Engels Opsoming

Sentence structure
♦ a subject that does the action

♦ a verb

The verb and object together are called the predicate. For example

Predicate

The learners designed a poster

Subject verb object

A Predicate is the rest of the sentence.

♦ it expands on the subject and always begins with the verb.

Transitive and intransitive

♦ Some verbs are actions that are done to an object. For example

Thuli learns Maths. The action of learning is done to something.

These verbs are called transitive

♦ some verbs are not done to an object. For example: The class listened.

These verbs are called intransitive.

Prefixes and suffixes

A prefix is joined to the beginning of a word

A suffix is joined to the end of a word

Conjunctions
♦ Conjunctions are words that join sentences,words and phrases. They do
not always come in the middle of two sentences.

Similes, metaphors and personification

♦ Similes compare two things to each other using “like” or “as”.

♦ Metaphors say that one thing “is” another

♦ Personification is a special metaphor that gives a non–human thing the

behaviour or feelings of a human.
Finite and non-finite verbs
Non finite verbs cannot stand alone with the subject. They need the help of
an auxiliary, or helping verb, to turn them into finite verbs

Finite verbs can be just one word or they can be made up of a number of
words

Direct and indirect objects in sentences

♦ to find the direct object of the sentence, ask the question Who? Or What?

After the verb

♦ An indirect object is a word or a group of words that usually comes between

the verb and the direct object. It tells us to whom or to what the action is
done.

Prepositions
Prepositions are words that show the position or direction of things. Example:

 The fish in the river are dying. Waste from a factory is poisoning them .

Children who play near the river could get sick.

Abbreviations
♦ An Abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or series of words.

 An acronym is a word made up of the first letter ( or first few letters ) of a number
of words. For example : Cosatu is an acronym for the Congress of South African
Trade Unions.
 An Initialism is an abbreviation where the first letter of a number of words is used
instead of saying the whole name out loud. For example: LOL stands for laugh out
loud.

Noun phrases
♦ A noun phrase tells us more about a noun. For example:

I see cows.

I see cows with long tails.

I see black and white cows.

Verb phrases
Some verbs are made of more than one word. These are verb phrases.

For example:

The boy was jumping.

The boy could have been jumping.

Phrasal verbs
♦ some common Eng idoms are verbs made up of a verb and another word, often a
preposition. These phrasal verbs have their own meaning. For example: Grow up.

Adjectives
Adjectives qualify or describe Nouns and Pronouns. They add interest and colour to
sentences by describing or giving more information.

1) Wills have (more difficult / most difficult) language than other documents.
2) Wills can be ( easier/ more easier) to understand if you know what some of
the legal words mean.
3) Her jewellery was the (very detailed /less detailed ) item in her estate.

Active and Passive Verbs

In the Active Voice the subject of the sentence does the action. In the Passive
Voice the object becomes the subject and is having the action done to it.

Cliché
A) My boyfriend is going away for two
months, but you know what they
say: absence makes the heart grow
fonder
B) If you love something set it free
Meaning
While you are away from the person
you love, you miss them more.
Do not be possessive or controlling of
people you love
Pronouns
Type of pronoun Use for Words Example
Interrogative To ask a question Who, whom, What will the
whose, what, school principal
which say?
Relative Use it to show a Who, whom, The paramedic
subordinate clause what, which, who saved your
whose life is my cousin
Kaden (who saved
your life is the
subordinate
clause)
Demonstrative Use it to point out Singular:this, that This is the
specific persons, Plural:these, ambulance that
places, etc. those Jocasta drove
Indefinite It refers to persons, All, both,none, Everybody knows
places, or things in a everything, few, that drinking and
more general way- some, each,etc driving is
the opposite of a dangerous but
demonstrative many still take the
pronoun risk.

Proper nouns and gerunds

Proper nouns are nouns that are names. They always have a capital letter.

Grunds are a special type of noun. They usually end in the letters –ing

Auxiliary verbs
There are six main types of auxiliary modals:

 Express ability and inability: I am able to access the internet.

 That express permissions: You may go online.
 Instructions and requests: Could I please borrow your cellphone?
 Possibility/impossibility: Cellphones can distract you.
 Certainty: You must not share personal information with strangers.