Tổng quát: dis- agree -> disagree mis- understand -> misunderstand un- interesting -> uninteresting in- ability -> inability il- legal -> illegal ir- responsible -> irresponsible im- polite -> impolite - Phần lớn từ phái sinh và từ gốc có chung một tiền tố phủ định, ví dụ: - approve (v) -> disapprove (v) - approval (n) -> disapproval (n) - approving (adj) -> disapproving (adj) - Đôi khi động từ, danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ phái sinh từ cùng 1 gốc từ kết hợp với tiền tố phủ định khác nhau để tạo ra từ có ý nghĩa trái ngược, ví dụ: - comfort (n) -> discomfort (n) - comfortable (adj) -> uncomfortable (adj) - fortune (n) -> misfortune - fortunate (adj) -> unfortunate (adj) - equal (adj) -> unequal (adj) - equality (n) -> inequality (n) - Có một số từ cùng là động từ, danh từ, hoặc tính từ, phái sinh từ cùng 1 gốc kết hợp với các tiền tố phủ định khác nhau để tạo thành từ có ý nghĩa khác nhau, ví dụ: - able (adj) -> unable (not able) # disable (=handicapped) - informed (adj) -> uninformed (not informed) # misinformed (=wrongly informed) - used (adj) -> unused (not used) # misused (wrongly/badly used) Các tiền tố phủ định: 1. Tiền tố “un-” un + adj/adv Ví dụ: - attractive -> unattractive - attractively -> unattractively un + noun/adj Ví dụ: - certain -> uncertain - certainty -> uncertainty Tuy nhiên: able -> unable; ability -> inability, disability un + verb Ví dụ: - lock (v) -> unlock - dress (v) -> undress 2. Tiền tố “in-” in + noun/adj/adv Ví dụ: - efficient -> inefficient (adj) - efficiently -> inefficiently (adv) - efficiency -> inefficiency (n) in -> il trước “l”: legal -> illegal in -> im trước “m-” hay “p-”: mature -> immature; patient -> impatient in -> ir trước “r-”: responsible -> irresponsible Lưu ý: - Tiền tố in- không được dùng để tạo thành từ trái nghĩa của động từ. - Tiền tố in- không được dùng để tạo thành từ trái nghĩa của từ bắt đầu bằng in-: Ví dụ: + interesting -> uninteresting + interpret -> misinterpret + intergrate -> disintergrate 2. Tiền tố “dis-” dis + verb Ví dụ: - agree -> disagree - connect -> disconnect dis + noun/adj/adv Ví dụ: - agreement -> disagreement honest -> dishonest - judgement -> misjudgement Chữa bài tập: 1. Even though he’s twenty years old, he is rather (mature).____________ 2. Thomas said that he is (able)________ to attend the meeting because he’s ill. I am a little (doubt)__________ as to whether this is true or not. 3. The student was very (nerve)_________ and answered the question (correct)_________ but the teacher asked him to try again. 4. He has become rich in a (honest)__________ way. 5. I didn’t correct your essay because your writing was simply (legible)__________. 6. The teacher expressed her (satisfaction)________ with Tom because he’s so (obedient)__________ in class. 7. It was (responsible)________ of you to leave the baby (attend)__________. 8. Unfortunately, many climbers have been (success)_________ in their attempts to climb Mt Everest. 9. I detest people who (treat)_________ animals or use them in (science)__________ research. 10. Driving at speeds of 150 kilometers per hour is not only (legal)_______ but also (safe)_______. 11. Her (willingness)________ to help got her into trouble. 12. Why do you always have to (agree) ______with what I say? 13. She’s a very (patient)_______ person. She wants everything done immediately. 14. Don’t sit in that (comfortable)_________ armchair, sit here. 15. Are you sure you didn’t (understand)________ him? He can’t have said that.