Preliminary Design, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Bridge

Components

5. SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.1 Preliminary Design of Superstructure

Since linear waterway is of 40m, we choose two RCC T-beam girder for superstructure of span
20m each.

Fig. Cross-section

Fig. Longitudinal Section

As per IRC codes, we have done the preliminary design of T-beam girder as given in table:
 S.N. Description Preliminary Size
1 Effective span of T-beam bridge 25m
2 Total length of bridge m
3 Clear width of carriage way 6m
4 Kerb width (both side, pedestrians are 1200 mm
allowed)
5 RCC post with Railings 150 mm x150 mm at 1.5m interval
with three 48.3 mm dia. railings
6 Wearing coat 50mm at edge and 110mm at crown
with 2% chamber
7 Kerb height above pavement 250mm
8 Kerb type full safety ensured
9 Total kerb height above deck slab 300mm
10 Clear depth of Longitudinal girders 1600 mm
11 Width of longitudinal girder 300mm
12 Width of cross girder 250mm
13 Clear depth of cross girder 1200 mm at intermediate, 800mm
at end
14 Deck slab thickness 215 mm
15 Cantilever slab 365 mm at girder face; linearly
varying ends in 150mm
16 Total overall depth of the super structure 1900mm excluding parapet wall
17 c/c spacing of longitudinal girders 2600mm
18 c/c spacing of cross girders 4000mm
19 clear distance of cantilever span from face 950mm
of girder
20 Grade of concrete M25
21 Grade of steel Fe415
22 Poisson’s ratio 0.15

As per IRC 6 – 2014, following unit weight are adopted for calculation of dead loads and live
loads:

Asphalt concrete = 22 KN/m3

Concrete (Cement- reinforced) = 25 KN/m3

And partial safety factor (Strength) are:

Dead load = 1.35
Surfacing = 1.75
 Live load = 1.5

5.2 Cantilever Slab

 Fig. Cantilever slab with dead and live load (class A)

5.2.1 Analysis of Cantilever Slab

5.2.1.1 Dead Load
1. Weight of railing = (16×0.15× 0.15 × 1.025 × 25 + 25 ×3 × 0.0437) x 1.35/25
= 0.675 KN/m (load acts at 1.625m from tip)

2. Weight of Wearing Course = Average thickness x Width x Unit Weight x γ f

= 0.08 x 0.4 x 22 x 1.75
= 1.232 KN/m (Acts @ 0.2 m from rigid support)
3. Weight of kerb= 1.4 x 0.3 x 25 x 1.35
= 14.175 KN/m (Load acts @ 1.1 m from the tip)
1. Weight of slab = 1/2 x 1.8x 0.165 x 25 x 1.35 = 5.012 KN/m triangular part
= 1.8 x 0.2 x 25 x 1.35 = 12.15 KN/m rectangular part

The total maximum moment due to dead load per meter width of cantilever slab is computed as
in the following table, using details from above figure.

Table 1: Bending Moment

S.No Dead load shear force
Component Lever arm (m) B.M(KN-m)
. per m run
1 Railing 0.675 1.675 1.131
Wearing
2 Course 1.232 0.2 0.246
3 Kerb 14.175 1.1 15.592
4 Rect. Slab 12.15 0.9 10.935
5 Tri. Slab 5.012 0.6 3.0072
  Total 33.244   30.9112
5.2.1.2 Maximum Moment due to Live Load
Since, this bridge has 6m of carriage way, as per IRC we have to apply 70R load or 2-lane class
A load. But in context of Nepal, for local bridge, class A and 70R loads are applied. For class
AA load, clearance between end of kerb and loaded wheel, it must be minimum of 1.2m. But in
our case, clearance is only 0.35m from end of cantilever, we only apply class A load whose
minimum clearance is 0.15m.
Effective width of dispersion be is computed using,
l
be = (1.2x + bw) ≤
3
Where, be = effective width
x = distance of the center of gravity of the concentrated load from the face of the cantilever
support = 0.25/2=0.125m
bw = 0.25+(2*0.08) = 0.41m

l 1.8
= =0.6 m
3 3

∴ be =( 1.2∗0.125 ) +0.41=0.56 ≤ 0.6 ok

Adopting, b e =0.56 m

Average load x wheel lenth x IF x γ f

Now, maximum live load per m width including impact =
w x b ef
57
∗0.25∗1.145∗1.5 4.5
= 0.5 , IF=
6+ L
0.56
(for class A load, L is the span of bridge)
= 87.41 KN acts at 0.125m from support
Kerbs, 0.6m or more in width, shall be designed for the lateral force of 750kg per meter at the
top of kerb

Maximum Pedestrian load per metre width=7.5 KN acts at 1.1 from support

Maximum bending moment due to live load = 87.41*0.125+7.5*1.1

= 19.176 KNm

Therefore, total maximum bending moment at face of main girder = 30.9112+19.176

 = 50.0872 KNm

Maximum transverse bending moment in the direction of traffic = (0.2xBMDL) + (0.3xBMLL)

= (0.2x30.9112) + (0.3x50.0872)

= 21.2084 KNm

5.2.2 Design of Cantilever Slab

5.2.2.1 Reinforcement

M
Effective depth required (d) =
√ 0.36∗0.48∗( 1−0.42∗0.48 )∗f ck∗b

50.0872∗106
=
√ 0.36∗0.48∗( 1−0.42∗0.48 )∗25∗1000
= 120.51 mm
Provide 25mm clear cover and 10 mm ∅ bar,
Effective depth provided, dprovided = 200-25-5 =170 mm > 120.51 mm
OK.

5.2.2.2 Main reinforcement

f y∗A st
Mu=0.87∗f y∗A st∗ d− ( f ck∗b )
On solving we get, A st =894.0908 m2
Provide 12 mm ∅ bar @ 120mm c/c.

A ∅∗1000 π ¿ 122∗1000 2
Ast provided = = =942.48 mm
120 4∗120
Astmin = 0.12% of bD

=0.12*1000*365/100

=438<942.48mm2 ok
5.2.2.3 Transverse reinforcement
f y∗A st
M =0.87∗f y∗A st∗ d −( f ck∗b )
M=21.2084 kNm

On solving we get, A st =358.053 m 2

Astmin = 0.12% of bD

=438mm2 > A st

Provide 12 mm ∅ bar @250mm c/c

Temperature Reinforcement

According to provision stated in IRC 21-2000: Cl.305.17.4, for cantilever slab, minimum
reinforcement of 4 nos. of 16 mm ф HYSD bars shall be provided parallel to the free
edge @ 150 mm spacing at the tip divided equally between the top and the bottom
surfaces.

5.2.2.4 Check for Shear failure

Cantilever slab designed by effective width method is not necessary to check for Shear. (IRC 21-
2000 Cl. 305.16.2)
5.3 Restrained Slab
The slab is supported on four sides by beams.
Thickness of slab (H) =215 mm
Thickness of wearing course (D) = 80 mm
Span in transverse direction = 2600 mm
Effective span in the transverse direction = 2600 – 300 =2300 mm
Span in longitudinal direction = 25000 mm (Providing 7 cross beams)
Effective span in the longitudinal direction = 3570 – 250 = 3320 mm
Deck slab is designed using Pigeaud’s Method.

5.3.1 Analysis of Restrained Slab

5.3.1.1 Maximum bending moment due to dead load

Volume of 2.3m*3.32m Load, Maximum

S.No. Description
slab panel KN load, KN
1 Wearing Course (0.08 m) 0.61088 13.44 23.52
2 Slab (0.215m) 1.642 41.05 55.4175
  Total     78.94

Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Pigeaud’s curve will be used to
get influence coefficients to compute moments.
Ratio K =short span / Long span = 2.3/3.32 =0.693
1/K = 1.443
From Pigeaud’s curve, m1 for K = 0.693, m1 = 0.048
m2 for 1/K = 1.443 , m2 = 0.024
Maximum bending moment along short span (M1) = (m1+μm2)*P*0.8
= (0.048+0.15*0.024) * 78.94 * 0.8
= 3.259KNm
Maximum bending moment along longer span (M2) = (m2+μm1)*P*0.8
= (0.024+0.15*0.048) * 78.94 * 0.8
= 1.971 KNm
5.3.1.2 Live load B.M. due to IRC Class A tracked vehicle

Fig. Class A tracked located for Maximum Moment on Deck Slab

Impact factor fraction =0.145 (IRC 6 cl. 208.2)

Width of load spread along short span, u = 0.5+ (2*0.08) = 0.66m
Width of load spread along long span, v = 0.25+ (2*0.08) = 0.41m
Using Pigeaud’s curves,
For K = 0.7, m1= 0.17
m2= 0.15
For K=0.6, m1= 0.175
m2= 0.14
u v
By using interpolation, we get, for K=0.693, =0.2869 and =0.1234
B L
m1= 0.17035
m2= 0.1493
BENDING MOMENT DUE TO LIVE LOAD

BM due to Wheel I

Live load due to wheel I = Avg. load x IF x γf

= 114/2 x 1.145 x1.5= 97.8975kN

∴ From Pigeaud’s curve, Influence coefficients m1 = 0.17035 & m2 = 0.1493

i. Bending Moment in shorter span = (m1+μm2) Wx0.8

= (0.17035 + 0.15x0.1493) x97.8975x0.8

=15.0954kN-m

ii. Bending Moment in longer span = (m2+μm1) Wx0.8

 = (0.1493+0.15x0.17035) x97.8975x0.8

=13.694KN-m

BM due to Wheel II

Here the wheel load is placed asymmetrically with respect to the XX axis of the slab
panel. But Pigeaud’s curves have been derived for loads symmetrical about the center. Hence
we use an approximate device to overcome the difficulty. We imagine that the load to occupy
an area placed symmetrically on the panel and embracing the actual area of loading, with
intensity of loading equal to that corresponding to the actual load. We then determine the
moments in the two desired directions for this imaginary loading. Then we deduct the
moment for a symmetrical loaded area beyond the actual loaded area. Half of the resulting
value is taken as the moment due to the actual loading.

For Patch I

u 0.5+2 x 0. 08
= =0.2869
B 2. 3

0.25
L
= (
v 2∗ 1.2+
2 )
+2∗0.08
=0.8464
3.32
 k=0.693

m1=0.10758

m2=0.0413

97.8975
Intensity of load (i)= =361.779 kN/m2
0. 41 x 0. 66

WI=361.779x 2.81 x 0.66 = 670.955KN

BM in shorter span = (m1+μm2) WIx0.8 = (0.10758+ 0.15 x 0.0413) x 670.955 x 0.8

= 61.071 kN-m

BM in longer span = (m2+μm1) WI x0.8 = (0.0413 + 0.15 x 0.10758) x 670.955x 0.8

= 30.831 kN-m

For Patch II

u 0.5+2 x 0.0 8
= =0.2869
B 2.3

0.25
L
= (
v 2∗ 1.2−
2 )
+2∗0.08
=0.6957
3.3 2

k=0.693

m1=0.11893

m2=0.04823

97.8975
Intensity of load (i)= =361.779 kN/m2
0.41 x 0.66

WI=361.779x 2.31 x 0.66 = 551.568KN

BM in shorter span = (m1+μm2) Wx0.8 = (0.11893+ 0.15 x 0.04823) x 551.568 x0.8

= 55.671 kN-m

BM in longer span = (m2+μm1) Wx0.8 = (0.04823 + 0.15 x 0.11893) x 551.568 x0.8

 = 29.154 kN-m

i. BM in shorter span= ½ x (BM of patch I – BM of patch II) = (61.071-55.671) x0.5=2.7 kN-m

ii. BM in longer span= ½ x (BM of patch I – BM of patch II) = (30.831-29.154)x0.5=0.8385 kN-

m

∴ Designed BM along shorter span due to LL + DL = (15.0954+2.7)+3.259 =21.0544 kN-m

∴ Designed BM along shorter span due to LL + DL = (13.694+0.8385)+1.971 = 16.5035 kN-m

5.3.1.6 Maximum Shear Force due to Dead Load

5.3.1.6.1 Shear force due to dead load
From above table, total dead load due to wearing course and deck slab =78.94 KN
78.94
Maximum shear force due to dead load = =39.47 KN
2

5.3.1.6.2 Shear force due to live load

5.3.1.6.2.2 Shear force due to IRC class A loading

Effective width of the slab,

( al )+ b
b ef =a . α . 1− 1

b 2.3
We have, = =0.693
l 3.32
From table of IRC 21:2000 cl.305.16.2, α =1.9516 ( for continious slab )

For Wheel I
a= the distance of center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support =
0.08+0.215+0.25 = 0.545m,
l= the effective span = 3.32m,
b 1= 0.25+2*0.08 = 0.41m

0.54 5
(
∴ bef I =0.54 5∗1.9516∗ 1−
3.32 )
+0.4 1=1.299 m

Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.

b ef I Mod = 0.25+0.25/2+1.2+1.299/2 = 2.2245 m

(Width of beam is taken into account for effective width calculation)

2 x 57 xIFx γ f ¿ 2 x 57 x 1.145 x 1.5
Load due to wheel I (FI) = = = 150.73 KN/m
bef I
1.299

For wheel II
a= the distance of center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support = 0.1025m
(portion inside the restrained slab)
l= the effective span = 3.32m,
b 1= 0.25+2*0.08 = 0.41m

0.1025
(
∴ bef II =0.1025 x 1.9516 x 1−
3.32 )
+0.4 1=0. 1939m

Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.

b ef II Mod = 0.25+0.25/2+1.2+0.1939/2 = 1.672 m

(Width of beam is considered for effective width calculation)

57 x 205
2x xIFx γ f ¿
Load due to wheel I (FII) = 500 2 x 23.37 x 1. 145 x 1.5 = 414.01 KN/m
=
bef II
0.1939

Reaction at A and B
RA = 69.58 KN
RB = 49 KN
Design Shear force due to DL and LL in shorter span = (88.85x0.8) + 41.85 = 112.93 KN

5.3.2 Design of Restrained Slab

5.3.2.1 Check Depth of Slab
Effective depth of main reinforcement (d1) = 215-25-12/2 = 184 mm
Effective depth of secondary reinforcement (d2) = 215-25-12-12/2 = 172 mm

Mu 46.03 x 106
d bal =

√ 0.36
x u ,max
d ( x
)
1−0.416 u , max x f ck xb
d
=
√ 0.36 x 0.48 x (1−0.416 x 0.48) x 25 x 1000 = 115.5

mm
d bal <d Prov

5.3.2.2 Reinforcing bars

Since, d bal <d Prov , section of slab is designed as Singly Reinforced Under-Reinforced Section
(SRURS).
A. Reinforcing bars in shorter and longer direction of slab
Mu 46.03 x 106
In short span 2
= =¿ 1.36 ; From SP-16, Pt = 0.4% > Pt,min= 0.12%
bx d 1000 x 1842
0.4
A st Req = x1000x184 = 736 mm2
100

Providing 12 mm ∅ bar @ 140mm spacing. A st Req = 904.7 mm2; Pt = 0.43%

Mu 18.75 x 106
In longer span 2
= =¿ 0.634 ; From SP-16, Pt = 0.18% > Pt,min=0.12%
bx d 1000 x 1722
0.18
A st Req = x1000x172 = 309.6 mm2
100
Providing 12mm ∅ bar @ 250 mm spacing.
B. Temperature Reinforcement
Provide 10 mm ∅ bar @ 300mm c/c in both direction of top slab.
5.3.2.3 Check for Shear
Check, τ uv ≤ k s τ uc
Where,
V u 112.93 x 1000
Nominal shear stress τ uv = = =0.338 N /mm2
bxd 1000 x 334
Shear strength of concrete section τ uc = 0.453 N /mm2 for M25 and Pt = 0.43%

Limiting value of shear stress τ uc ,max =3.1 N /mm2

Depth factor (K) = 1
d = 365 – 25 - 12/2 = 334 mm
Since, τ uv <k s τ uc , No shear reinforcement requires.