Heat and the first law of

thermodynamics

A thunderstorm is driven by the violent collision of warm air with cooler air.

1
 Outline

Chapter SPCIFIC
DEFINITION 18.1 18.6
(18) HEAT OF
OF HEAT
SOLIDS AND
FLUIDS

18.7

LATENT HEAT AND PHASE

TRANSITIONS

2
 Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Identify heat.
2. Identify the specific heat of various materials of
solid and fluid.
3. Explain phase transition.
4. Define the latent heat.
5. Differentiate between the latent heat of fusion and
the latent heat of vaporization.

3
 First Law of Thermodynamics

1 This chapter examines the nature of heat.

2 Heat is a form of energy that is transferred into or out of a system.

3 Heat is governed by a more general form of the law of conservation

of energy, known as the First Law of Thermodynamics.

4 Heat is essential to life processes; no life could exist on earth without

heat from the sun or from the earth’s interior.

4
 Definition of Heat

What is heat ?
❖ Heat is one of the most common forms of energy in the universe, and we
all experience it every day.
❖ Heat is energy in transfer: to or from an object.
❖ It’s symbol is Q and it is measured by Joules = J.
❖ Heat is the reason substances change from:
Solids liquids gases
❖ Heat always flows from high temperatures to low temperatures.
 Definition of Heat

• A cup of water at 20 °C (temperature of sample Ts) is

placed in a room on a hot day 30°C (temperature of
environment Te ).
• The cup gains heat energy (Q) and heats up.
• Its temperature increases until it reaches the
temperature of the air in the room.
If thermal energy is transferred into a system, then Q > 0.

• A cup of water at 20 °C (temperature of sample Ts) is

placed in a room on a cold day 10°C (temperature of
environment Te ).
• The cup loses heat energy (Q) and cools down.
• Its temperature decrease until it reaches the
temperature of the air in the room.
If thermal energy is transferred from a system, then Q < 0
 Definition of Heat

• A cup of water at 20 °C (temperature of sample Ts) is

placed in a room at 20°C (temperature of environment
Te ).
• The cup neither gains not loses heat energy (Q).
• Its temperature remains 20 °C.
If the system and its environment have the same
temperature, then Q = 0.

• If Ts ≠ Te , then the temperature of the system changes until it is equal to

the temperature of the environment (thermal equilibrium).
• At thermal equilibrium, the water, the cup, and the air in the room are all
at the same temperature.
 Definition of Heat

1 What does a positive value for Q mean?

2 When does heat transfer between a system and its environment?

3 What is the meaning of thermal equilibrium?

 Specific Heat of Solids and Fluids

Heat capacity (C):-

Is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a substance 1°C.

Heat
(J)
Q
Heat capacity C=
∆T
change in temperature
(K) Or (°C)
The SI unit of heat capacity is: (J/K) or (J/ °C )

Notice: the abbreviation of heat capacity is capital letter C

 Specific Heat of Solids and Fluids

Specific heat (c):-

Is the amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1Kg of substance
by 1°C.

Q = c m ∆T
Where
Q: heat (J)
M: mass of substance (Kg)
∆T: change in temperature (K or °C) which is equal to 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 , final temperature
minus initial temperature
c: specific heat [(J/kg.K) or (J/kg.°C)]

Notice: the abbreviation of heat capacity is small letter c.

 Specific Heat of Solids and Fluids
• The specific heats of various materials are given in the table.
 Extra Exercise

Q1: You have 2.00 kg of water at a temperature of 20.0 °C. How much
energy is required to raise the temperature of that water to 95.0 °C?

Ans: The energy required to warm 2.00 kg of water from 20.0 °C to 95.0 °C is:

= 628.5𝑘𝐽
There is no need to convert °C to K
because the difference in temperature
cwater From table
of both scales are the same. 𝛥TC = 𝛥TK

12
 Extra Exercise

Q2: A certain amount of heat will warm 1g of material A by 3 ˚C and 1g of

material B by 4˚C.
Find the ratio between their specific heats?

𝒄𝑨 𝟑
a) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟒

𝒄𝑨 𝟒
b) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟑

𝒄𝑨
c) 𝒄𝑩
=1

𝒄 𝟕
d) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟒

13
 Extra Exercise

Q2: A certain amount of heat will warm 1g of material A by 3 ˚C and 1g of

material B by 4˚C.
Find the ratio between their specific heats?

𝒄𝑨 𝟑
a) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟒

𝒄𝑨 𝟒
b) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟑

𝒄𝑨
c) 𝒄𝑩
=1

𝒄 𝟕
d) 𝒄𝑩
=
𝟒

14
Concept Check 18.1

Suppose you raise the temperature of:

copper block 1 from –10 °C to +10 °C, copper block 2 from +20
°C to +40 °C, and copper block 3 from +90 °C to +110 °C.
Assuming that the blocks have the same mass, to which one did you
add the most heat?

A. block 1
B. block 2
C. block 3
D. All of the blocks received the same amount of heat.

Chapter 1 15
Concept Check 18.1

Suppose you raise the temperature of:

copper block 1 from –10 °C to +10 °C, copper block 2 from +20
°C to +40 °C, and copper block 3 from +90 °C to +110 °C.
Assuming that the blocks have the same mass, to which one did you
add the most heat?

A. block 1
B. block 2
C. block 3
D. All of the blocks received the same amount of heat.

Ans: D (as the blocks are all the same material with the same rise in temperature).

Chapter 1 16
 Extra Exercise

Q3: 5.00 kg of some liquid at 10.0C is mixed with 1.00 kg of the same liquid at
40.0C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? Ignore any heat flow between
the containers and/or surroundings.

A. 12.0C
B. 15.0C
C. 18.0C
D. 25.0C

17
 Extra Exercise

Q3: 5.00 kg of some liquid at 10.0C is mixed with 1.00 kg of the same liquid at
40.0C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? Ignore any heat flow between
the containers and/or surroundings.

A. 12.0C
❖ SOLUTION:
B. 15.0C If the heat gained by 5kg of liquid is + Q1 and
C. 18.0C the heat lost by 1kg of liquid is – Q2.
At thermal equilibrium the total amount of
D. 25.0C heat is zero so
𝑸𝟏 = − 𝑸𝟐
or
𝑸𝟏 +𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒎𝟏 𝒄𝟏 ∆𝑻𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎
Same liquid 𝑐1 = 𝑐2
5 𝑇𝑓 − 10 + 1 𝑇𝑓 − 40 = 0
6𝑇𝑓 = 90
𝑇𝑓 = 15C
18
Sample Problem 18.1 Water and Lead p 242

PROBLEM:
A metalsmith pours 3.00 kg of lead shot at a temperature of 94.7 °C
into 1.00 kg of water at 27.5 °C in an insulated container.
What is the final temperature of the mixture?

19
 Sample Problem 18.1 Water and Lead p 242
SOLUTION:
■ The sum of the heat lost by the lead shot and the heat gained by the water is zero,
because the process took place in an insulated container and because the total
energy is conserved. 𝑄 = 𝑐 𝑚∆𝑻
𝑚𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 3𝑘𝑔, 𝑇𝑖,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 94.7℃, 𝑇𝑓,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑇, 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.129𝑘𝐽/(𝑘𝑔𝐾)

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 ∆𝑻𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅

= 0.129 × 3 × (𝑇 − 94.7)= 0.387(𝑇 − 94.7)

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑘𝑔, 𝑇𝑖,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 27.5℃, 𝑇𝑓,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇, 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.19 𝑘𝐽/(𝑘𝑔𝐾)

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑻𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

= 4.19 × 1 × (𝑇 − 27.5)= 4.19(𝑇 − 27.5)

At thermal equilibrium the total amount of heat is zero

0.387(𝑇 − 94.7)+ 4.19 𝑇 − 27.5 = 0

0.38𝑇 − 35.986 + 4.19𝑇 − 115.22 = 0
4.57𝑇 = 151.206 → 𝑇 = 33.1℃ 20
 Latent Heat and Phase Transition

The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

• If enough heat is added to a solid, it melts into a liquid.

• If enough heat is added to a liquid, it vaporizes into a gas.

• These are phase changes, or phase transitions.

 0C 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
-1C
-3C

After some time After some time

0C
Why is the temperature is not changing while we
continue giving heat? 0C
Where did the heat that was given to the ice go?
Where is the heat getting hidden?
What will happen if we continue heating?

After some time After some time

22
 100C 𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
60C

22C

After some time After some time

100C
100C

Why is the temperature not changing while we continue

giving heat??
Where does the heat that was given to the water go?
Where is the heat getting hidden?
What will happen if we continue heating?

After some time After some time

23
 Latent Heat and Phase Transition

100 °C
Latent heat (L):-
It is the quantity of heat released
or absorbed when a substance
changes its physical phase at 100 °C
constant temperature.
0 °C

0 °C
 Latent Heat and Phase Transition

Latent Heat

Latent heat of fusion, Lfusion Latent heat of vaporization, Lvaporization

A change of phase of a A change of phase of a substance

substance from solid to liquid from liquid to gas at same
at the same temperature. temperature.

The SI unit of latent heat is (J/Kg).

The latent heat of fusion for a given substance is different from the latent heat
of vaporization for that substance.
 Latent Heat and Phase Transition

• Latent heat of various materials are given in the table.

26
Sample Problem

How much heat, Q, is required to change the phase of 0.5 kg of water at

100 °C from liquid to gas?

Hint: The Latent heat of vaporization of water is 2260 kJ/kg.

27
Sample Problem

How much heat, Q, is required to change the phase of 0.5 kg of water at

100 °C from liquid to gas?

Hint: The Latent heat of vaporization of water is 2260 kJ/kg.

The heat required for vaporization at 100 °C is:

28
The END
OF
CHAPTER
(18)
29