Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pump, Motors Summary 030406
Pump, Motors Summary 030406
High-pressure hydraulic pumps have a fixed displacement – that is they generate a fixed volume of fluid per revolution
so that operating at a fixed speed produces a constant flow. In some units the displacement can be varied. Different
types of fixed displacement pumps and motors are described in Chapter 2, some of which are shown here:
Gear type
Inlet Inlet
flow port
Outlet
Outlet
port
Inlet port
port
Vane type
Axial piston type
For the ideal machine with no leakage, the displacement of the machine and its speed of rotation determine the flow
rate Q.
Thus: Q D (1)
Q
Thus: (2)
D
Volumetric efficiency
The internal flow leakage in pumps and motors affects the relationship between flow and speed and is taken into
account by the use of the volumetric efficiency ( v ).
Q
And for motors equation 2 becomes v (4)
D
The volumetric efficiency varies with the fluid viscosity, pressure and rotating speed as discussed in more detail in
chapter 8. Manufacturers will usually give values for the volumetric efficiency for operation at specified conditions.
For the ideal machine, the mechanical power is entirely converted to fluid power,
Power = T = P Q
(5)
QP
T which from equation 2 gives T PD (6)
Thus the ideal torque is proportional to the pressure for a given displacement. In a pump this is the input torque
required from the prime mover and for a motor, it is the output torque available from the motor shaft.
Mechanical efficiency
The presence of friction between the moving parts creates mechanical losses that are represented by the mechanical
efficiency ( m ). Thus:
PD
For pumps the required input torque is given by T (7)
m
And for motors the output torque is given by: T m PD (8)
The mechanical efficiency, as for the volumetric efficiency, will vary with the fluid viscosity, pressure and rotating
speed as discussed in more detail in chapter 8.
PQ
H (9)
m v
H m v PQ (10)
The total efficiency of both units is therefore:
T m v
Figures 7 and 8 show how the measured performance of pumps and motors are presented for use with a particular
fluid at a particular viscosity. For the pump it can be seen that the flow output reduces with the output pressure at
constant speed because of the effect of the increasing leakage flow loss.
For the motor, the output torque varies with increasing speed at constant pressure as a result of the variation in the
mechanical efficiency. The theoretical analysis given in chapter 8 shows how the efficiencies are related to the
system parameters which enables the performance for operation at other conditions to be predict
Fluid properties
Fluid density, , is the mass per unit volume and has units of kg m-3. The variation in the density of most hydraulic fluids
with temperature is relatively small for the normal operating temperature usually encountered in hydraulic systems. For
hydraulic oils the value can be taken as 870 kg/m3.
Fluid viscosity
The technical literature often uses other units. Typically Poise (P) where 1 P = 0.1 Ns m-2 and the centiPoise (cP)
where 1 cP = 10-3 Ns m-2.
ii) Kinematic viscosity This is more commonly quoted in technical literature and data sheets and is equal to the
dynamic viscosity divided by the density.
The units for kinematic viscosity are m2 s-1 but it is usually quoted in centiStoke (cSt)
1 cSt = 10-6 m2 s-1.
The kinematic viscosity of a typical hydraulic oil varies with temperature and pressure as shown in Figure 1 and it can be
seen that the viscosity varies considerably with changes in fluid operating temperature.
h
y P P
w
Flow
Q,P c
h
wP 2 y3
h
c 3 w P P
Q
0
2wudy
L
h y
=
3
0
12 L L
i.e.
P QS C1 P
QS C1 ; Qt D
Qt D
For a pump:
Q t QS Q
v 1 S
Qt Qt
Tt 1
m
Tt T m 1 T m
Tt
And for motors:
Qt 1
v
Q t QS 1 QS
Qt
Tt T m T
m 1 m
Tt Tt
Tv C 2
And the torque ratio,
Tt D P
Tf C
Coulomb friction torque: Tf C 3 P 3
Tt D
The total mechanical loss, T m TV T f
Pump efficiency
Q t QS P
v 1 Cs
Qt
Tt 1
m
Tt TV Tf
1C f Cv
P
Overall efficiency o v m
Overall efficiencey 0
Max
Maximum efficiency occurs at (approximately) when the volumetric and viscous losses are equal. Thus:
Cs P
When
P Cv
The Figure shows the circuit for a hydrostatic transmission used to drive a hydraulic motor that includes:
The provision of boost flow to make up for the external losses from the pump and motor. The check valves
connect the boost input to the low pressure (unloaded) side of the loop. This applies for both the pump driving the
motor and, for overrunning conditions, when the motor is driving the pump (e.g. winch lowering).
Crossline relief valves to prevent excessive pressures. The flow is passed to the low pressure side in order to
maintain the flow into the pump inlet.
The extraction of fluid from the loop using a purge valve to provide increased cooling. This flow needs to be
controlled as it has to be made up from the boost flow.
Variable motor displacement control for systems requiring a higher speed range at reduced torque