Subject: Biology Unit 1 Name:: Q1

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY UNIT 1
NAME: :
Q1.

The diagrams below show the structure of two carbohydrate molecules, α-glucose and galactose.
(a) Use the information in the diagrams to explain why these two molecules are classed as
monosaccharides.
(2)
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(b) Use the information in the diagrams to give two differences between a molecule of α-glucose and a
molecule of galactose.
(2)
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(c) (i) Place a cross in the box next to the carbohydrate that is formed when a molecule of α-glucose
and a molecule of galactose join together.
(1)
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A amylose
B lactose
C maltose
D sucrose
(ii) Describe how these two monosaccharides join to form this carbohydrate.

(3)
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(iii) An enzyme is involved in the formation of this carbohydrate. A different enzyme is involved in the
formation of a carbohydrate made from two glucose molecules.
Explain why different enzymes are involved in the formation of these different carbohydrates.
(3)
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(d) Give two differences between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide.
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(2)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q2.

Triglycerides and polynucleotides are molecules found in organisms.
(a) Put a cross in the box to complete each of the following statements.

(i) Triglycerides are composed of
(1)
A one fatty acid and one glycerol molecule
B one fatty acid and three glycerol molecules
C three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
D three fatty acids and three glycerol molecules
(ii) The bond between a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule is

(1)
A a hydrogen bond
B a phosphodiester bond
C an ester bond
D an ionic bond
(iii) The base that is found in DNA but not in RNA is

(1)
A adenine
B cytosine
C thymine
D uracil
(iv) 30% of the mononucleotides in the DNA found in a skin cell contain thymine.
In the same sample of DNA, the percentage of mononucleotides containing cytosine would be
(1)
A 10%
B 20%
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C 30%
D 40%
(b) There are differences between the bases present in DNA and in RNA.
State two other differences between the structure of DNA and the structure of RNA.
(2)
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(c) Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.

The table below gives information about the fatty acids present in coconut oil.
(i) One coconut contains 70 g of coconut oil.

Using the information in the table, calculate the mass of fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bonds
present in this coconut.
Show your working.
(3)
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........................................................... g
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the percentage of each fatty acid may vary between different batches of
coconut oil.
(2)
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Q3.

Excessive energy intake can contribute to ill health.
(a) Most of the energy in the diet is obtained from proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct words to complete each of the following statements.
(i) The bond that joins amino acids into a chain is
(1)
A an ester bond
B a hydrogen bond
C a peptide bond
D a phosphodiester bond
(ii) The type of reaction involved in breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol is a
(1)
A condensation reaction that produces a water molecule
B condensation reaction that uses a water molecule
C hydrolysis reaction that produces a water molecule
D hydrolysis reaction that uses a water molecule
(iii) Starch is made from amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a

(1)
A branched molecule that contains both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
B branched molecule that contains only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
C helical molecule that contains both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
D helical molecule that contains only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
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(b) The table below shows the major sources of energy and the body mass index (BMI) of three people,
L, M and N.
For each person, the energy obtained from each food source is shown.
(i) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrate by person L.
(1)
A 20 %
B 30 %
C 50 %
D 70 %
(ii) Suggest a difference in lifestyle that could explain the differences between person L and person
M.
(1)
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(iii) Using the information in the table, explain why a doctor might prescribe statins for person N.
(2)
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Q4.

One role of the cell membrane is to control the movement of molecules and ions.
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(a) In an experiment a student placed red blood cells in salt solutions of different concentrations.
When placed in solutions with a low salt concentration, the cells were observed to swell and burst.
The results of the experiment are given in the table below.
(i) Suggest how the student could have made sure that the results were reliable.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest how the student would modify the experiment to find the concentration of salt solution that
burst 50% of the cells.
(2)
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(iii) Explain why the red blood cells swell when placed in solutions with a low salt concentration.
(3)
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(b) Another student investigated the haemoglobin and potassium ion concentration in red blood cells that
had been stored.
Red blood cells were stored at 4 °C for four days. Each day the concentrations of haemoglobin and
potassium ions were measured.
The results are shown in the graph below.
(i) Explain the effect four days storage at 4 °C has on the concentration of haemoglobin and
potassium ions in the red blood cells.
(3)
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(ii) After four days, glucose was added to half of the cells. Both samples of red blood cells were stored
for 12 hours at 37 °C.
After 12 hours, the concentration of potassium ions in the red blood cells was measured.
The results are shown in the table below.
Using the information in the graph and table, explain the changes in potassium ion concentration in
red blood cells.
(3)
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Q5.

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Cystic fibrosis and glycogen storage disease type (II) are examples of recessive genetic disorders.
Glycogen storage disease type (II) is caused by mutations in the GAA gene.
This results in a deficiency of an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase.
(a) Explain the meaning of each of the following terms.

(i) Recessive allele
(1)
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(ii) Gene mutation

(2)
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*(b) Explain how a mutation in the GAA gene could result in a change in the activity of the enzyme acid
alpha-glucosidase.
(5)
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(c) The enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase breaks the glycosidic bonds in glycogen.
Suggest why a deficiency in acid alpha-glucosidase results in a lack of energy for muscle contraction.
(2)
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(d) The incidence of glycogen storage disease type (II) is about 1 in 40 000 of the population.
(i) Name a test that could be used to find out if an unborn child has this disease.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why testing for glycogen storage disease type (II) is not offered to all pregnant women.
(1)
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(iii) Give one disadvantage of carrying out genetic tests on unborn children.
(1)
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Q6.

Glycogen is an energy storage molecule in muscle cells. Glycogen is formed from glucose molecules that
are taken into muscle cells.
(a) Glucose molecules are taken into muscle cells by facilitated diffusion.

Describe the process of facilitated diffusion.
(2)
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(b) Glycogen is a source of energy for muscle cells during exercise.

(i) Name the bond between glucose molecules in glycogen.
(1)
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(ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place when glycogen is broken down into glucose.
(1)
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(iii) Explain why glycogen is a good energy storage molecule in muscle cells.
(3)
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Q7.

Lipids are transported in the blood as lipoproteins.
(a) The table below shows some information about lipoproteins.
Put a cross ( ) in the box that completes each of the following sentences.
(i) The density of lipoproteins is inversely proportional to the percentage of
(1)
A cholesterol
B phospholipid
C protein
D triglyceride
(ii) The density of HDL is

(1)
A 1.12% less than IDL
B 1.12% more than IDL
C 12% less than IDL
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D 12% more than IDL
(b) The table below shows the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for groups of people with
different blood cholesterol concentrations and systolic blood pressures.
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the relationship between systolic blood pressure, blood
cholesterol concentration and the incidence of CVD.
(3)
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(ii) High blood pressure may cause atherosclerosis.
Describe how the development of atherosclerosis can result in CVD.
(4)
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(iii) Suggest two treatments for the group of people with the greatest risk of CVD.
Give one risk for each treatment.
(4)
Treatment 1
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Treatment 2
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Risk
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Q8.

All living organisms rely on a variety of biological molecules.
Carbohydrates and lipids are biological molecules.
(a) (i) Below is a list of carbohydrates.
 glucose
 lactose
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 maltose
 sucrose
Put a cross in the box next to the number of these carbohydrates that are disaccharides.
(1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
(ii) Starch is a carbohydrate that breaks down into glucose.

Put a cross in the box to complete the following statement.
The type of reaction that breaks down starch into glucose is
(1)
A condensation
B esterification
C hydrolysis
D synthesis
(b) Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Put a cross in the box to complete each of the following statements.
(i) A saturated lipid with the same number of carbon atoms as an unsaturated lipid has
(1)
A more hydrogen atoms
B fewer hydrogen atoms
C the same number of hydrogen atoms
D no hydrogen atoms
(ii) Saturated lipids have

(1)
A no double bonds
B C==C and C==O
C C==C only
D C==O only
(c) Starch is a storage carbohydrate in plants.

Barley grains contain a high proportion of starch.
The photograph below shows barley plants.
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Explain how the structure of starch makes it suitable for the storage of energy.
(3)
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(d) Scientists have studied the relationship between daily intake of starch and the incidence of colon
cancer in humans in five countries.
The graph below shows the results of this study.
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(i) State the relationship between the daily intake of starch and the incidence of colon cancer.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in the daily intake of starch between men and women.
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(iii) Using the information in the graph, discuss whether males have a higher risk than women of
developing colon cancer.
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Q9.

There is a variety of organic molecules in living organisms.
(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box to complete each of the following statements.

(i) Monosaccharides form disaccharides by the formation of
(1)
A a glycosidic bond
B a hydrogen bond
C an ester bond
D an ionic bond
(ii) Glycogen can be converted to glucose.

The type of reaction taking place is
(1)
A condensation
B esterification
C hydrolysis
D replication
(b) The diagram below shows the structure of the amino acid glycine.
(i) Draw a diagram to show the structure of the molecules produced when two molecules of glycine
are joined together.
(3)
(ii) Name the type of molecule produced when several amino acids are joined together.
(1)
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(c) Explain how water is involved in the transport of molecules in living organisms.

(3)
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Q10.

Cell membranes contain a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
(a) Explain how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer.

(3)
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(b) The fluid mosaic model can be used to explain the properties of a cell membrane.
Explain what is meant by the term fluid mosaic.
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(c) A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of alcohol on the permeability of beetroot
cell membranes.
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment.
One cube of beetroot was placed in a tube containing 5 cm3 of water and left for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes the cube of beetroot was removed and the intensity of the colour of the liquid was
measured using a colorimeter.
A colorimeter is an instrument that can be used to measure the intensity of the colour of a liquid.
The procedure was repeated using four different concentrations of alcohol instead of water.
The results are shown in the table below.
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of alcohol on the permeability of beetroot cell
membranes.
(2)
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(ii) The temperature of the solutions and the size of the beetroot cubes should be controlled in this
investigation.
Explain how each of the following would affect the results of this investigation.
(4)
An increase in temperature
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A decrease in size of the beetroot cube
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Q11.

Carbohydrates, such as starch and lactose, are important energy sources.
(a) Starch contains amylose and amylopectin.

(i) Compare the structures of amylose and amylopectin.
(3)
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(ii) Explain how the structure of amylopectin affects its ability to provide energy.
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(b) Milk contains between 2% and 8% lactose by weight.

State one difference between the structure of lactose and the structure of starch.
(1)
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(c) In one study, carried out in Sweden, the mass of milk in the diet and the relative risk of death were
investigated.
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(i) State the relationship between the mass of milk in the diet and the relative risk of death.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest an explanation for this relationship.

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(iii) A newspaper report claimed this study proved that drinking large quantities of milk increased the
risk of death.
Suggest why this claim may not be true.
(1)
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Q12.

The heart is part of the mammalian circulatory system.
The diagram below shows a section through the human heart.
(a) Put a cross in the box that completes the following statement. The blood vessel labelled Q in the
diagram is the
(1)
A aorta
B coronary artery
C pulmonary vein
D vena cava
(b) Explain how the structure of a capillary is related to its function.

(2)
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*(c) Describe the role of the heart valves in the cardiac cycle.
(6)
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(d) A small number of babies are born with a hole in the septum that separates the left and right
ventricles. If the hole is not repaired these babies may not survive.
Suggest why these babies may not survive.
(2)
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Q13.

Lipids such as triglycerides and polysaccharides such as glycogen are energy storage molecules. These
molecules can be used during exercise.
(a) Triglycerides are a type of lipid formed when three fatty acid chains combine with a glycerol molecule.
(i) Put a cross in the box that completes the following statement. Each fatty acid chain is joined to
glycerol by
(1)
A an ester bond formed by a condensation reaction
B an ester bond formed during hydrolysis
C a peptide bond formed by a condensation reaction
D a peptide bond formed during hydrolysis
(ii) Describe how the structure of a saturated lipid differs from that of an unsaturated lipid.
(2)
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(b) Describe the structure of glycogen.

(3)
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(c) The table below shows the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of energy obtained
from lipids and carbohydrates.
Using the information in the table, describe the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of
energy obtained from lipids and carbohydrates.
(3)
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Q14.

Triglycerides are synthesised from glycerol and fatty acids.
(a) The diagrams below show the structures of three fatty acids and their melting temperatures.
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(i) Using the diagrams above, describe the structure of oleic acid.
(2)
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(ii) Using the information in the diagrams, explain why these fatty acids have different melting
temperatures.
(3)
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(b) The diagrams below show the simplified structures of a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule.
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(i) Use these diagrams to show the products formed from a reaction between one fatty acid molecule
and the glycerol molecule.
(2)
(ii) Name this type of reaction.

(1)
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Q15.

The addition of sugars to food is one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
(a) Two sources of sugar used in foods are sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup.
(i) Describe how sucrose is formed from monosaccharides.
(3)
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(ii) High-fructose corn syrup is manufactured from starch.
Describe the structure of starch.
(3)
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(b) There may be a relationship between added sugar in the diet and the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-
cholesterol in the blood.
A study of young people was carried out to investigate this relationship.
The graph below shows the results of this study.
(i) The scientist who carried out this study concluded that:

'The addition of large quantities of sugar in the diet increases the risk of CVD.'
Use the information in the graph and your own knowledge to explain why the scientist came to this
conclusion.
(3)
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(ii) Suggest two reasons why the young people included in this study might underestimate the risks of
added sugar in their diet.
(2)
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(iii) Suggest why young people taking statins were not included in this study.
(2)
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Q16.

Glucose is stored in muscle cells as glycogen.
(a) Describe how glycogen is formed from glucose.
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(b) Explain why energy is stored in the form of glycogen in muscle cells.

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(c) Glycogen synthase is an enzyme involved in the formation of glycogen in muscle cells.

The graph below shows the results from an investigation into the effect of glycogen synthase
concentration on the initial rate of synthesis of glycogen.
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(i) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of glycogen synthase concentration on the
initial rate of glycogen synthesis.
(2)
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(ii) Using the information in the graph, explain the effect of glycogen synthase concentration on the
initial rate of this reaction.
(4)
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Q17.

Human diets contain both saturated and unsaturated lipids.
(a) Give two differences between the structures of saturated and unsaturated lipids.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(b) The effect of replacing dietary saturated lipids with unsaturated vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid was
investigated.
One group of 4700 people received saturated lipids. A second group of 4800 people received
Page 35 of 39
unsaturated lipids rich in linoleic acid.
The investigation lasted for 4.5 years.
The table below shows information relating to this investigation.
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the results of this investigation.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest two limitations in the design of this investigation.
(2)
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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Q18.

Triglycerides are synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol.
One of the reactions involved in the synthesis of triglycerides is shown below.
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(a) Diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) is the enzyme that completes the synthesis of a triglyceride by
joining a fatty acid onto a diglyceride.
(i) Name the bond that links fatty acids to glycerol.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which of the following arrangements of atoms links a glycerol molecule to a fatty acid?
(1)
(iii) Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Distinguish between the structure of a saturated fatty acid and the structure of an unsaturated fatty
acid.
(2)
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(iv) The enzyme DGAT attaches the third fatty acid to a diglyceride. Other enzymes are involved with
the synthesis of the diglyceride.
Suggest why the enzyme DGAT can only catalyse the addition of the third fatty acid to the
diglyceride.
(3)
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(b) The effect of DGAT concentration on the synthesis of triglycerides was investigated.

The graph below shows the results of this investigation.
(i) Explain why the initial rate of reaction was measured in this investigation.
(2)
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.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Explain why a buffer solution should be used in this investigation.
(4)
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SUBJECT: BIOLOGY UNIT 1

(ii) Describe how these two monosaccharides join to form this carbohydrate.

(d) Give two differences between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide.

(a) Put a cross in the box to complete each of the following statements.

(ii) The bond between a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule is

(iii) The base that is found in DNA but not in RNA is

(c) Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.

(i) One coconut contains 70 g of coconut oil.

(iii) Starch is made from amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a

(a) Explain the meaning of each of the following terms.

(ii) Gene mutation

(a) Glucose molecules are taken into muscle cells by facilitated diffusion.

(b) Glycogen is a source of energy for muscle cells during exercise.

(a) The table below shows some information about lipoproteins.

(ii) The density of HDL is

Carbohydrates and lipids are biological molecules.

(a) (i) Below is a list of carbohydrates.

(ii) Starch is a carbohydrate that breaks down into glucose.

(b) Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated.

(ii) Saturated lipids have

(c) Starch is a storage carbohydrate in plants.

(a) Put a cross ( ) in the box to complete each of the following statements.

(ii) Glycogen can be converted to glucose.

(c) Explain how water is involved in the transport of molecules in living organisms.

(a) Explain how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer.

A decrease in size of the beetroot cube

(a) Starch contains amylose and amylopectin.

(b) Milk contains between 2% and 8% lactose by weight.

(ii) Suggest an explanation for this relationship.

The diagram below shows a section through the human heart.

(b) Explain how the structure of a capillary is related to its function.

(b) Describe the structure of glycogen.

(ii) Name this type of reaction.

(i) The scientist who carried out this study concluded that:

(a) Describe how glycogen is formed from glucose.

(b) Explain why energy is stored in the form of glycogen in muscle cells.

(c) Glycogen synthase is an enzyme involved in the formation of glycogen in muscle cells.

One of the reactions involved in the synthesis of triglycerides is shown below.

(iii) Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

(b) The effect of DGAT concentration on the synthesis of triglycerides was investigated.

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