Quantitative analysis about knowledge or insight of students in Cupang National Highschool about

most influential on birth rates or rapid increase of pregnant youths to reduce teen pregnancy.

I. Introduction/Background of the Study

Background of your Study
Teenage pregnancy was defined as having at least one pregnancy between the ages of 14 and
19 (inclusive). It had been a worldwide issue, and the total number of this phenomenon is increasing
each year. Teenagers are prone to pregnancy. Almost every year there is a rapid increase on the
number of pregnant youths. One of the major causes of this problem is that most of the youths
nowadays grew up in broken homes. In a study conducted by the National Demographic and Health
Survey in 2013, one out of every young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or pregnant
with a first child. Therefore, the government in partnership with the different non-government
agencies should exert efforts in resolving this issue. Teenage Pregnancies are often associated with
social development issues such as lack of sufficient education and poverty. This often results to
single parenthood which catalyzes conditions that renders the mothers to become irresponsible.
Hence, it conveys a social stigma in various countries and cultures.

This study would like to focus on the influence of given variables on teenage pregnancy by
conducting a research and surveys. The influence of these variables on changes in birth rates will
help us to lessen the issues about the rapid increase on the number of pregnant youths. This study
will give us a knowledge on what will be the best and least focused solution based on the result.

II. Statement of the Problem/Research Problem

Working Research Problem
Because of the issues about the rapid increase on the number of pregnant youths we need to
know the insight or knowledge on the influence of some variables on changes in issue about teenage
pregnancy.

The researcher seeks to find the following:

1. What is the most and least influential about teenage pregnancy in percentage?
III. Objectives of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Due to rapid increase on the number of pregnant youths, the objective of the study is (In
percentage)
Significance of the Study
This research can give us more knowledge about effective and less focused ways to lessen the
teenage pregnancy and to determine the percentage based on participants knowledge or insight
about influence of variables on rapid increase of pregnant youths.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The research focuses on participants in Cupang National Highschool to know the percentage of most
and least influential on rapid increase of pregnant youths to lessen the teenage pregnancy.
IV. Related Literature
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL RUBRIC FOR CHAPTER TWO
Ge Teenage pregnancy
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To
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Sp Effective and less focused ways to reduce teen pregnancy
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Wo Quantitative analysis about knowledge or insight of students in Cupang National Highschool
rki about most influential on birth rates or rapid increase of pregnant youths to reduce teen
ng pregnancy.
Titl
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Re Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. About
vie 11% of all births worldwide are still girls aged 15–19 years old. According to the World
w Health Statistics 2014, the average global birth rate among 15–19 year olds is 49 per 1000
of girls, whereas country rates range from 1 to 299 births per 1000 girls. Rates were highest in
Rel Sub-Saharan Africa [20]. The 10 highest-risk countries for teenage motherhood are still
ate Niger, Liberia, Mali, Chad, Afghanistan, Uganda, Malawi, Guinea, Mozambique, and the
d Central African Republic. In these countries, teenage birth rate (births per 1000 women
Lit aged 15–19) ranges from 233 in Niger to 132 in the Central African Republic. In Niger, more
era than 50% of teenage girls (15–19 years) are married. Approximately 25% of teenage girls
tur gave birth between 15 and 19 years [21]. This is mainly due to the fact that childbearing
e among teenagers is socially desired in some traditional societies and in developing countries
[22]. Therefore, a substantial proportion of teenage pregnancies and births are therefore
intended in developing countries. In developed countries, by contrast, teenage birth rates
are quite low and teenage motherhood is discouraged, debated as a public health problem
and considered as a societal challenge. Nevertheless, there are considerable differences in
teenage pregnancy rates between the different developed nations. The majority of teenage
mothers (60%) are accounted for by the United States [20]. The teenage birth rate of the
United States is about four times that of the European Union (EU) average [23]. Within the
European Union, the highest teenage birth rates are found for UK with 27% and the new
European Union members Bulgaria (33%), Romania (34%), and the Baltic States (21–23%)
[20]. Extraordinary high levels are also reported for Ukraine (38%), Macedonia (34%), Russia
(31%), and Belarus (27%). By contrast, extremely low rates of teenage births are reported
for Japan and Korea (less than 5%), for Switzerland (4%), Netherlands (5%), and Sweden
(6%). Less than 15% were reported for Italy, Spain, Denmark, Finland, France, Luxembourg,
Belgium, Greece, Norway, Germany, and Austria [23].
However, we have to be aware that contained in all of these data sources the teenage birth
rate focused on girls aged between 15 and 19 only. The extremely vulnerable group of
teenage mothers younger than 15 years is not accounted for in the majority of statistics
quoted. Singh [24] reported that 8–15% of girls in Cameroon, Liberia, Malawi, Niger, and
Nigeria and 11% of the girls in Bangladesh had given birth before their 15th birthday.
Pregnancy and birth among girls younger than 15 years are extremely risky; nevertheless, in
some societies it is still common that girls marry in their teens and reproduce as early as
possible mainly because early reproduction may enhance the girls´ low status in their new
family [25]. This social pressure to reproduce as early as possible increases the mortality
rate among early adolescent girls such as in Bangladesh where the risk of maternal mortality
may increase fivefold among mothers aging between 10 and 14 years in comparison to adult
women [21]. The World Health Organization published guidelines in 2011 to prevent early
pregnancies and reduce poor reproductive outcomes [1]. The six main objectives were
defined as follows:

1. reducing marriage before the age of 18;

 2. creating understanding and support to reduce pregnancy before the age of 20;

3. increasing the use of contraception by adolescents at the risk of unintended

pregnancy;

4. reducing coerced sex among adolescents;

5. reducing unsafe abortion among adolescents.

In Philippines, teenage pregnancy affects 5.99 percent of Filipino girls which is the second
highest rate in Southeast Asia based on Save the Children’s Global Childhood Report (2019).
An estimated 538 babies are born to Filipino teenage mothers every single day, according to
Philippine Statistical Authority (2017). There is no single cause for the rising rate of teenage
pregnancy, but rather a combination of factors ranging from biological, social, and cultural.
These factors includes the following, but are not limited to (1) early sexual debut; (2) lack of
access to comprehensive sex information and education; (3) Parents, who are identified by
adolescents as one of their preferred source of information on Sexual Reproductive Health
information have limited communication skills; (4) lack of access to family planning services;
(5) cultural practices of early union; and (6) lack of adolescent sexuality and reproductive
health (ASRH) policies and its full-implementation. To curb the rise in teenage pregnancy
cases, Save the Children Philippines called for the enactment of the Teenage Pregnancy
Prevention bill, which will ensure the implementation of CSE in schools, training of teachers
to deliver CSE, and capacitating parents and carers to communicate sexuality education to
their children.
“In addition to education about sexuality, adolescents should also have access to
reproductive health services, with proper counseling by trained service providers in public
and private facilities,” said Dr. Miel Nora, ASRH Advisor for Save the Children Philippines.
“But this is just one part of the solution. It’s also vital that children can safely report cases of
alleged abuse or forced marriage with the knowledge that they will be protected. Together,
we need to help create a culture where boys and men respect the rights of girls and
women.”
“The efforts to combat teenage pregnancy should come from all the sectors of society. It
requires a joint effort of government, private sectors, civil society organizations,
communities, parents, caregivers and the entire citizenry, including youth themselves,” said
Atty. Muyot.
The 20 related literature i provided will help me to guide my quantitative research topic, the
teenage pregnancy.
RR Title: Why is teenage pregnancy conceptualized as a social problem? A review of
L1 quantitative research from the USA and UK
Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691050310001643025
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: To explore why teenage pregnancy is regarded by
researchers as a major social problem, a systematic review was conducted of published
research on the social influences on teenage pregnancy. UK studies often justified
investigating teenage pregnancy in terms of health. Research from the USA more often
viewed teenage pregnancy as problematic because of associated welfare expenditure. A few
studies from the USA regarded teenage parenting as mediating the intergenerational
transmission of poverty. These may have arisen from a combination of political, religious and
research design factors.
RR Title: Teenage pregnancy and social disadvantage: systematic review integrating controlled
L2 trials and qualitative studies
 Source: https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b4254.full
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Systematic review, including a statistical meta-
analysis to determine the impact on teenage pregnancy of interventions that address the
social disadvantage associated with early parenthood and to assess the appropriateness of
such interventions for young people.
RR Title: Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in the Capricorn District of the Limpopo
L3 Province
Source: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-
62792012000100009
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy of a woman
of less than 19 years. It is found commonly amongst young people who have been
disadvantaged and have poor expectations with regard to either their education or job
market. Adolescents may lack knowledge of access to conventional methods of preventing
pregnancy, as they may be afraid to seek such information. The study purpose was to
identify factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in one village in the Capricorn District of
the Limpopo Province.
RR Title: Effectiveness of the 40 adolescent AIDS-risk reduction interventions: A quantitative
L4 review
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X96001693
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: To review evaluations of Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention interventions targeting adolescents to
determine whether these efforts have been effective in reducing risk behaviors. To examine
the relation between intervention design issues and outcomes measures. For each outcome
assessed, a majority of studies found a positive intervention impact (88% of studies
assessing changes in knowledge; 58% changes in attitude, 60% changes in intention to use
condoms, 73% in condom use, and 64% in decreasing number of sexual partners).
Interventions that demonstrated an increase in intention to use a condom were significantly
more likely to be theory-based than those that did not show any significant changes in
intention (100% vs. 0%, p = .048). Interventions that increased condom use and decreased
the number of sexual partners were longer in duration than those that did not improve
these outcomes.
RR Title: Perceptions of teenage pregnancy among South African adolescents : research
L5 Source: https://journals.co.za/content/health/5/3/EJC35160
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: This study sought to determine the attitudes,
perceptions and beliefs of a group of South African adolescents regarding teenage
pregnancy. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results
showed that both males and females held a negative attitude toward teenage pregnancy.
Pressure from males to engage in sex and reluctance to use contraceptives were perceived
as the main causes of teenage pregnancies. The participants believed that teenage
pregnancy brought shame on one's family and problems for the teenage mother. Possible
approaches of intervention are discussed.
RR Title: Effect of social exclusion on the risk of teenage pregnancy: development of hypotheses
L6 using baseline data from a randomised trial of sex education
Source: https://jech.bmj.com/content/57/11/871.short
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: It is hypothesised that in determining risk of
teenage pregnancy, the two exposures are independent. Those disliking school might be at
greater risk of teenage pregnancy because they are more likely to see teenage pregnancy as
inevitable or positive.
RR Title: A Quantitative Survey on the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Emergency
L7 Contraceptive Pills among Adult Female Students of a Tertiary Institution in Kaduna, Nigeria
Source: https://www.iomcworld.org/abstract/a-quantitative-survey-on-the-knowledge-
 attitudes-and-practices-on-emergency-contraceptive-pills-among-adult-female-stude-
45941.html
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Quantitative cross-sectional survey of 220 fulltime
female students of the Kaduna polytechnic, over the age of 18 years, by administering
adapted questionnaires randomly. Students had poor knowledge of ECP, poor attitude
towards ECP and use of ECP was low. Increased uptake of ECP may be achieved using
appropriate reproductive health messages emphasizing its benefits through healthcare
professionals, teachers and peer educators.
RR Title: The Effect of Partners' Characteristics on Teenage Pregnancy and Its Resolution
L8 Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2673781
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: More than 17% of teenage women are estimated to
have become pregnant during their first nonmarital teenage sexual relationship. About 44%
of these pregnancies result in a nonmarital birth and about 18% in a marital birth, while 37%
end in an abortion. The characteristics of teenage women and their partners appear to play
a role in nonmarital teenage pregnancy and its outcome. However, the estimated
relationships between one partner's characteristics and the probability of a nonmarital
pregnancy and its resolution are generally little affected by whether the other partner's
characteristics are also taken into account.
RR Title: An economic model of teenage pregnancy decision-making
L9 Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2307/2061408
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: In this paper, we model unmarried teenagers’
decisions about their pregnancy outcome by considering that the teenager contrasts her
expected utility (1) as a married mother, (2) as an unmarried mother, or (3) after abortion.
RR Title: The risk of teenage pregnancy among transitioning foster youth: Implications for
L extending state care beyond age 18
10 Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740910001623
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: This study is to examine how common teenage
pregnancy is among young women in and aging out of foster care and to determine whether
the risk of becoming pregnant can be reduced by extending foster care beyond age 18. The
study used data from the first two waves of the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning
of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study of foster youth making the transition to
adulthood in three Midwestern states, as well as the National Longitudinal Study of
Adolescent Health
RR Title: School-based teenage pregnancy prevention programs: A systematic review of
L randomized controlled trials
11 Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X04001673
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Compared school-based abstinence-only programs
with those including contraceptive information (abstinence-plus) to determine which has
the greatest impact on teen pregnancy. A systematically reviewed all published randomized
controlled trials of secondary-school-based teen pregnancy prevention programs in the
United States that used sexual behavior, contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive use, and
pregnancy rates as outcomes.
RR Title: Practitioners' Perspectives on Effective Practices For Hispanic Teenage Pregnancy
L Prevention
12 Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1363/3614204
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Practitioners have valuable insight into the reality of
implementing culturally sensitive programs. Programs need to balance the often competing
values and goals of prevention programs with those of Hispanic youth culture and
experiences.
RR Title: Teenage Pregnancy Prevention: Statistics and Programs
L Source:
13 https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20150226_RS20301_f18f59d89e39e7e9b41d90e82
c49a3b39ca8c12c.pdf
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: In 2013, U.S. teen births accounted for 7.0% of all
births and 15.4% of all non marital births. The birth rate for U.S. teenagers (ages 15 through
19) increased in 2006 and 2007 after a steady decline since 1991. However, in each of 2008
through 2013, the teen birth rate dropped below the 2006 teen birth rate, reversing the
two-year upward trend. Although the birth rate for U.S. teens has dropped in 21 of the past
23 years, it remains higher than the teen birth rate of most industrialized nations.
Preventing teen pregnancy is generally considered a priority among policymakers and the
public because of its high economic, social, and health costs for teen parents and their
families.
RR Title: Effects of a Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
L Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07399332.2014.910216
14 Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Researchers aimed to determine the effects of a
teenage pregnancy (TP) prevention program for 816 high school students attending 16
KwaZulu-Natal, South African schools through a randomized control trial. Data were
collected at baseline and at the 8-month follow-up in 2009. Results were calculated using
multivariate analyses of program effects employing plus 6, and indicated significantly
healthier attitudes, including intentions to abstain from sex whilst at school, plans to
communicate with partners about teenage pregnancy, and increased reports of condom use.
RR Title: An Evaluation of a School-Based Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program Using a Logic
L Model Framework
15 Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405070230020801
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Teenage pregnancy and the subsequent social
morbidities associated with unintended pregnancies are complex issues facing school nurses
in their daily work. In contemporary practice, school nurses are being held to higher
standards of accountability and being asked to demonstrate the effective outcomes of their
interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe a logic model framework and how it
can be used by school nurses in the development, implementation, and evaluation of
school-based programs. A logic model framework that is dynamic and responsive will help to
build consensus and be a “map” of the program goals, activities, and outcomes.
RR Title: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF EARLY PREGNANCY AMONG TEENAGERS: A
L PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
16 Source: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35924608/2587-7610-1-PB_1.pdf?
1418396071=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DLIVED_EXPERIENCES_OF_EARLY_PREGNANCY_AMO.pdf&Expires=1600063323&Signat
ure=CC~HMkRWU08yNAY7~USxUqm5Tl7cdj8xHlTrcD7hGjvjSTgUrlKaMETcFNDsOlqtXzeyC
FEZaJj2JAY0G0iubUG6jn~oGIIlEgmjNY2ms-
11ySGT~SRmFfjki9uom7pyL39BquoJaA29vpSNnd8KhSI1-
2xLQvHIhUkZ2hrMPRNpUXhdHrYWj1Bs2ZvU3oOnytePwaFL4xGJrOaYM2caQe0dA9XAvSLI
a0lZeJaRc4LXguxdyFCoo8t~paeel~drn~kj0eQRaedS1cBuuX2vmIQ4jIWstX2wgCZjXxgMQZ3
VnkKprSUyIy~2G7QGEqx65qwgcD75794CvnY62-~mnw__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: This case study attempts to determine the lived
experiences of early pregnancy among high and low performing students in terms of the
causes, effects, challenges and their coping mechanisms. The naturalistic paradigm was used
in the study with the purposively chosen informants with varied tools to cross-check their
responses. Results show that curiosity, lack of sexual knowledge, financial and family
problems and uncontrolled emotions cause pregnancy among teenagers. Teenage mothers
face a lot of challenges after pregnancy like providing proper care and needs of their child.
The academic performance, the financial status and support of the family of teenage
 mothers determine if they can pursue their studies and achieve their dreams in life. Sex and
sexuality education should not just be a concept but should be developed further as a
complete discipline and much more research should be conducted to that regard.
RR Title: Perceived, Psychological Impact of Teenage Pregnancy among Students
L Source: http://article.scinursingresearch.com/pdf/AJNR-6-2-3.pdf
17 Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Most female at the age of 16-19 who are engaged
at teenage pregnancy are more likely to have psychological problems. Teenagers who are
engaged at teenage pregnancy mostly drop out of school and also, they are still depending
on their parents. Recommendation: Psychological intervention programs to minimize the
psychological problems experienced by pregnant teenagers conducted at Maternal Child
Health centers.
RR Title: A quantitative exploration of the sociocultural context of teenage pregnancy in Sri
L Lanka
18 Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-014-0394-y
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: Over 60% of pregnant teenagers and male partners
indicated that the current pregnancy was planned; while 79% of pregnant teenagers and
85% of male partners welcomed the pregnancy. Most pregnant teenagers were living within
stable and supportive family environments, with 94% reporting that they felt ‘very well
supported’. Nevertheless, a sub-group of pregnant teenagers appeared to be vulnerable,
reporting unplanned and unhappy pregnancy; factors that were also associated with first
intercourse being reported as not wanted. Levels of reproductive and contraceptive
knowledge were poor among both pregnant teenagers and male partners. Just 46% of
teenagers and 64% of male partners knew that pregnancy was possible at first intercourse.
Mothers appear to be an important source of information and support for young women,
with peers being reported far less often.
RR Title: Matrix Analysis as a Complementary Analytic Strategy in Qualitative Inquiry
L Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/104973230201200611
19 Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: In the current health care environment, researchers
are asked to share meaningful results with interdisciplinary professional audiences,
concerned community members, students, policy makers, planners, and financial officers.
Emphasis is placed on effective health care outcomes and evidence, especially for
underserved and vulnerable populations. Any research strategy that facilitates the clear,
accurate communication of findings and voices will likely benefit groups targeted for
intervention with scarce resources. The author proposes matrix analysis as a strategy to
advance knowledge and enhance the development of evidence in qualitative research.
RR Title: Effectiveness of the 40 adolescent AIDS-risk reduction interventions: A quantitative
L review
20 Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X96001693
Generated Idea/Concept for my Study: AIDS risk reduction interventions can be effective in
improving knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions and in reducing risk practices. The
positive relationship between improved outcomes and several elements of intervention
design underscores the need for increased focus on intervention design in future studies.

V. Design and Method

My
Research Design Descriptive Research Design
 Knowledge/insights of students

Because of the issues about the rapid

Students
increaseaged
on12
theto number
16 with complete
of pregnant
29% knowledge of HIV
youths, the objective of the study is to
41%
know the
Students best
aged 12 toeffective ways to the
16 who emphasize reduce
value of education.
teen pregnancy and what we can do to
30% help with
Students agedthis issue
12 to by providing
16 with knowledge systematic
about difficultiesabout
information in being a young
that parent.
phenomenon. In
this research design, the researcher does
not usually begin with a hypothesis, but is
likely to develop one after collecting data.
Sources of Data Respondents of Teenage Pregnancy
(students from Cupang National High
School)

Data Gathering Procedures Online or offline survey

Data Analysis Descriptive analysis that provides

information on the basic qualities of data
and includes descriptive statistics such as
range, minimum, maximum, and
frequency.

Statistical Treatment The collected data base on the knowledge

and insight of the respondents will
statistically analyze.

Research Instrument Through Survey Questionnaire or polls.

VI. Results

HIV awareness, emphasizing the value of education

and enough knowledge about difficulties in being a
young parent is very important especially in issues
rapid increase of pregnant youths. The influence of
given variables can change the birth rates.

Source:
https://thechargeronline.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/pic-695x900.jpg

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pmtcthiv-doh7march2018-180313040114/95/prevention-of-
mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv-2018-3-638.jpg?cb=1520913737
VII. Implications and Conclusions

Sources of error and methodological difficulties.

By determining the knowledge or insight of participants we can find a way to lessen the rapid
increase of early pregnancy. According to reports, about 500
Filipino teenagers become mothers every day. That's about 182,500 teenage mothers every year.
The age of consent in this deeply conservative Catholic country is just 12, one of the lowest in the
world, but access to contraception is limited, and abortion is illegal.

Based on graphical result, it shows that Students in Cupang National Highschool aged 12 to 16 with
complete knowledge of HIV have the highest percentage among students who emphasize the value
of education and knowledge about difficulties in being a young parent.

Based on the graphical result, the researcher arrived to these following conclusions:
1. The knowledge of students aged 12 to 16 says that HIV is the most influential in changing birth
rates or issues in teenage pregnancy.
2. Students with knowledge about difficulty in being a young parent have the lowest percentage so it
is necessary to give students more knowledge about it to reduce the teenage pregnancy issue.
3. Students who emphasize the value of education are almost the same percentage of students with
knowledge about difficulty in being a young parent therefore it is also necessary to give higher
knowledge to students about emphasizing the value of education.

VIII. References/Bibliography
Additional information Notes on contributors Chris Bonell Chris Bonell is Assistant Director of the
Social Science Research Unit. (n.d.). Why is teenage pregnancy conceptualized as a social problem? A
review of quantitative research from the USA and UK. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691050310001643025

Kim, N., Stanton, B., Li, X., Dickersin, K., & Galbraith, J. (1998, February 04). Effectiveness of the 40
adolescent AIDS-risk reduction interventions: A quantitative review. Retrieved October 21, 2020,
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X96001693

Jolley, M. (2018, January 24). Young, poor and pregnant: Teen mums in the Philippines. Retrieved
October 21, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/1/24/young-poor-and-pregnant-
teen-mums-in-the-philippines