its domain and range.

Note that the value of will always be real no matter what the value of is. Therefore, the
domain of the relation is the set of real numbers. In symbols,

Domain = * | ∈ R + or * is any element of R}

To find the range, solve for . Solving for , we obtain

Write the original equation.

Subtract from both sides.
√ Subtract from both sides.

Notice that in this case will only be real if the expression on the other side is real. This
implies that the radicand, must be nonnegative. That is, must be greater than or
equal to zero. In symbols,

or .

Therefore, the range is the set of real numbers less than or equal to 4. In symbols, we write

Range = * | +.

b.) Write the original equation.

Subtract from both sides.
√ Apply the square root method.
 The symbol indicates that to a given value of there corresponds two values of .
For example, if , then √ √ . Hence, the equation does not define as
a function of .

A. Fill in each blank to make a true statement.

1. Suppose that a set of ordered pairs has no pairs having the same first coordinates. Such
a set is called a/an ________________________ .

2. A method of determining whether or not a graph represents a function is called the

__________________________ .
3. The symbol ( ) is read as________________________ .

4. For the function *( ) ( )( )+, the set * + is called the ________________

and the set * + is called the ________________.

5. The domain of ( ) √ is ________________________ .

B. Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Give the domain and range of each
relation.

1. *( )( )( )( )+

2. *( )( )( )( )+

3. *( )( )( )( )+

4. *( )( )( )( )+

5. *( )( )( )( )+

C. Find the domain and range of each relation.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( ) √

4. ( )

5. ( ) √
 FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATION OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

Functions can often be used to model real-life situations. Identifying an appropriate

functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Solve the following problems.

a.) Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying meals, if one meal costs P 40.

SOLUTION: Since each meal costs P 40, then the cost function is ( ) .

b.) One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river
(see figure). Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of
.

River

Figure 1.1

SOLUTION: The area of the rectangular enclosure is . We will write this as a

function of . Since only 100m of fencing is available, then or
Thus, ( ) ( ) .
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.

Solve the following problems:

a.) A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free
text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as a function of the number of messages sent in a month.

SOLUTION: Let ( ) represent the amount paid by the consumer each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function

if <𝑚
𝑡 (𝑚 )
𝑚 if 𝑚 >

b.)A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer
kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in
terms of the distance in kilometers.

SOLUTION: The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
( ) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as
follows:
if < 𝑑
𝑡 (𝑚 ) ⌊𝑑 ⌋ if 𝑑 >
The symbol ⌊ ⌋ denotes the greatest integer or floor function applied to . The floor
function gives the largest integer less than or equal to , e.g. ⌊ ⌋ ⌊ ⌋ .
 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case ,
with a value from the function’s domain and computing for the result. To denote that we
are evaluating at for some in the domain of , we write ( ).

A. Evaluate the following functions at .

a.) ( )

b.) ( )

c.) ( ) √

d.) ( )

SOLUTION: Substituting 2 for in the functions above, we have

a.) ( ) ( )

b.) ( ) ( ) ( )

c.) ( ) √ ( ) √ √

d.) ( )
( )

B. Evaluate ( ) at ( +3) .

SOLUTION: To evaluate ( ) replace all the in ( ) with ( ):

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

SUM, DIFFERENCE, PRODUCT, AND QUOTIENT OF FUNCTIONS

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two functions.
𝑓
The sum 𝑓 𝑔, difference 𝑓 𝑔, product 𝑓 𝑔, and quotient are
𝑔
functions whose domains are the set of all real numbers common to the
domain of 𝑓 and 𝑔, and defined as follows:

a.) Sum : (𝑓 𝑔)(𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)

b.) Difference : (𝑓 𝑔)(𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)
c.) Product : (𝑓 𝑔)(𝑥 ) 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
d.) Quotient: (𝑥 ) , where 𝑔(𝑥) ≠
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

A. Let ( ) and ( ) , find

a.) c.)

b.) d.)

SOLUTION:

a.) ( ) ( ) c.) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

b.) ( ) ( ) d.) 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)

( ) ( ) 𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥
𝑥

B. Determine the following functions.

 ( )  𝑝 (𝑥 ) 𝑥
 ( )  𝑡(𝑥)
𝑥
 𝑣 (𝑥 ) 𝑥 𝑥
 ( )
a.) ( )( ) c.) ( )

b.) ( )( ) d.)( )( )

SOLUTION:

a.) ( )( ) ( ) c.) (𝑥) 𝑥

𝑡
𝑥
( )( ) 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
( ) ( ) 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥

𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥

b.) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) d.) (𝑝 𝑡)(𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 )

𝑥
( 𝑥 )
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions. The composite function, denoted by
(𝑓 °𝑔 )(𝑥 ) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
The process of obtaining a composite function is called function
composition.

Given ( ) and ( ) , find the following

a.) (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥)

b.) (𝑔 ° 𝑓)(𝑥)

SOLUTION:

a.) Because (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥) means ( ( )), we must replace each occurrence of in the
function by ( ).

( ) Given equation for 𝑓

𝑓 ° 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) (𝑔(𝑥)) Replace 𝑥 by 𝑔(𝑥)
( ) Replace ( ) by
Multiply

Thus, (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥 ) 𝑥

b.) (𝑔 ° 𝑓)(𝑥) means ( ( )). Hence, we must replace each occurrence of in the function
by ( ).

( ) Given equation for 𝑓

(𝑔 ° 𝑓 )(𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) (𝑓(𝑥)) Replace 𝑥 by 𝑓(𝑥)

( ) Replace ( ) by
 Multiply

Thus, (𝑔 ° 𝑓 )(𝑥 ) 𝑥

A. Provide a real-world example or scenario that can be expressed as a relation that is

not a function.
B. Provide a real-life scenario that can be modeled by a linear function.

C. Given ( ) , find the following:

1.) ( )

2.) (√ )

3.)

4.) ( )

5.) ( )

C. Determine the following functions:

 ( )  𝑝(𝑥) 𝑥
 ( )
𝑥
 ( )  𝑡(𝑥) 𝑥

1.) ( )( )

2.) ( )( )

3.) ( )( )

4.) ( ⁄ )( )

D. Given ( ) , ( ) , ( ) and ( ) , , find the following

1.) (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥) 2.) (𝑔 ° 𝑓)(𝑥) 3.) (𝑣 ° 𝑡)(𝑥) 4.) (𝑡 ° 𝑣)(𝑥)

MATH MIRROR 1
 REFLECTION: HOW WELL I UNDERSTAND

How am I going to apply the concept of functions in life?

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 SELF REMARKS

What are the weaknesses I encountered in understanding the topic? How am I going
to surpass those?
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What part of the topic I really understand well? How am I going to improve it?
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 Points to Clarify and Why
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