Chapter 2 Solutions

Prob. 2.1
(a&b) Sketch a vacuum tube device. Graph photocurrent I versus retarding voltage V for
several light intensities.
I

light
intensity

Vo V

Note that Vo remains same for all intensities.

. We or
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
(c) Find retarding potential. d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p

er ld
e lu nt ns co

λ=2440Å=0.244µm Φ =4.09eV
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

1.24eV ⋅ µm 1.24eV ⋅ µm
ity o g us d S

Vo = hν - Φ = -Φ = - 4.09eV = 5.08eV - 4.09eV ≈ 1eV

te is ss th ite

λ(µm) 0.244µm
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

Prob. 2.2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk

Show third Bohr postulate equates to integer number of DeBroglie waves fitting within
th d wo
an his

circumference of a Bohr circular orbit.

T

4π∈o n 2 h2 q2 mv 2
rn = and = and pθ = mvr
mq 2 4π∈o r 2 r
4π∈o n 2 h2 n 2 h2 4π∈o rn 2 n 2 h2 rn n 2 h2
rn = = ⋅ = ⋅ =
mq 2 mrB 2 q 2 mrn 2 mv 2 m 2 v 2 rn
m 2 v 2 rn 2 = n 2 h2
mvrn = nh
pθ = nh is the third Bohr postulate
Prob. 2.3
(a) Find generic equation for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.
hc mq 4 mq 4
ΔE = = -
λ 32π 2∈o 2 n12 h2 32π 2∈o 2 n 2 2 h2
hc mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 ) mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 )
= =
λ 32∈o 2 n12 n 2 2 h2 π 2 8∈o 2 n12 n 2 2 h 2
8∈o 2 n12 n 2 2 h 2 ⋅ hc 8ε o 2 h3c n12 n 2 2
λ= = ⋅ 2 2
mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 ) mq 4 n 2 - n1
8(8.85
⋅ ⋅ 10-12 mF ) 2 ⋅ (6.63 ⋅10−34 J⋅s)3⋅ 2.998 ⋅ 108 m
s n12 n 2 2
λ= ⋅
9.11 ⋅ 10-31kg ⋅ (1.60 ⋅ 10-19 C)4 n 2 2 - n12
n12 n 2 2 n 12 n 2 2
λ = 9.11 ⋅108 m ⋅ = 9.11≈ ⋅
n 2 2 - n12 n 2 2 - n12
n1 =1 for Lyman, 2 for Balmer, and 3 for Paschen

. We or
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
(b) Plot wavelength versus n for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series. d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p

LYMAN SERIES PASCHEN SERIES

er ld
e lu nt ns co

n n^2 n^2-1 n^2/(n^2-1) 911*n^2/(n^2-1) n n^2 n^2-9 9*n^2/(n^2-9) 911*9*n^2/(n^2-9)

th inc de f i es

2 4 3 1.33 1215 4 16 7 20.57 18741

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

3 9 8 1.13 1025 5 25 16 14.06 12811

4 16 15 1.07 972 6 36 27 12.00 10932
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

5 25 24 1.04 949 7 49 40 11.03 10044

gr w in e

8 64 55 10.47 9541
th t o a ly by

LYMAN LIMIT 911Ǻ 9 81 72 10.13 9224

y ar d le d
ro p an o te

10 100 91 9.89 9010

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

BALMER SERIES
s
ill o u vi pr

n n^2 n^2-4 4n^2/(n^2-4) 911*4*n^2/(n^2-4) PASCHEN LIMIT 8199Ǻ

w le co ro is

3 9 5 7.20 6559
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

4 16 12 5.33 4859
an his

5 25 21 4.76 4338
T

6 36 32 4.50 4100
7 49 45 4.36 3968

BALMER LIMIT 3644Ǻ

Prob. 2.4
(a) Find Δpx for Δx=1Ǻ.
h h 6.63 ⋅10-34 J ⋅ s
Δpx ⋅ Δx = → Δp x = = -10 = 5.03 ⋅10-25 kg⋅m
s
4π 4π ⋅ Δx 4π ⋅10 m

(b) Find Δt for ΔE=1eV.

h h 4.14 ⋅10-15eV ⋅ s
ΔE ⋅ Δt = → Δt = = = 3.30 ⋅10-16s
4π 4π ⋅ ΔE 4π ⋅1eV

Prob. 2.5
Find wavelength of 100eV and 12keV electrons. Comment on electron microscopes compared to
visible light microscopes.

2⋅E
E= 1
2 mv 2 → v =
m
h h h 6.63 ⋅10-34 J ⋅ s

. We or
-1 -1
⋅ E 2 = E 2 ⋅ 4.91⋅10-19 J 2 ⋅ m
1
λ= = = =

m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
2 ⋅ 9.11⋅10-31kg
t p or em ch
p mv 2⋅E⋅m
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p

er ld
e lu nt ns co

For 100eV,
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

-1 -1
λ = E 2 ⋅ 4.91⋅10-19 J 2 ⋅ m = (100eV ⋅1.602 ⋅10-19 ) 2 ⋅ 4.91⋅10-19J 2 ⋅ m = 1.23 ⋅10-10 m = 1.23≈
1 1
J
ity o g us d S

eV
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

For 12keV,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

-1 -1
λ = E 2 ⋅ 4.91⋅10-19 J 2 ⋅ m = (1.2 ⋅104eV ⋅1.602 ⋅10-19 ) 2 ⋅ 4.91⋅10-19J 2 ⋅ m = 1.12 ⋅10-11m = 0.112≈
1 1
J
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr

eV
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

The resolution on a visible microscope is dependent on the wavelength of the light which is
an his

e
T

around 5000Ǻ; so, the much smaller electron wavelengths provide much better resolution.

Prob. 2.6
Which of the following could NOT possibly be wave functions and why? Assume 1-D in each
case. (Here i= imaginary number, C is a normalization constant)

A) Ψ (x) = C for all x.

B) Ψ (x) = C for values of x between 2 and 8 cm, and Ψ (x) = 3.5 C for values of x between 5
and 10 cm. Ψ (x) is zero everywhere else.

C) Ψ (x) = i C for x= 5 cm, and linearly goes down to zero at x= 2 and x = 10 cm from this
peak value, and is zero for all other x.

If any of these are valid wavefunctions, calculate C for those case(s). What potential energy for x
≤ 2 and x ≥ 10 is consistent with this?
 ∞
*
A) For a wavefunction Ψ (x) , we know Ρ = ∫ Ψ (x)Ψ (x)dx = 1
-∞
∞
⎧ 0 c = 0
∞
Ρ = ∫ Ψ * (x)Ψ (x)dx = c2 ∫ dx → Ρ= ⎨ ⇒ Ψ (x) cannot be a wave function
-∞ -∞ ⎩∞ c ≠ 0
B) For 5 ≤ x ≤ 8 , Ψ (x) has two values, C and 3.5C. For c ≠ 0 , Ψ (x) is not a function
∞
*
and for c = 0 : Ρ = ∫ Ψ (x)Ψ (x)dx = 0 ⇒ Ψ (x) cannot be a wave function.
-∞

⎧ iC
⎪⎪ 3 ( x-2 ) 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
C) Ψ (x)= ⎨
⎪− iC ( x-10 ) 5 ≤ x ≤ 10
⎪⎩ 5
5 10
c2 c2
∞
* 2 2
Ρ= ∫ Ψ (x)Ψ(x)dx = ∫2 9 ( x-2) dx + ∫5 25 ( x-10) dx

. We or
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
-∞ an on in rs h
k g rn to rig

c2 c2
or in a uc y

5 10
w d le tr p

er ld
(x-2)3 ⎤⎦ + (x-10)3 ⎤⎦
e lu nt ns co

=
th inc de f i es

3×9 2 3×25 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

2
⎡ 27 125 ⎤ 8c
te is ss th ite

= c 2 ⎢ + =
in f th se for Un

⎥
⎣ 27 3×25 ⎦ 3
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

8c2
de f a rse de ot

Ρ=1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ c=0.612 → Ψ (x) can be a wave function

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

3
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

Since Ψ (x) = 0 for x ≤ 2 and x ≥ 10 , the potential energy should be infinite in these two
an his

e
T

regions.
Prob. 2.7
A particle is described in 1D by a wavefunction:
Ψ = Be-2x for x ≥0 and Ce+4x for x<0, and B and C are real constants. Calculate B and C to make
Ψ a valid wavefunction. Where is the particle most likely to be?

A valid wavefunction must be continuous, and normalized.

For Ψ (0) = C = B
∞
2
To normalize Ψ , ∫Ψ dx = 1
-∞
0 ∞
2 8x
∫C e dx + ∫ C2e-4x dx = 1
-∞ 0
2
C 8x 0 ⎛ −1 ⎞ ∞
⎡⎣e ⎤⎦ + C2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎡⎣e-4x ⎤⎦ = 1
8 −∞
⎝ 4 ⎠ 0

C2 C2 8
+ =1 ⇒ C=

. We or
8 4 3

m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p

er ld
e lu nt ns co

Prob. 2.8
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

The electron wavefunction is Ceikx between x=2 and 22 cm, and zero everywhere else. What is
ity o g us d S

the value of C? What is the probability of finding the electron between x=0 and 4 cm?
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

Ψ = Ceikx
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

22
1
s
ill o u vi pr

-1
* 2
∫ Ψ Ψdx = C (20) = 1 ⇒C= cm
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk

20
th d wo

2
an his

4 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
T

2
Probability = ∫ Ψ dx = ⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) = 10
0 ⎝ 20 ⎠

Prob. 2.9
Find the probability of finding an electron at x<0. Is the probability of finding an electron at
x>0 zero or non-zero? Is the classical probability of finding an electron at x>6 zero or non?
The energy barrier at x=0 is infinite; so, there is zero probability of finding an electron at
x<0 (|ψ|2=0). However, it is possible for electrons to tunnel through the barrier at 5<x<6;
so, the probability of finding an electron at x>6 would be quantum mechanically greater
than zero (|ψ|2>0) and classical mechanically zero.

Prob. 2.10
Find 4 ⋅ px 2 + 2 ⋅ pz 2 + 7mE for Ψ( x, y, z, t ) = A ⋅ e j (10⋅x +3⋅ y -4⋅t ) .

2
- j(10⋅x+3⋅ y-4⋅t) ⎛ h
∞
∂ ⎞

. We or
* j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y - 4⋅ t)
∫-∞ A ⋅ e ⎜ j ∂x ⎟ A ⋅ e dx

m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
px 2 = ⎝ ⎠ = 100 ⋅ h2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
∞
or in a uc y

2 - j(10⋅x+3⋅ y - 4⋅ t) j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y-4⋅ t)

w d le tr p

∫A e er ld
e dx
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

-∞
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

2
- j(10⋅x+3⋅ y-4⋅t) ⎛ h
∞
te is ss th ite

* ∂ ⎞ j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y - 4⋅ t)
∫-∞ A ⋅ e ⎜ j ∂z ⎟ A ⋅ e dz
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

pz 2 = ⎝ ⎠ =0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

∞
st ny s d s ec

2 - j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y - 4⋅ t) j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y -4⋅t)

de f a rse de ot

∫A e e dz
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

-∞
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

⎛ h ∂ ⎞
∞
an his

∫A
*
⋅ e- j(10⋅x+3⋅y-4⋅t) ⎜ − A ⋅ e j(10⋅x+3⋅y-4⋅t) dt
T

⎟
E = -∞ ⎝ j ∂t ⎠ = 4⋅h
∞
2 - j(10⋅x+3⋅ y -4⋅ t) j(10⋅ x+3⋅ y - 4⋅ t)
∫A e
-∞
e dt

4 ⋅ p x +2 ⋅ p z +7 mE = 400h2 + 28(9.11 ⋅10-31kg) h

2 2
Prob. 2.11
Find the uncertainty in position (Δx) and momentum (Δρ).
L
2 ⎛ πx ⎞
Ψ(x,t) = ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ e-2πjEt/h and ∫Ψ
*
⋅ Ψdx = 1
L ⎝ L ⎠ 0
L L
2 ⎛ π x ⎞
x = ∫ Ψ * ⋅ x ⋅ Ψdx = ∫ x ⋅ sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx = 0.5L (from problem note)
0
L0 ⎝ L ⎠
L L
2 2 ⎛ π x ⎞
x = ∫ Ψ ⋅ x ⋅ Ψdx = ∫ x 2 ⋅ sin 2 ⎜
* 2
⎟ dx = 0.28L (from problem note)
0
L0 ⎝ L ⎠
2
Δx = x2 - x = 0.28L2 - (0.5L) 2 = 0.17L
h h
Δp ≥ = 0.47 ⋅
4π ⋅ Δx L

Prob. 2.12

. We or
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s

itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Calculate the first three energy levels for a 10Ǻ quantum well with infinite walls.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p

er ld
n 2 ⋅ π 2 ⋅ h2 (6.63 ⋅10-34 ) 2
e lu nt ns co

En = = ⋅ n 2 = 6.03 ⋅10-20 ⋅ n 2
th inc de f i es

2 −31 −9 2
of rk ( stu e o tat

2⋅m⋅L 8 ⋅ 9.11⋅10 ⋅ (10 )

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite

E1 = 6.03 ⋅10-20 J = 0.377eV

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

E 2 = 4 ⋅ 0.377eV = 1.508eV
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

E 3 = 9 ⋅ 0.377eV = 3.393eV
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his

e
T

Prob. 2.13
Show schematic of atom with 1s22s22p4 and atomic weight 21. Comment on its reactivity.

nucleus with
8 protons and This atom is chemically reactive because
13 neutrons
the outer 2p shell is not full. It will tend
2 electrons in 1s to try to add two electrons to that outer
shell.
2 electrons in 2s

4 electrons in 2p

= proton
= neturon
= electron