scientific study of heredity

Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern
Genetics
Self-pollination

tall = tall
short = short
Cross pollination
Seed shape Seed color Flower color Pod shape
round yellow Purple smooth

wrinkled green white constricted

Pod color Flower position Plant height
green axial tall

yellow terminal short

Seed shape Round x wrinkled Round
Seed color Yellow x green Yellow
Flower Color Purple x white Purple
Pod shape Smooth x constricted Smooth
Pod color Green x yellow Green
Flower
position Axial x terminal Axial
Plant height Tall x short Tall
APPEARANCE
that is being
shown

HIDDEN
character
- different forms of a gene or pair of genes
- represented by letter
Things to Remember:
Written in
capital letters
Written in
small letters
 Things to Remember

Homozygous
Heterozygous

Homozygous

No heterozygous recessive
1. Identify the trait. EXAMPLE: Homozygous tall
2. Use only one letter for a
1. Height is the trait
single trait.
3. Determine whether it is 2. Letter T may represent
dominant or recessive the height of the plant
character. 3. Tall is a dominant
4. Determine whether the character
identified character is 4. Tall is homozygous
homozygous or
5. TT
heterozygous.
5. Write the alleles. Homozygous tall = TT
physical make up genetic make up
Homozygous tall
(TT)
Tall Heterozygous tall
(Tt)
Homozygous
Short short (tt)
1. Identify the EXAMPLE: Rr (seed shape)
dominant character. 1. Round is the dominant
2. Determine whether character in seed shape.
it is homozygous or 2. It is heterozygous because
heterozygous. it is represented by 1
3. Write the genotypic capital and 1 small letter
and phenotypic 3. Genotypic character:
character. Heterozygous round
Rr (seed shape) = Phenotypic character:
GC: heterozygous round; Round
PC: Round
 A. Write the alleles of the following genotypic characters.

1.Homozygous axial - AA
2.Heterozygous yellow-seeded plant -Yy
3.Homozygous terminal - aa
4.Heterozygous green- Gg
5.White - pp
B. Write the alleles of the following genotypic characters.

1.Homozygous green pod - GG

2.Heterozygous smooth -Ss
3.Homozygous green seed yy
4.Heterozygous Purple- Pp
5.short - tt
C. Write the genotypic and phenotypic character of
the following alleles. (2 points each)
1. Rr (seed shape) Hetero round / round
2. aa (flower position)Homo terminal / terminal
3. GG (pod color) Homo green / green
4. PP (Flowercolor) Homo purple / purple
5. gg (pod color) Homo yellow / yellow
1. A heterozygous yellow seeded plant is
crossed with another heterozygous
yellow seeded plant.
a. Find the phenotype and genotype
of the parents
b. Find the phenotype, genotype, pr
and gr of the possible offsprings
in the F1 generation.
1. A heterozygous yellow seeded plant is
crossed with another heterozygous
yellow seeded plant.
a. Find the phenotype and genotype
of the parents
Answer: PC: Yellow; Yellow
GC: Heterozygous yellow (Yy);
Heterozygous yellow (Yy)
 Y y B:
Phenotypic Ratio (PR)-
3:1 or
Y YY Yy 75%Yellow seed;
(Yellow; Homo (Yellow; Hetero
yellow) yellow)
25% Green seed

Genotypic Ratio (GR)-

y Yy yy 1:2:1 or
(Yellow; Hetero (green; Homo 25% Homo yellow;
yellow) green)
50% Hetero yellow;
25% Homo green
2. A homozygous terminal plant is
crossed with a homozygous axial
plant.
a. Find the phenotype and genotype
of the parents
b. Find the phenotype, genotype, pr
and gr of the possible offsprings.
2. A homozygous terminal plant is
crossed with a homozygous axial
plant.
a. Find the phenotype and genotype
of the parents
Answer: PC: Terminal; Axial
GC: Homozygous terminal (aa);
Homozygous axial (AA)
 A A
B:
a Phenotypic Ratio (PR)-
Aa Aa
(Axial; Hetero (Axial; Hetero 4 or 100% Axial
axial) axial)
Genotypic Ratio (GR)-
a 4 or 100% Hetero axial
Aa Aa
(Axial; Hetero (Axial; Hetero
axial) axial)
3. Hornless (H) is dominant over horned (h).
A homozygous hornless bull is mated with
a homozygous horned cow. What will be
the genotype and phenotype of the
offspring?
Answer:
PC: Hornless; Horned
GC: Homozygous hornless (HH);
Homozygous horned (hh)
P1 Generation
PC: Hornless; Horned
GC: Homozygous hornless (HH);
Homozygous horned (hh)

H H

Hh Hh
h
(Hornless; (Hornless;
Hetero Hornless) Hetero Hornless)

Hh Hh
h (Hornless; (Hornless;
Hetero Hornless) Hetero Hornless)
4. In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over
yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red
fruit is crossed with homozygous for yellow fruit.
What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of
the P and F1 generation?
Answer:
PC: Red; Yellow
GC: Homozygous Red (RR);
Homozygous yellow (rr)
Answer:
PC: Red; Yellow
GC: Homozygous Red (RR);
Homozygous yellow (rr)

R R

Rr Rr
r
(Red; (Red;
Hetero Red) Hetero Red)

Rr Rr
r (Red; (Red;
Hetero Red) Hetero Red)
5. If two of the F1 generation from
the previous slide same cross were
mated, what would be the genotypes
and phenotypes of the F2?
Answer: PC: Red; Yellow
GC: Heterozygous red (Rr);
Heterozygous red (Rr)
 R r

R RR Rr
(Red; Homo red) (Red; Hetero red)

r Rr rr
(Red; Hetero red) (Yellow; Homo yellow)
6. Brown eyes in humans are dominant to blue
eyes. A brown-eyed man whose mother was a
blue-eyed marries a brown-eyed woman whose
father had blue eyes. What is the probability that
this couple will have a blue-eyed child?

Answer:
PC: Brown; Blue
GC: Heterozygous Brown (Bb);
Heterozygous Brown (Bb)
 Answer – P1 Generation
PC: Brown; Blue
GC: Heterozygous Brown (Bb);
Heterozygous Brown (Bb)
B:
B b Phenotypic Ratio (PR)-
2:2
BB Bb
(Brown; (Brown;
or 50% Brown;
B Homo Brown) Hetero Brown) 50% Blue

bb bb Genotypic Ratio (GR)-

(Blue; (Blue; 1:1:2
b Homo Blue) Homo Blue) or 25% Homo brown;
25% Hetero Brown;
50% Homo blue
A. Write the alleles of the following genotypic
characters.

1.Homozygous green(PC) GG
2.Heterozygous yellow Yy
3.Homozygous green (SC) GG
4.Heterozygous purple Pp
5.Homozygous smooth SS
A. Write the alleles of the following genotypic
characters.

6. Heterozygous tall Tt
7. Homozygous short tt
8. Homozygous white pp
9. Heterozygous smooth Ss
10. Homozygous constricted ss