Bahan TOEFL Dikonversi

LI ST E N I N G
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© 2020 IELTS-Q – PT Privatku Global Indo
• Short dialogues, are two-line dialogues between
two speakers, each followed by a multiple-choice
question (30 questions)
• Long conversations, are 60-90 seconds
conversations on casual topics between students,
each followed by a number of multiple-choice
questions (7-9 questions).
• Talks, are 60-90 seconds talks about school life or
on academic subjects, each followed by a number
of multiple-choice questions (11-13 questions).
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• As you listen to each short dialogue, focus on the
second line of the conversation.
• Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a
restatement of a key word or idea in the second line
of the dialogue.
• Keep in mind that certain structures and
expressions are tested regularly in the short
dialogues.
a. Structures
b. Functional expressions
c. Idiomatic expressions
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STRATEGY 1
1. The last line of the dialogue probably

contains the answer to the question.
2. Listen to the first line of the dialogue. If you
understand it, that’s good. If you don’t
understand it, don’t worry because it
probably does not contain the answer.
3. Be ready to focus on the last line of the The last line of this dialogue indicated that Billy forgot to turn
dialogue because it probably contains the in his research paper and this means that he didn’t remember
answer. Repeat the last line in your mind as to submit it.
you read through the answer in the text.
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EXAMPLE:
(man) : Can you tell me if today’s matinee is a
comedy, romance, or western?
(woman) : I have no idea
(narrator) : What does the woman mean?
(A) She has strong ideas about movies.

(B) She prefers comedies over westerns and romances.
(C) She doesn’t like today’s matinee.
(D) She doesn’t know.
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EXAMPLE:
(man) : Was anyone at home at Barb’s house when
you went there to deliver the package.
(woman) : I rang the bell, but no one answered.
(narrator) : What does the man imply?
(A) Barb answered the Bell.

(B) The house was probably empty.
(C) The bell wasn’t in the house.
(D) The house doesn’t have a bell.
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STRATEGY 2
1. As you listen to the last line of the dialogue,

focus on key words in that line.
2. If you see any synonyms for key words in a
particular answer, then you have probably
found the correct answer.
In this dialogue, the key word started means began, and the
key word working refers to job.
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EXAMPLE:
(woman) : Did you see the manager about the job in the
bookstore?
(man) : Yes and I also had to fill out an application.
(narrator) : What does the man mean?
(A) He got a job as bookstore manager.

(B) The bookstore was not accepting applications.
(C) He saw a book about how to apply for jobs.
(D) It was necessary to complete a form.
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EXAMPLE:
(man) : Was the concert well-received?
(woman) : The audience applauded for a long time after
the performance.
(narrator) : What does the woman say about the
concert?
(A) The performance went on for a long time.
(B) There was applause throughout the performance.
(C) The people clapped on and on after the concert.
(D) The audience waited for a long time for the concert to
begin.
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COMMON MISTAKE
1 Your house is similar with mine

Your house is similar to mine
I spend a lot of money in data package

2
I spend a lot of money on data package
My sister is good in maths

3
My sister is good at maths
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STRATEGY 3
1. Identify key words in the last line of the

dialogue.
2. Identify words in the answers that contain
similar sounds, and do not choose these
answers.
The key words in the last line of the dialogue are searching and
apartment. In answer (C) and (D), the words research and
church sound like search, so these answers are incorrect. In
answers (A) and (D), the words department and appoinment
sound like appartment, so these answers are incorrect.
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EXAMPLE:
(woman) : I heard that Sally just moved into a new, big
house near the beach.
(man) : But Sally doesn’t have a cent.
(A) Sally has no sense of responsibility.

(B) Sally sent her friend to the house.
(C) Sally has no money.
(D) Sally is on the set with her.
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EXAMPLE:
(woman) : Did they get the new car they wanted?
(man) : No, they lacked the money.
(A) They locked the map in a car.

(B) They looked many times in the car.
(C) It costs a lot of money when the car leaked oil.
(D) They didn’t have enough money to buy another car.
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9
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GENERAL STRATEGY
1. If you have time, preview the answers to the questions.
2. Listen carefully to the first line of the conversation.
3. As you listen to the conversation, draw conclusions about
the situation of the conversation: who is talking, where the
conversation takes place, or when it takes place.
4. As you listen to the conversation, follow along with the
answers in your test book and try to determine the correct
answers.
5. You should guess even if you are not sure.
6. Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to
the questions that follow.
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STRATEGY 1
It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if

you know what topics to expect in the long
conversations. You should therefore try to
anticipate the topics you will be hearing. For
example, are the conversations about some
aspect of school life, or some type of social
issue, or a trip someone is planning?
What is the topic of the conversation for questions 1

through 5?
Answers: Looking for a job on campus
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STRATEGY 1
It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if

you know what topics to expect in the long
conversations. You should therefore try to
anticipate the topics you will be hearing. For
example, are the conversations about some
aspect of school life, or some type of social
issue, or a trip someone is planning?
What is the topic of the conversation for questions 1

through 5?
Answers: the requirements of biology class
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STRATEGY 2
It is very helpful to your ability to answer

individual questions with the long conversation if
you can anticipate what the questions will be
and listen specifically for the answers to those
questions
In this example, you can be quite certain that one of the

questions will be about where the conversation takes place.
Since you are sure that this is one of the questions, you can
listen carefully for clues that will give you the answer.
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STRATEGY 2
It is very helpful to your ability to answer

individual questions with the long talk if you can
anticipate what the questions will be and listen
specifically for the answers to those questions
In this example, you can be quite certain that one of the

questions will be about how long something lasts. Since you are
sure that this is one of the questions, you can listen carefully for
clues that will give you the answer.
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STRATEGY 3
As you listen to each long conversation, you

should be trying to set the situation in your mind.
You should be thinking the following thoughts:
• Who is talking?
• When does the conversation probably take
place?
• Where does the conversation probably take
place?
• What is the source of information for the
conversation?
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STRATEGY 3
As you listen to each long conversation, you

should be trying to set the situation in your mind.
You should be thinking the following thoughts:
• Who is talking?
• When does the conversation probably take
place?
• Where does the conversation probably take
place?
• What source is the talk concerned with?
• What is the source of information for the
conversation?
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STRUCT U R E
184
What is tested in this section?
MAIN TESTING POINTS ASPECTS

Sentence Structure • Incomplete Independent Clauses
• Incomplete Adjective Clauses
• Incomplete/Missing Participial Phrases
• Incomplete/Missing Appositives
• Incomplete Adverb Clauses
• Incomplete Noun Clauses
• Incomplete/Missing Prepositional Phrases
Word Order • Word Order Items

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What is tested in this section?
MAIN TESTING POINTS ASPECTS
Verbs and Verbals • Items Involving Verb Problems
• Incomplete/Missing Infinitive and
Gerund Phrases
Proper Style • Items Involving Parallel Structures
• Items Involving Misplaced Modifiers
Word Choice • Incomplete/Missing Comparisons
• Missing Conjunctions
• Missing Negative Words
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GENERAL STRATEGY
• If the answer choices are short, look them over before you read the
sentence. Try to get an idea of what type of problem you are working with.
• Read the sentence, trying to determine which elements are missing.
• Mark your choice immediately if the answer is obvious. If you're not sure,
try to eliminate incorrect answers.
• Read the sentence with the remaining answer choices in place of the
blank. Choose the option that sounds best.
• If you are still unable to decide on an answer, guess and go on. Lightly
mark these items on your answer sheet and come back to them if time
permits.
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CLAUSES
All sentences consist of one or more clauses.
1. A simple sentence consists of one clause.
• People need vitamins.
2. A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction (such as and and but).
• The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.
3. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a
dependent (subordinate) clause.
• The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold.
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MISSING SUBJECTS, VERBS,
OBJECTS, AND COMPLEMENTS
All clauses have a subject and a verb.
People need vitamins. WARNING!

Subject Verb Object The most common problem in Structure
involves a missing verb. A missing subject and a missing
subject-verb combination are common as
She is an engineer. well.
S V Complement
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_ was backed up for miles on the
freeway.
(A) Yesterday ANSWER: D

(B) In the morning • A complete sentence at least
has 1 Subject and 1 Verb
(C) Traffic • Singular Subject is always
followed by singular verb
(D) Car Singular = Car was......
Plural = Cars were
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The plane landing at the airport in 5
minutes.
(A) it is
ANSWER: D
(B) it really is SENTENCE => 1 SUBJECT, 1 VERB
• Wrong => the sentence will have 2 subjects
(C) is descending • Wrong => the sentence will have 2 subjects
• Wrong => the sentence will have 2 verbs
(D) will be • Correct => will be landing
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1. In the United States, is generally the
responsibility of municipal governments.
(A) for water treatment
ANSWER: B
(B) water treatment WARNING!
A sentence in English must have at least one subject and
(C) where water treatment one verb.
(D) in which water treatment
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2. Usually, political cartoons _ on the
editorial page of a newspaper.
(A) appear
(B) whose appearance
ANSWER: A
(C) appears
(D) when they appear
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3. primary colors are red, blue, and
yellow.
(A) There are three
(B) The three
ANSWER: B
(C) Three of them
(D) That the three
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence,
the adjective clause modifies (describes) a noun (called the head noun) in
another clause of the sentence. It begins with an adjective clause marker.
EXAMPLE:
• I wanted the book. The book had already been checked out.
The book which I wanted had already been checked out.
WARNING!
Adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE USE EXAMPLE
CLAUSE
MARKER
Who Subject (people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the
nervous system.
Whom Object (people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
Whose Possessive Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
(people)
Which Subject/Obj • That is a topic which interests me. (as subject)
ect (things) • That is the topic on which I will write. (as object)
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE USE EXAMPLE
CLAUSE
MARKER
That Subject/Object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by
(people/things) everyone. (that as subject)
The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very
expensive. (that as object)
Where Adverb (place) Here is the site where the bank plans to build its
new headquarters.
When Adverb (time) This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
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Cable cars are moved by cables underground and are
powered by a stationary engine.
(A) they run

(B) that they run ANSWER: D
• Choice (A) is incorrect because the pronoun they
(C) run cannot be used to join two clauses.
(D) that run • Choice (B) is not appropriate because the subject
they is not needed in the adjective clause; the
marker that serves as the subject of the clause.
• Choice (C) is incorrect because there is no marker
to join the adjective clause to the main clause.
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There are six types of flamingos, all have long legs, long necks, and
beaks that curve sharply downward.
(A) of them
(B) that ANSWER: C
• Choices (A) and (D) do not contain connecting
(C) of which words needed to join clauses.
(D) they • Choice (B) does not follow the correct pattern of
relative clauses after a quantity word (all).
• The correct pattern needed to complete this
sentence is quantity word + of + marker. Only
(C) follows this pattern.
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have
1. Most folk songs are ballads
simple words and tell simple stories.
(A) what
(B) although
ANSWER: D
(C) when
(D) that
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2. Many of Louise Nevelson's sculptures
consisted of a number of large wooden
structures in complex patterns.
(A) which she arranged
ANSWER: A
(B) she arranged them
(C) which arranged
(D) arranged them
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3. In 1850, Yale University established
Sheffield Scientific School,
(A) engineers were educated there
(B) where engineers were educated
(C) in which were engineers educated ANSWER: B
(D) where were engineers educated
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APPOSITIVES
An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases another noun phrase.
It usually comes after the noun which it rephrases. It may also come before the
subject of a sentence.
EXAMPLE:
• Buffalo Bill, a famous frontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show.
(appositive following a noun)
• A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show.
(appositive before the subject)
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APPOSITIVES
Appositives are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, but
some short appositives (usually names) are not.
EXAMPLE:
• Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970.
WARNING!
A verb cannot be used in an appositive phrase!
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APPOSITIVES
Appositives are actually reduced adjective clauses. However, unlike adjective
clauses, they do not contain a marker or a verb.
EXAMPLE:
• Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make
furniture.
(adjective clause)
• Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture.
(appositive)
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The National Road, of the first highways in North
America, connected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley.
(A) which one

(B) it was one ANSWER: C
• Choice (A) is incorrect; there is no verb in
(C) one the relative clause.
(D) was one • Choice (B) has no connecting word to join
the clause to the rest of the sentence.
• Choice (D) is incorrect because a verb
cannot be used in an appositive phrase.
• Note: which was one would also be a
correct answer.
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1. Joseph Henry, first director of the Smithsonian
Institute, was President Lincoln's advisor on scientific matters.
(A) the
(B) to be the ANSWER: A
(C) was the

(D) as the
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extends from southeastern
2. The Wassatch Range,
Idaho into northern Utah.
(A) which is a part of the Rocky Mountains,
(B) a part of the Rocky Mountains that
(C) is a part of the Rocky Mountains ANSWER: D
(D) a part of the Rocky Mountains,
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3. relations with friends and acquaintances, play a
major role in the social development of adolescents.
(A) What are called peer group relations are

(B) Peer group relations are
ANSWER: C
(C) Peer group relations, the
(D) By peer group relations, we mean
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STRUCTURE PRACTICE
5. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer the
1. The art of storytelling almost as old as humanity.
struggle for survival on the American frontier.
(A) that is
(A) whose novels describe
(B) is
(B) he describes in his novels
(C) it is
(C) his novels describe
(D) being
(D) who, describing in his novels
2. a few of the sounds produced by insects can be heard by humans.
6. Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, the
(A) Only
throats of extinct volcanoes.
(B) There are only
(A) in which they resemble
(C) That only
(B) which resemble
(D) With only
(C) there is a resemblance to
3. when lava cools very rapidly. (D) they resemble
(A) Because pumice is formed
7. William Samuel Johnson, helped write the Constitution, became
(B) To form pumice
the first president of Columbia College in 1787.
(C) Pumice is formed
(A) whom he had
(D) Forming pumice
(B) and he had
4. After its introduction in 1969, the float process the world's principal (C) who had
method of manufacturing flat sheets of glass. (D) had
(A) by which it became
8. The Democratic Party is older than the other major American political party,
(B) it became
(A) which the Republican party
(C) became
(B) the Republican party
(D) which became
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(C) it is the Republican party
(D) the Republican party is
9. Ruth St. Dennis turned to Asian dances to find inspiration
for her. choreography.
(A) It was the dancer
(B) The dancer
(C) That the dancer
(D) The dancer was
10. The organs of taste are the which are mainly located on the tongue.
(A) groups of cells, are taste buds
(B) taste buds, are groups of cells
(C) taste buds, these are groups of cells
(D) taste buds, groups of cells
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VERB PROBLEMS
The answer choices for this type of problem are all or almost all different forms of the same verb. Distractors are
generally incorrect for one of these reasons:
1. The "verb" is not really a verb.

Used alone, an infinitive, gerund, or participle cannot be a main verb.
2. The verb does not agree with its subject.

Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural subjects require plural verbs.
3. The verb is not in the right tense.

According to the time words or ideas in the sentence, the appropriate tense must be used.
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VERB PROBLEMS
4. The verb is active but should be passive, or it is passive but should be
active.
If the subject of the sentence performs the action, the verb must be in the
active voice. If the subject of the sentence receives the action, the verb
must be in the passive.
5. An unnecessary element comes before the verb.
Personal pronouns (he, she, it), relative pronouns (who, which, that, and so
on), or conjunctions (and, but, and so on) may be used unnecessarily before
verbs in some sentences.
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Before the late eighteenth century, most textiles
at home.
(A) produced ANSWER: D

• (A) can be considered either an active verb in
(B) was produced the past tense or a past participle; both are
incorrect.
(C) producing • (B) is incorrect because the plural subject
(D) were produced textiles requires a plural verb, were.
• (C) is incorrect because, by itself, an -ing
form can never be a main verb.
• Choice (D) is the best answer.
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R. M. Bartlett of Philadelphia the first
private business college in the United
States in 1843.
ANSWER: B
(A) founding • (A) is incorrect because, by itself, an -ing
form can never be a main verb.
(B) founded • (B) is the best answer.
• (C) is incorrect because active verb is
(C) was founded needed in this sentence
(D) founds • (D) is incorrect because the verb should be in
the past tense.
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1. In 1989, the space probe Voyager 2
by the planet Neptune.
(A) fly
ANSWER: D
(B) having flown WARNING!
Pay close attention to the time signal given!
(C) flying
(D) flew
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2. A cupful of stagnant water may
millions of microorganisms.
(A) contains
(B) to contain
ANSWER: C
(C) contain
(D) containing
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3. Computers and new methods of
communication revolutionized the
modern office.
(A) have
(B) to have ANSWER: A
(C) that have

(D) has
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PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Parallel structures have the same grammatical form and function. Look at the
following sentences:
• She spends her leisure time hiking, camping, and fishing.
• He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure, and filled the tank with gas.
• Nancy plans to either study medicine or major in biology.
• Nancy plans to study either medicine or biology.
WARNING!
The most common situation in which parallel structures are required is in a sequence (A, B, and C) as in the first two sentences
above. Parallel structures are also required with correlative conjunctions such as either . .. or or not only ... but also.
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San Francisco has a pleasant climate, and many
fascinating neighborhoods.
(A) exciting scenery,

ANSWER: A
(B) has exciting scenery This sentence contains a series of three objects
(C) that the scenery is exciting after the verb has: the first and third are noun
phrases (a pleasant climate and many
(D) the scenery is exciting, fascinating neighborhoods). To be parallel,
the second object must also be a noun phrase.
Therefore, choice (A) is the correct answer; (B),
(C), and (D) are not parallel.
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Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ,
breaking down deadwood, and pollinating plants.
(A) they condition soils

ANSWER: C
(B) to condition soil This sentence contains a series of three objects
(C) conditioning the soil after such as: the second and third are gerund
phrases (breaking down deadwood and
(D) soil conditioned pollinating plants). To be parallel, the first
object must also be a gerund phrase.
Therefore, choice (C) is the correct answer; (A),
(B), and (D) are not parallel.
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1. As coal mines became deeper, the
problems of draining water, bringing in fresh
air, and to the surface increased.
(A) transporting ore
ANSWER: A
(B) to transport ore
(C) how ore is transported
(D) ore is transporting
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2. Frozen orange juice must be packed,
, and stored when the fruit is ripe.
(A) be frozen
(B) must be frozen
ANSWER: C
(C) frozen
(D) it must be frozen
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3. In 1900, electrically powered cars were
more popular than gasoline powered cars
because they were quiet, operated smoothly,
and
(A) handled easily
ANSWER: A
(B) ease of handling
(C) handling easily
(D) easy to handle
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STRUCTURE PRACTICE
(A) People train
(B) That people train
1. Sarah Knight a fascinating account of a journey she made from
(C) If training
Boston to New York in 1704.
(D) Training
(A) written
(B) write 6. Sioux is a North American Indian language that is spoken not only
(C) wrote Sio
(D) writing ux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes.
(A) by the
2. All animals on other animals or plants.
(B) the
(A) feed
(C) do the
(B) feeds
(D) and the
(C) fed
(D) feeding 7. Roger Williams was a clergyman, the colony of Rhode Island,
and an outspoken advocate of religious and political freedom.
3. Chromium in the manufacture of stainless steel.
(A) founded
(A) using
(B) the founder of
(B) is used
(C) was the founder of
(C) uses
(D) he founded
(D) is using
8. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, , or spray guns.
4. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad the first air conditioning system for
(A) brushes
trains in 1931.
(B) brushes can be used
(A) has installed
(C) with brushes
(B) installed
(D) by brush
(C) to have installed
(D) installing 9. A dulcimer can be played by either striking its strings with a hammer or
(A) to pluck them with the fingers
5. for a career in dance generally begins at an early age. (B) fingers are used to pluck them
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(C) they are plucked with the fingers and machines as possible.
(D) plucking them with the fingers
(A) it is a method
10. The process of by hand has changed little since the fifteenth century. (B) a method which
(A) to bind books (C) a method
(B) binding books (D) called a method
(C) books are bound
15. In physics, "plasma" refers to a gas which has a nearly equal number of
(D) bound books
positively and negatively charged particles.
11. Seals appear clumsy on the land, are able to move short distances (A) the term
faster than most people can run. (B) by the term
(A) but they (C) is termed
(B) which they (D) terming
(C) they
(D) which
12. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments
(A) the pilot must watch
(B) what the pilot must watch
(C) which the pilot must watch them
(D) such that the pilot must watch them
13. Natural resources provide the raw materials to produce finished goods.
(A) needed
(B) are needed
(C) which need
(D) needing
14. In 1878 Frederick W Taylor invented a concept called scientific management,

of obtaining as much efficiency from workers
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WRITTEN
EXPRESSION 192
TYPE OF ERROR PERCENTAGE
Word Form 21
Word Choice 15
Verbs 10
Parallel Structures 9
Pronouns 8
Singular/Plural Nouns 8
Verbals (Infinitives, Gerunds, and Participles) 6
Prepositions 6
Articles 5
Word Order 5
Comparatives and Superlatives 3
Conjunctions 2
Other Types of Errors 2
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The four parts of speech generally involved are verbs, nouns,
adjectives, and adverbs. The most common problems are:
• Adjectives in place of adverbs and adverbs in place of
adjectives.
• Nouns in place of adjectives and adjectives in place of nouns.
• In some word-form problems, different forms of the same part of
speech may be involved. For example, a noun that refers to a
person (leader) may be used in place of the field (leadership).
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COMMON NOUN ENDINGS COMMON NOUN ENDINGS
-tion Information -ery Recovery
-sion Provision -ship Scholarship
-ence Existence -tude Multitude
-ance Acceptance -ism Capitalism
-ity Creativity -cracy Democracy
-hood Childhood -logy Biology
-dom Wisdom -ness Happiness
-th Health -ment Experiment
5
ENDINGS FOR NOUNS THAT
COMMON VERB ENDINGS
REFER TO PERSONS
-er Explorer -ize Realize
-or Sailor -en Shorten
-ist Psychologist -er Recover
-ee Employee -ify Satisfy
-ic Comic -ate Incorporate
-ian Technician
-ant Attendant
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COMMON ADJECTIVE COMMON ADJECTIVE
ENDINGS ENDINGS
-ate Moderate -y Sunny
-ous Dangerous -ic Economic
-al Normal -ical Logical
-ial Remedial -less Hopeless
-able Comfortable -ive Competitive
-ible Sensible -ly Friendly
-ant Resistant -ful Colorful
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ADJECTIVE/ADVERB PROBLEMS
A few points to keep in mind:
1. Adjectives modify nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns.

• Adjectives often come before nouns.
- an important test
- a quiet evening
- a long letter
• Adjectives also follow the verb to be and other linking verbs.
- The glass was empty.
- That song sounds nice.
- They look upset.
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ADJECTIVE/ADVERB PROBLEMS
A few points to keep in mind:
2. Adverbs may modify verbs, participles, adjectives, prepositions, adverb clause

markers, and other adverbs.
- Ann eagerly accepted the challenge.
- It was a rapidly changing situation.
- She wore a brightly colored scarf.
- Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic.
- We arrived at the airport shortly before our flight left.
- We arrived at the airport shortly before noon.
- The accident occurred incredibly quickly.
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The Black Hills of South Dakota are covered
with densely pine forests.
(A) the
(B) are ANSWER: D
• An adjective, dense, not an adverb,
(C) with is required to modify the noun
(D) densely phrase pine forests.
11
During solar storms, the amount of radiation
reaching the Earth is abnormal high.
(A) during
(B) amount ANSWER: D
• The adverb abnormally is needed to
(C) reaching modify the adjective high.
(D) abnormal
12
1. The process of fermentation takes place
only in the absent of oxygen.
(A) process
(B) takes place ANSWER: D
ABSENT => ABSENCE
(C) only in
(D) absent
13
2. Although the social sciences different a
great deal from one another, they share a
common interest in human relationships.
(A) although ANSWER: B
(B) different DIFFERENT => DIFFER
(C) one another

(D) interest in
14
3. Transfer taxes are imposed on the sell or
exchange of stocks and bonds.
(A) imposed on
(B) sell ANSWER: B
SELL => SALE
(C) exchange
(D) and
15
Underlined nouns in the Written Expression section may be incorrect because they are plural but should
be singular, or because they are singular but should be plural.
Sometimes it is obvious that a plural or a singular noun is needed because of the determiners that precede
the noun. Certain determiners are used only before singular nouns while other determiners are used only
before plural nouns.
16
Determiners Used with Determiners Used with Determiners Used with
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Plural Nouns
a/an two, three, four, etc. a couple (of)
one dozens of every one of
a single hundreds of each one of
each thousands of each of
every a few (of) one of
this many (of) these
that a number of those
the number of
17
EXAMPLE:
• Each contestant won a prize.
• Each of the contestants won a prize.
• This flower is a yellow rose.
• These flowers are yellow roses.
• I attended only one game this season.
• It was one of the most exciting games that I ever attended.
18
Several of Washington Irving's story have
become classics in American literature.
(A) of
(B) story ANSWER: B
• In this item, both the determiner before
(C) become the noun (Several of) and the plural
(D) literature verb (have) indicate that a plural noun
(stories) should be used.
19
Mauna Loa, an active volcano on the island
of Hawaii, usually has one eruptions every
three years.
(A) an active ANSWER: D
(B) on • A singular noun must be used after the
determiner one.
(C) island
(D) eruptions
20
ERRORS INVOLVING IRREGULAR PLURALS
Most plural nouns in English end in -s, but a few are irregular. Only the most common irregular plurals are
tested on TOEFL. (Irregular plurals that come to English from Latin or Greek-data, cacti, alumnae, or
phenomena, for example-will NOT be tested on TOEFL.)
21
COMMON IRREGULAR PLURAL
NOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
child children
ERRORS man men
woman women
INVOLVING foot feet
IRREGULAR tooth
mouse
teeth
mice
PLURALS fish fish
22
As childs grow older, their hones become
thicker and longer.
(A) child
(B) older ANSWER: A
• The correct plural form of child is
(C) their children.
(D) thicker
23
1. The male mandril baboon is one of the
most colorful of all mammal.
(A) male
(B) one ANSWER: D
MAMMAL => MAMMALS
(C) most
(D) mammal
24
2. Around seventy-five percents of the
Earth's surface is covered by water.
(A) Around
(B) percents ANSWER: B
PERCENTS => PERCENT
(C) Earth’s surface
(D) water
25
3. Many championship automobiles and
motorcycle races take place in Daytona
Beach, Florida.
(A) Many ANSWER: B
(B) automobiles AUTOMOBILE => AUTOMOBILES
(C) motorcycle
(D) races
26
WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRACTICE
5. The U.S. president serves a maximum of two four-years
1. First specializing in industrial photography, Margaret Bourke-White later A B C D
A B terms.
became a famous news photographer and editorial.
C D 6. Wild plants were of considerable important to early settlers, and many are still
A B C
2. Liberal arts colleges cultivate general intellectually abilities rather than
A B C used medicinally and as foods.
technical or professional skills. D
D 7. The Newberry Award is granted every years to the authors of outstanding
3. Goats are extremely destruction to natural vegetation, and are often responsible A B
A B C D books for children.
for soil erosion. C D
4. Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music or 8. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted to humans beings by animals.
A B C A B C D
philosophy, and provide informations on only those
D
subjects.
28
9. Unlike folk dancers, which are the product of a single culture, ballet
A B C
is an international art form.
D
10. The mathematician and astronomer David Rittenhouse was one of the first man
A B C
of science in the American colonies.
D
29
ERRORS WITH PREPOSITIONS
Errors with prepositions are among the most difficult errors to catch. Preposition
use in English is very complex. Prepositions are used in the following ways:
1. In adverbial phrases that show time, place, and other relationships
• in the morning
• on Pennsylvania Avenue
• to the park
• by a student
2. After certain nouns
• a cause of
• a reason for
• a solution to
3
Prepositions are used in the following ways:
3. After certain adjectives and participles
• different from
• aware of
• disappointed in
4. After certain verbs
• combine with
• rely on
• refer to
4
Prepositions are used in the following ways:
5. In phrasal prepositions (two- or three-word prepositions)
• according to
• together with
• instead of
6. In certain set expressions
• by far
• in general
• on occasion
5
ERRORS WITH FROM . .. TO AND BETWEEN . .. AND
Both these expressions are used to give the starting time and ending time. They can also be used to show
relationships of place and various other relationships. EXAMPLE:
• He lived in Seattle from 1992 to 1997.
He lived in Seattle between 1992 and 1997.
• Route 66 ran from Chicago to Los Angeles.
Route 66 ran between Chicago and Los Angeles.
6
ERRORS WITH SINCE, FOR, AND IN
• Since is used before a point in time with the present perfect tense-but never
with the past tense.
• For is used before a period of time with the present perfect and other tenses.
• In is used before certain points in time (years, centuries, decades) with the
past tense and other tenses-but never with the present perfect tense.
EXAMPLE:
• He's lived here since 1995.
• He's lived here for two years.
• He moved here in 1995.
7
The pitch of a tuning fork depends of the
size and shape of its arms.
(A) tuning fork
(B) of ANSWER: B
• The correct preposition after the verb
(C) size depend is on, not of.
(D) its
8
Candles were mankind's chief source of
illumination since at least 2,000 years.
(A) mankind’s
(B) source of ANSWER: C
• Before a period of time (2,000 years)
(C) since the preposition for should be used
(D) least
9
1. The Alaskan Pipeline runs between
Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Coastal Plain to the
port of Valdez, a distance of 789 miles.
(A) runs ANSWER: B
(B) between BETWEEN => FROM
(C) port
(D) distance
10
2. Dynamics is a branch of physics that deals
for the relationship between motion and
force.
(A) branch ANSWER: B
of DEALS FOR => DEALS WITH
(B) deals for
(C) between
(D) and force
11
3. The first stage on the manufacturing of all
types of clothing is the cutting of the
material.
(A) on ANSWER: A
(B) of all ON => IN
(C) types of
(D) cutting
12
Most word-order errors in Written Expression consist of two words in reverse order. Some of the
most common examples of this type of error are given below:
ERROR EXAMPLE CORRECTION

Noun + adjective drivers careful careful drivers
Noun + possessive clothing women's women's clothing
Main verb + auxiliary finished are are finished
Adjective + adverb a basic extremely idea an extremely basic idea
Verb + subject (in an Tell me where is it. Tell me where it is.
indirect I spoke to John when was I spoke to John when he
question or other wh- he was
clause here. here.
13
ERROR EXAMPLE CORRECTION
Preposition/adverb clause after immediately immediately after
marker + adverb
Participle + adverb baked freshly bread freshly baked bread
Relative pronoun + the house which in she the house in which she
Prepositions lives lives
adverb, adjective, or Totally almost
quantifier almost totally
+ almost late almost late
almost all almost all
almost
enough + adjective* enough good good enough
*Enough can correctly be used before nouns: enough money, enough time. Enough may also be
used before an adjective when the adjective comes before a noun. (There weren't enough good seats
at the concert.)
14
Goods such as flowers fresh and seafood
are often shipped by air.
(A) Goods
(B) flower fresh ANSWER: B
• The adjective fresh must come before
(C) seafood the noun flowers: fresh flowers.
(D) often shipped
15
Visitors to Vancouver often comment on how
beautiful its setting is and on how clean is it.
(A) often comment
(B) how beautiful ANSWER: D
• The correct word order is subject +
(C) setting is verb: it is.
(D) is it
16
1. During pioneer times, the Allegheny
Mountains were a barrier major to
transportation.
(A) pioneer times ANSWER: C
(B) were BARRIER MAJOR => MAJOR BARRIER
(C) barrier major

(D) to transportation
17
2. In Philadelphia's Franklin Institute, there is
a working model of a human heart enough
large for visitors to walk through.
(A) there is ANSWER: D
(B) working model ENOUGH LARGE => LARGE ENOUGH
(C) human heart

(D) enough large
18
3. The task of the cartographer is to
represent the Earth's surface at a reduced
greatly scale.
(A) task of ANSWER: D
(B) is to REDUCED GREATLY => GREATLY REDUCED
(C) Earth’s surface

(D) reduced greatly
19
WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRACTICE
1. Water polo is a game in which is played in the water by two teams, each with
A B C D 6. Waterwheels, which appeared on the fourth century B.C., were probably
A B
seven players. the first machines not powered by humans or animals.
2. Many of radio stations began broadcasting baseball games during the

C D
A B C D
1920's. 7. Most country music songs are deeply personal and deal with themes of love,
A B C
3. All of the wheat grown throughout the world belongs one of fourteen lonely, and separation.
D
A B C D
species.
8. Today many garden vegetables have few resemblance to the wild plants
4. The removal of waste materials is essential to all forms A B C
A B C from which they come.
of live.
D D
5. There are approximately 600 different species of trees native of the
A B C D
continental United States.
21
9. Twelve drawings usually have to be prepared for second each of
A B C
animated film.
D
10. Frank Lloyd Wright is known for his original highly methods of harmonizing buildings
A B C
with their surroundings.
D
22
1. Telephone cables that use optical fibers can be -------
conventional cables, yet they typically carry much more
information.
(A) they are smaller and lighter
(B) than the smaller and lighter
ANSWER: C
(C) smaller and lighter than
(D) so small and light that
2
2. Newspaper historians feel that Joseph Pulitzer
exercised ----- on journalism in the United States during his
lifetime.
(A) influence remarkable
(B) remark for his influence ANSWER: D
(C) influence was remarkable
(D) remarkable influence
3
3. Guppies are sometimes call rainbow fish due to the
bright colors of the males.
(A) call
(B) fish
(C) due to ANSWER: A
CALL => CALLED
(D) bright
4
4. Serving several term in the United States Congress,
Shirley Chisholm became a respected United States
politician.
(A) Serving
(B) term
ANSWER: B
(C) respected TERM => TERMS
(D) politician
5
5. When the temperature drops below 68 degrees
Fahrenheit, the body conserves warm by restricting blood
flowing to the skin.
(A) When
(B) below
ANSWER: B
(C) warm WARM => WARMTH
(D) restricting
6
R E A D I NG
7
THE PASSAGES
The passages cover a wide range of topics, but in general can be classified as follows:
1. Science and technology (40%). Includes astronomy, geology, chemistry, physics,
mathematics, zoology, botany, medicine, engineering, mechanics, and so on.
2. North American history, government, geography, and culture (20%).
3. Art (15%). Includes literature, painting, architecture, dance, drama, and so on.
4. Social science (10%). Includes anthropology, economics, psychology, urban studies,
sociology, and so on.
5. Biography (15%).
8
THE QUESTIONS
The main types of questions asked can be categorized as shown below:
TYPE OF
QUESTION/PERCENTAGE EXPLANATION EXAMPLE
ON TEST
Main Idea/ These ask you to identify an answer • "What is the main idea of the passage?“
Main Topic/ choice that correctly summarizes the • "What is the passage primarily about?"
Main Purpose author's main idea, the subject of the • "Why did the author write the passage?"
(10%) whole passage, or the author's reason for
writing the passage
Factual Questions These ask you to locate and identify • "According to the passage, where did ... ?“
(24%) answers to questions about specific • "According to the author, why did ... ?“
information and details in the passage. • "Which of the following is true, according to
the passage?"
9
THE QUESTIONS
TYPE OF
ON TEST
Vocabulary-in-Context These ask you identify the meaning of a • "The word '--' in line 5 is closest in
Questions word or phrase as used in the passage. meaning to .. :'
(26%)
Reference Questions These ask you to identify the noun to • "The word "it" in line 15 refers to ... "
(10%) which a pronoun or other expression • "In line 20, the word "there“ refers to which
refers. of the following?"
10
THE QUESTIONS
TYPE OF
ON TEST
Negative Questions These ask which of the answer choices • "Which of the following is NOT true about
(9%) is NOT discussed in the passage. ... “
• "All of the following are true EXCEPT ... "
Scanning Questions These ask you to find the place in the • "Where in the passage does the author
(4%) passage that some topic is mentioned. first discuss ...
Inference Questions These ask you to draw conclusions • The author implies that which of the
(12%) based on information in the passage. following is true?"
• "Which of the following can be inferred
from the passage?"
11
GENERAL STRATEGIES
a. Be familiar wih the directions.
b. Do not spend much time reading the passages.
c. Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic you are
unfamiliar with.
d. Do not spend too much time on a question you are
unsure of.
e. Guess to complete the section before the time is up.
12
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS
After almost every passage, the first question is an overview question about the main idea, main
topic, or main purpose of a passage. Main idea questions ask you to identify the most important
thought in the passage. Answer choices are complete sentences.
Since TOEFL passages are generally written in a traditionally organized manner, it’s
relatively easy to find the main ideas by studying the topic sentences, which are most
probably found at the beginning of each paragraph.
13
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS
Sample Questions
• What is the main idea of the passage?
• The primary idea of the passage is ...
• Which of the following best summarizes the author's main idea?
• What is the main idea of the passage?
• The primary idea of the passage is ...
• Which of the following best summarizes the author's main idea?
14
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS
Distractors for this type of question have one of these characteristics:
1. They are too specific.
2. They are too general.

3. The are incorrect according to the passage.
4. They are irrelevant (unrelated) to the main idea of the passage.
15
There are two main types of cell division. Most cells are produced by a process called mitosis. In mitosis, a cell
divides and forms two identical daughter cells, each with an identical number of chromosomes. Most one-celled
creatures reproduce by this method, as do most of the cells in multi-celled plants and animals. Sex cells,
however, are formed in a special type of cell division called meiosis. This process reduces the number of
chromosomes in a sex cell to half the number found in other kinds of cells. Then, when sex cells unite, they
produce a single cell with the original number of chromosomes.
What is the main topic of this passage?
(A) The method by which one-celled organisms reproduce

ANSWER: B
(B) A comparison between mitosis and meiosis • Answer A is too specific
• Answer C is incorrect because the
(C) Meiosis, the process by which identical cells are produced
passage is not about how identical
cells are produced.
16
The keystone arch was used by almost every early civilization. To build a keystone arch, stones are cut so that
the opposite sides taper toward each other slightly. The upper and lower surfaces are carved so that when
several stones are placed side by side, the upper and lower surfaces meet in smooth, continuous curves. Some
form of scaffolding is built under the arch and shaped to accept the curved underside of the stones. Then the
stones are fitted in place one by one. The keystone is the top center stone, the last to be dropped into position.
Afterwards, the scaffolding is removed and the arch is self-supporting.
The passage mainly concerns the

(A) basic principles of building keystone arches
ANSWER: A
(B) uses of arches in modern architecture
(C) role of scaffolding in building keystone arches
17
FACTUAL QUESTIONS
• Factual questions ask about explicit facts and details given in the passage. They often contain
one of the wh- question words: who, what, when, where, why, how much.
• Factual questions often begin with the phrases "According to the passage, ... " or "According
to the author, ... " When you see these phrases, you know that the information needed to
answer the question is directly stated in the passage.
• To answer factual questions, you have to locate and identify the information that the question
asks about. If you are not sure from your first reading where to look for specific answers, use the
scanning techniques.
18
19
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
• These questions ask you to determine which of the four choices is not given in the passage.
These questions contain the words NOT, EXCEPT, or LEAST (which are always capitalized).
SAMPLE:
a. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT
b. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
c. Which of the following is the LEAST likely ...
• Scan the passage to find the answers that ARE correct or ARE mentioned in the passage.
20
21
READING PRACTICE community center, the village. Only in certain
parts of Quebec has this pattern been preserved
PRACTICE 1 in North America.
Throughout most of North America, a
Focus: Understanding the meaning of multi-
different pattern was established. It was borrowed
paragraph passages by identifying the main point
from northern Europe, but was pushed even
of each of the paragraphs.
further in the New World where land was cheap
Directions: Read the following passages and
or even free. It is a centrifugal system of social
the questions about them. Decide which of the
life, with large isolated farms whose residents go
choices best answers the question, and mark the
to the village only to buy goods and procure
answer.
services. The independence associated with
Questions 1-3 American farmers stems from this pattern of farm
In most of Europe, farmers' homes and settlement. The American farmer is as free of the
outbuildings are generally located within a village, intimacy of the village as the urbanite.
and tools and animals are housed there. Every 1. The main topic of the first paragraph is
(A) European farm products
morning, the farmers and farm laborers leave (B) social life in Quebec
their village to work their land or tend their (C) the European pattern of rural settlement
animals in distant fields, and return to the village 2. The main topic of the second paragraph is
at the end of the day. Social life is thus (A) the relative isolation of North American farm families
(B) the relationship between farmers and urbanites in North America
centripetal; that is, it is focused around the (C) the low cost of farmland in North America
3. The main topic of the entire passage is springs provided water for the Anasazi to
(A) a comparison of farming in northern and southern Europe
(B) the difference between farming in Quebec and the rest of North America irrigate their crops. Rich red soil provided fertile
(C) European influence on American agriculture ground for their crops of corn, beans, squash,
(D) a contrast between a centripetal system of rural life and a centrifugal
system tobacco, and cotton. The Anasazi domesticated
the wild turkey and hunted deer, rabbits, and
PRACTICE 2 mountain sheep.
Focus: Answering factual, negative, and For a thousand years the Anasazi lived
scanning questions about reading passages. around Mesa Verde. Although the Anasazi are
Directions: Read the following passages and not related to the Navajos, no one knows what
the questions about them. Decide which of the these Indians called themselves, and so they
choices-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-best answers the are commonly referred to by their Navajo name,
question, and mark the answer. Anasazi, which means "ancient ones" in the
Questions 1-7 Navajo language.
Mesa Verde is the center of the prehistoric Around 550 A.D., early Anasazi-then a
Anasazi culture. It is located in the high plateau nomadic people archaeologists call the
lands near Four Corners, where Colorado, Basketmakersbegan constructing permanent
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona come together. homes on mesa tops. In the next 300 years, the
This high ground is majestic but not forbidding. Anasazi made rapid technological
The climate is dry, but tiny streams trickle at the advancements, including the refinement of not
bottom of deeply cut canyons, where seeps and only basket- making but also potterymaking and
weaving. This phase of development is dwellings were built for protection, but the
referred to as the Early Pueblo Culture (550- Anasazi had no known enemies and there is no
850 A.D.) sign of conflict.
By the Great Pueblo Period (1100-1300 But a bigger mystery is why the Anasazi
A.D.), the Anasazi population swelled to over occupied these structures such a short time. By
5,000 and the architecturally ambitious cliff 1300, Mesa Verde was deserted. It is
dwellings came into being. The Anasazi moved conjectured that the Anasazi abandoned their
from the mesa tops onto ledges on the steep settlements because of drought,
canyon walls, creating two and three story overpopulation, crop failure, or some
dwellings. They used sandstone blocks and combination of these. They probably moved
mud mortar. There were no doors on the first southward and were incorporated into the
floor and people used ladders to reach the first pueblo villages that the Spanish explorers
roof. All the villages had underground encountered two hundred years later. Their
chambers called kivas. Men held tribal councils descendants still live in the Southwest.
there and also used them for secret religious
ceremonies and clan meetings. Winding paths,
ladders, and steps cut into the stone led from
the valleys below to the ledges on which the
villages stood. The largest settlement contained
217 rooms. One might surmise that these
6. According to the passage, the Anasazi entered their buildings on the ledges
1. The passage does NOT mention that the Anasazi hunted (A) by means of ladders
(A) sheep (B) from underground chambers
(B) turkeys (C) by means of stone stairways
(C) deer (D) through doors on the first floor
(D) rabbits
7. According to the passage, kivas were used for all the following purposes
2. The name that the Anasazi used for themselves EXCEPT
(A) means "basketmakers" in the lavajo language (A) clan meetings
(B) is unknown today (B) food preparation
(C) was given to them by archaeologists (C) religious ceremonies
(D) means "ancient ones" in the Anasazi language (D) tribal councils
3. How long did the Early Pueblo Culture last? 8. According to the passage, the LEAST likely reason that the Anasazi
(A) 200 years abandoned Mesa Verde was
(B) 300 years (A) drought
(C) 550 years (B) overpopulation
(D) 1000 years (C) war
(D) crop failure
4. Where did the Anasazi move during the Great Pueblo Period?
(A) To settlements on ledges of canyon walls 9. Where in the passage does the author mention specific accomplishments of
(B) To pueblos in the south the Basketmakers?
(C) Onto the tops of the mesas (A) Lines 7-9
(D) Onto the floors of the canyons (B) Lines 10-13
5. According to the passage, the Anasazi buildings were made primarily of (C) Lines 16-17
(A) mud (D) Lines 23-25
(B) blocks of wood
(C) sandstone
(D) the skins of animals
INFERENCE QUESTIONS
The answers to these questions are not directly provided in the passage-you
must "read between the lines." In other words, you must make conclusions based
indirectly on information in the passage. Inference questions may be phrased in a
number of ways.
Many of these questions contain some form of the words infer or imply.
• Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
• It can be inferred from the passage that ...
• The author implies that ...
• The author suggests that ..
• It is probable that ...
3
Blood cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults.
It can be inferred from this passage that
(A) Blood cholesterol is no longer a problem for adults.

ANSWER: C
(B) Only children have a problem with blood cholesterol.
(C) Blood cholesterol affects both adults and children.
4
As an architect, Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman style, as seen in the
University of Virginia, to the English style favored by Charles Bullfinch.
It can be inferred from this passage that
(A) The University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style.
(B) Bullfinch was an English architect. ANSWER: A
(C) Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.
5
A legend is a popular type of folk tale. In some ways, legends resemble myths, another type of folk tale. But
myths describe events from antiquity and usually deal with religious subjects, such as the birth of a god.
Legends tell of recognizable people, places, and events and often take place in comparatively recent times.
Some legends are based on real persons or events, but many are entirely fictional. The legends of the
superhuman accomplishments of Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill are imaginary, while the legends about
Washington and Lincoln are mostly exaggerations of real qualities those two presidents had.
Decide whether to statement TRUE or FALSE!
1. Both legends and myths can be classified as folk tales. TRUE

2. Myths generally take place in comparatively recent times. FALSE
3. The stories of Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill are not true, but they are based on actual people. FALSE
4. Legends about Washington and Lincoln are not entirely fictional. TRUE
6
REFERENCE QUESTIONS
Reference questions ask what noun (called the referent), a pronoun or some other expression
refers to. The correct answer is not always the noun that is closest to the pronoun in the
passage. Incorrect choices are usually other nouns that appear in the passage. If you are unable to
decide immediately which answer is correct, substitute the four choices for the word that is
being asked about. Which one is the most logical substitute?
7
There is a poisonous, plant-like animal called the anemone that lives among coral reefs. When small fish
venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers;' they are stung and eaten. For unknown
reasons, the anemone makes an exception of the clownfish, which swims through its deadly
tentacles in safety. When in danger, the clownfish dashes among the anemone's tentacles where
other fish are afraid to follow. The clownfish even builds its nest where the anemone can protect it.
The word "they" in line 2 refers to

(A) coral reefs
ANSWER: B
(B) small fish
(C) tentacles
(D) flowers
8
There is a poisonous, plant-like animal called the anemone that lives among coral reefs. When small fish
venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers;' they are stung and eaten. For unknown reasons, the
anemone makes an exception of the clownfish, which swims through its deadly tentacles in safety. When in
danger, the clownfish dashes among the anemone's tentacles where other fish are afraid to follow. The
clownfish even builds its nest where the anemone can protect it.
The word "it" in line 5 is a reference to the
(A) clownfish
(B) nest ANSWER: B
(C) anemone
(D) exception
9
READING PRACTICE unfamiliar faces. Their achievement does not
suggest, of course, that the pigeons had any idea
what the human expressions meant.
PRACTICE 1
Some psychologists have theorized that
Focus: Answering inference and purpose because of the importance of facial expression to
questions. human communication, humans developed special
Directions: Read the following passages and the nervous systems capable of recognizing subtle
questions about them. Decide which of the expressions. The pigeons cast doubt on that idea,
choices-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-best answers the however.
question, and mark the answer. In fact, the ability to recognize facial
expressions of emotion is not necessarily
Questions 1-4 innate even in human babies, but may have to
Pigeons have been taught to recognize be learned in much the same way pigeons
human facial expressions,upsetting long-held learn. In experiments conducted several years
beliefs that only humans had evolved the ago at the University of Iowa, it was found that
sophisticated nervous systems to perform such a
pigeons organize images of things into the
feat. In recent experiments at the University of
Iowa, eight trained pigeons were shown same logical categories that humans do.
photographs of people displaying emotions of None of this work would come as any
happiness, anger, surprise, and disgust. The birds surprise to Charles Darwin, who long ago wrote
learned to distinguish between these expressions. about the continuity of mental development
Not only that, but they were also able to correctly from animals to humans.
identify the same expressions on photographs of
1. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about pigeons'
(A) They can show the same emotions humans can. PRACTICE 2
(B) They can understand human emotions.
(C) They can only identify the expressions of people they are familiar with. Focus: Identifying the referents for pronouns and
(D) They have more sophisticated nervous systems than was once thought.
other expressions in sentences and very short
2. The passage implies that, at birth, human babies passages.
(A) have nervous systems capable of recognizing subtle expressions
(B) can learn from pigeons Directions: Read the items. Decide which choice is
(C) are not able to recognize familiar faces the correct referent for the underlined word, and
(D) may not be able to identify basic emotions through facial expressions
mark the answer.
3. Why does the author mention the experiments conducted several years ago
at the University of Iowa? 1. Detergents clean clothes by first removing particles of dirt from the fabric,
(A) They proved that pigeons were not the only kind of animal with the then suspending the particles until they can be washed away.
ability to recognize facial expressions. (A) clothes
(B) They were contradicted by more recent experiments. (B) particles of dirt
(C) They proved that the ability to recognize human expressions was not (C) detergents
innate in human babies.
(D) They showed the similarities between the mental organization of 2. Wooly mammoths were hunted by big cats called sabertooth tigers, which also
pigeons and that of humans. became extinct by the end of the last Ice Age. They were also hunted by early
4. If Charles Darwin could have seen the results of this experiment, his most men armed with spears and clubs.
probable response would have been one of (A) sabertooth tigers
(A) rejection (B) early men
(B) surprise (C) wooly mammoths
(C) agreement 3. X-rays allow art historians to examine paintings internally without damaging
(D) amusement them.
(A) x-rays
(B) art historians
Questions 1-4
(C) paintings
4. A flat kite needs a tail to supply drag and to keep the kite pointed toward In addition to these various types of deep
the sky. A simple one consists of cloth strips tied end to end.
(A) kite mining, several types of surface mining may be
(B) tail used when minerals lie relatively close to the
(C) sky
surface of the Earth. One type is open-pit mining.
5. In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-
green plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a The first step is to remove the overburden, the
separate kingdom of living things. layers of rock and earth lying above the ore, with
(A) mushroom and other fungi
(B) biologists giant scrapers. The ore is broken up in a series of
(C) plants blasting operations. Power shovels pick up the
PRACTICE 3 pieces and load them into trucks or, in some
Focus: Answering reference questions based on cases, ore trains. These carry it up ramps to
longer passages. ground level. Soft ores are removed by drilling
Directions: Read the following passages and the screws, called augers.
questions about them. Decide which of the choices- Another type is called "placer" mining.
(A), (B), (C), or (D)-best answers the question, and Sometimes heavy metals such as gold are found
mark the answer. in soil deposited by streams and rivers. The soil is
picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a
long trough. Water is run through the soil in the (B) Trucks or ore trains
(C) Augers
trough. This carries soil particles away with it. The (D) Blasting operations
metal particles are heavier than the soil and sink 3. The phrase "Another type" in line 9 is a reference to another type of
to the bottom, where they can be recovered. (A) deep mining
(B) ore
The finishing-off process of mining is called (C) metal
mineral concentration. In this process, the desired (D) surface mining
substances are removed from the waste in 4. The word "This" in line 12 refers to
(A) a power shovel
various ways. One technique is to bubble air (B) gold
through a liquid in which ore particles are (C) running water
(D) a long through
suspended. Chemicals are added that make the 5. In line 16, the phrase "this process" refers to
minerals cling to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise (A) surface mining
(B) the depositing of soil
to the surface with the mineral particles attached, (C) mineral concentration
and they can be skimmed off and saved. (D) placer mining
6. The word "they" in line 20 refers to

1. The word "them" in line 6 refers to
(A) the processes
(A) power shovels
(B) the air bubbles
(B) layers of rock and earth
(C) the chemicals
(C) giant scrapers
(D) the minerals
(D) pieces of ore
2. To which of the following does the word "These" in line 7 refer?

(A) Ramps
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LI ST E N I N G

1. The last line of the dialogue probably

(A) She has strong ideas about movies.

(A) Barb answered the Bell.

1. As you listen to the last line of the dialogue,

(A) He got a job as bookstore manager.

1 Your house is similar with mine

I spend a lot of money in data package

My sister is good in maths

1. Identify key words in the last line of the

(A) Sally has no sense of responsibility.

(A) They locked the map in a car.

It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if

What is the topic of the conversation for questions 1

It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if

What is the topic of the conversation for questions 1

It is very helpful to your ability to answer

In this example, you can be quite certain that one of the

It is very helpful to your ability to answer

In this example, you can be quite certain that one of the

As you listen to each long conversation, you

As you listen to each long conversation, you

MAIN TESTING POINTS ASPECTS

Word Order • Word Order Items

People need vitamins. WARNING!

(A) Yesterday ANSWER: D

(D) in which water treatment

(A) they run

(D) where were engineers educated

(A) which one

(C) was the

(A) What are called peer group relations are

1. The "verb" is not really a verb.

2. The verb does not agree with its subject.

3. The verb is not in the right tense.

(A) produced ANSWER: D

(C) that have

(A) exciting scenery,

(A) they condition soils

14. In 1878 Frederick W Taylor invented a concept called scientific management,

1. Adjectives modify nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns.

2. Adverbs may modify verbs, participles, adjectives, prepositions, adverb clause

(C) one another

PLURALS fish fish

ERROR EXAMPLE CORRECTION

(C) barrier major

(C) human heart

(C) Earth’s surface

2. Many of radio stations began broadcasting baseball games during the

1. They are too specific.

2. They are too general.

4. They are irrelevant (unrelated) to the main idea of the passage.

What is the main topic of this passage?

(A) The method by which one-celled organisms reproduce

The passage mainly concerns the

(C) role of scaffolding in building keystone arches

a. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT

b. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

c. Which of the following is the LEAST likely ...

It can be inferred from this passage that

(A) Blood cholesterol is no longer a problem for adults.

(C) Blood cholesterol affects both adults and children.

It can be inferred from this passage that

(A) The University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style.