N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and TH L PH Technology Peshawar

N.W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

T h l
Technology P
Peshawar
h
Lecture 05: Welded connections
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Topics to be Addressed
y Welding
g
y Types of welds
y Welded Joints
y Welding processes
y Nomenclature of welds
y Welding symbols
CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2

Topics to be Addressed
y Stresses in Welds
y Specifications for Welds
y Code Requirements
y Design Examples

Welding
g
y It is a process of joining parts by means of

heat & p pressure, causes fusion of pparts.
OR
y Heating metal to fusion temperature with or
without addition of weld metals.
z Code & specification: American Welding Society
(AWS)

Types of Welds
y Welds are classified according to their shape
and method of deposition into:
1 Groove
1. G Weld
W ld
2 Fillet Weld
2.
3. Plug
g Weld
4. Slot Weld

Types of Welds
1. Groove Weld is made in opening
p g
between two parts being joined.

Types of Welds
2. Fillet Weld triangular in shape, joins
surfaces which are at an angle with one
another.

Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
y Groove welds are more efficient than fillet

welds.
welds
z Have greater resistance to repeated stress and
Impact loaded.
loaded Hence preferable for dynamically
loaded members.
z Groove welds require less weld metal than fillet
weld of equal strength.
y But fillet welds are often used in structural
work. WHY ?

Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
y But fillet welds are often used in structural

work WHY ?
y Partly because many connections are more
easily made with fillet welds and
y Partly because groove welds require the
member of structure to be cut to rather close
tolerances.

Types of Welds
3. Plug Weld is made by depositing weld
metal in a circular hole in one of two
lapped
pp p places.

Types of Welds
4. Slot Weld similar to plug but the hole is
elongated.
l t d

Types of Welds
Groove weld
Fillet weld
Plug weld
Slot weld
Types of Welds
Welds are classified according
g to the
position of weld during welding as
1. Flat
2 Horizontal
2.
3 Vertical
3.
4. Overhead

Types of Welds
1. Flat: Executed from above, the weld
face approximately horizontal
horizontal.

Types of Welds
2. Horizontal: Similar to Flat weld but weld is
harder to make.
make

Types of Welds
3. Vertical: Longitudinal axis of weld is
vertical.
vertical

Types of Welds
4. Overhead: Welding is done from underside
of the joint
joint.

Types of Welds

Welded Joints
y They are classified as:
1. Butt Joint is groove-welded
2. Lap Joint is fillet-welded

Welded Joints
1. Tee Joint can be fillet-welded or groove-welded
2. Corner Joint

Welding processes
There are three methods of Welding:

1 Forge
1. F welding
ldi
2 Resistance welding
2.
3. Fusion welding

Welding processes
1. Forge welding:
y It consists of simply heating the pieces
above certain temperature and
hammering them together

Welding processes
2. Resistance welding
y Metal parts are joined by means of heat and
pressure which causes fusion of parts.
y Heat is generated by electrical resistance to
a current of high amperage & low voltage
passing through small area of contact
between parts to be connected.
connected

Welding processes
3. Fusion welding:
y Metal is heated to fusion temperature
with or without addition of weld metal
y Method of connecting
gppieces by
y molten
metal
i
i. Oxyacetylene welding
ii. Electric arc welding

Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
y Arc is a sustained spark between a metallic
electrode and work to be welded.
y At the
th instant
i t t arc is
i formed
f d the
th temperature
t t off
work and tip of electrode are brought to melting
point.
i t
y As the tip of electrode melts, tiny globules of
molten metal form.

Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
y The molten metal, when exposed to air

combines chemically with oxygen & nitrogen
forming oxides & nitrides, which tend to embrittle
it & less corrosive resistant.
y Tough, ductile weld are produced if molten pool
is shielded by an inert gas
gas, which envelops
molten metal & tip of electrode.

Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding

Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
y Wh
When an arc iis struck
t kb between
t th
the metal
t l rod
d
(electrode) and the work piece, both the rod and
work piece surface melt to form a weld pool.
pool
y Simultaneous melting of the flux coating on the
rod
d will
ill form
f gas and
d slag
l which
hi h protects
t t the
th weld
ld
pool from the surrounding atmosphere.

Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Welding processes
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
y Abbare wire
i iis ffed
d th
through
h welding
ldi h head
d att a rate
t
to maintain constant arc length.
y Welding is shielded by blanket of granular fusible
material fed onto the work area by gravity, in an
amountt sufficient
ffi i t to
t submerge
b the
th arc completely.
l t l
y In addition to p
protecting
g weld from atmosphere,
p ,
the covering aids in controlling rate of cooling of
weld.

Welding processes
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

Welding processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
y It utilizes the heat of an arc between a
continuously fed consumable flux cored electrode
and the work.
y The heat of the arc melts the surface of the base
metal and the end of the electrode.
electrode
y The metal melted off the electrode is transferred
across the arc to the work piece,
piece where it
becomes the deposited weld metal.
y Shielding is obtained from the disintegration of
ingredients contained within the flux cored
electrode.
l t d
Welding processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)

Welding processes
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
y MIG Welding refers to the wire that is used to

start the arc.
y It is shielded by inert gas and the feeding wire also
acts as the filler rod.

Welding processes
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding

Welding processes
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
y The arc is started with a tungsten electrode

shielded by inert gas and filler rod is fed into the
weld puddle separately.
y The gas shielding that is required to protect the
molten metal from contamination is supplied
th
through
h th
the ttorch.
h

Welding processes
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding

Welding processes
Important considerations
y Large fillet welds made manually require two or
more passes.
z Each pass must cool,
cool and slag must be removed before
next pass.
y Most efficient fillet welds are those which can be
made in one pass.

Welding processes
y L
Largestt size
i can b
be maded iin one pass d
depends
d
upon welding position & should not exceed the
following.
following
z 5/16” Horizontal or overhead
z 3/8” Flat position
z 1/2” Vertical
V ti l position
iti
Thickness of weld = Thickness of material – 1/16

Welding processes
• A fillet weld that is too small compared with the

thickness of the material being welded is affected
adversely
d l d
during
i cooling.
li
• The amount of heat required to deposit a small

weld is not sufficient to produce appreciable
expansion
i off the
th thi
thickk material,
t i l andd as h
hotter
tt
weld contracts during cooling it is restrained by
being attached to the cooler material and tensile
stresses produce, may cause crack of the weld.

Nomenclature of Welds
y The part of weld assumed to be effective in
transferring stress is Throat.
y The faces of weld in contact with the parts joined
is called its Legs..
Legs
y For equal-legged fillet weld throat is 0.707s, where
s is leg size.

Standard Welding symbols
Fillet Weld

Fillet Weld

Fillet Weld

Fillet Weld

Standard Welding smbols
Fillet Weld
Unequal legs

Groove Weld

Groove Weld

Groove Weld

Plug & Slot Weld

Stresses In Welds
y Groove weld may be stressed in tension,

compression shear
compression, shear, or a combination of
tension, compression and shear, depending
p the direction and p
upon position of load
relative to weld.

Stresses In Welds
f = P / (LTe)

Stresses In Welds
y The load P in Fig is resisted by shearing force
P/2, on the throat of each fillet weld.
f = (P /2) / (LTe)

Stresses In Welds
y It is customary to take the force on a fillet weld
as a shear on the throat irrespective of the
direction of load relative to throat.
P √2 / 4

Stresses In Welds
y Tests have shown that a fillet weld
transverse to the load is much stronger
than a fillet weld of same size parallel to
th load.
the l d

Stresses In Welds
y Load sharing of P, between two
longitudinal fillet & one transverse fillet
weld depends either on:
• Proportional to their
length if welds are of
same size.
size
• Proportional to the area
f different
for diff t size
i weld.
ld

Stresses In Welds
y Any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of
member such as notch or a sharp p reentrant
corner, interrupts the transmission of stress
along smooth lines.
• Joint is elongated in direction of load to produce a more uniform

ttransfer
f off stress
t
• These concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but
they are significant where fatigue is involved.
involved

Specifications for Welded
C
Connections
ti
y Welding electrodes are classified on the basis of
mechanical properties of weld metal, Welding
position,
ii type off coating,
i and
d type off Current
C
required.
y Each electrode is identified by code number
EXXXXX.
y E stands for Electrode and each X represents
number.

C
Connections
ti
y First two or three numbers denote the tensile

strength in Ksi.
y Next No.
No position in which electrode can be used
used.
e.g. 1: all positions, 2: flat & horizontal fillet welds, 3: flat welding only
y Last No. denotes type of covering, type of current

& polarity.
p y

C
Connections
ti
Example: E7018 means

z Tensile strength 70 Ksi
z 1 means can be used in all positions
z 8 means it is iron-powder, low-hydrogen electrode
used with A.C
A C or D.C
D C but only in reverse polarity
polarity.

Code Requirements
y AISC/ASD
z Allowable stress in welded connection is given in Table
2-21
y AISC/LRFD
z Design strengths of welds are given in Table 2-22 with
resistance factor φ.
φ

Code Requirements
y AASHTO
z Allowable stress are more conservative than AISC. e.g.
0 27Fu for fillet weld
0.27Fu weld, Fu is tensile strength of electrode
but not less than tensile strength of connected part.
y AREA
z Allowable shear stress on fillet welds are given as
function of base material and strength of weld metal
metal.
e.g.
z A36 Electrode or electrode-flux combinations with:
A36.
z 60,000 psi tensile strength 16,500 psi
z 70 000 psi tensile strength
70,000 19
19,500
500 psi

Code Requirements

Code Requirements

Code Requirements

Code Requirements

Code Requirements

Design
g Problem
68
Example Problem 1 - ASD


Final Design


Example Problem 2 – LRFD





78




10”
Final Design

Thanks
a s

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University of Engineering and

Lecture 05: Welded connections

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 3

y It is a process of joining parts by means of

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 4

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 5

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 6

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 7

y Groove welds are more efficient than fillet

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 8

y But fillet welds are often used in structural

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 9

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 10

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 11

CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 13

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2. Lap Joint is fillet-welded

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There are three methods of Welding:

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y The molten metal, when exposed to air

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y MIG Welding refers to the wire that is used to

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y The arc is started with a tungsten electrode

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CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 38

Thickness of weld = Thickness of material – 1/16

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• A fillet weld that is too small compared with the

• The amount of heat required to deposit a small

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