Environmental Engineering-I Lab

OPEN ENDED LAB

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Muhammad Waleed

DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING

Sr No Detail of Documents. Page No

1 Statement 3
 Introduction
2 3

3 Objective 4

4 Observation and calculation 5

5 Result 6

6 Conclusion 6
 TITLE
Practice the Investigation of the Drinking Water Quality Parameters (Only Physical) at
water treatment plants of different housing schemes and compare these parameters with
Guidelines provided by “National Standards For Drinking Water Quality Pakistan” and
“WHO”.

INTRODUCTION
Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment to remove
disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use various methods of water treatment to
provide safe drinking water for their communities. Today, the most common steps in water
treatment used by community water systems (mainly surface water treatment) include:

 Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with a
positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge of these chemicals neutralizes
the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs,
the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc.

 Sedimentation
During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its weight.
This settling process is called sedimentation.

 Filtration
Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will
pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes,
in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and
chemicals.

 Disinfection
After the water has been filtered, a disinfectant (for example, chlorine, and chloramine)
may be added in order to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and to protect
the water from germs when it is piped to homes and businesses.
Basic terminologies
pH
pH describes the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A low pH indicates acidic conditions, and a
high pH indicates basic conditions. pH is actually a measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in
solution. Technically, pH is the negative logarithm of the free hydrogen activity in solution

Figure 1: PH Meter
Turbidity
Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. The higher the intensity of scattered light,
the higher the turbidity. Material that causes water to be turbid include clay, silt, very tiny
inorganic and organic matter, algae, dissolved colored organic compounds, and plankton and
other microscopic organisms.

Figure 2: turbidity meter

Hardness of water
The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in
the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, largely calcium and magnesium Hard water
is water that has high mineral content. Hard water is formed when water percolates through
deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium
carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

Figure 3:beaker flask &stirrir

Objective:
We will investigate the drinking water from filtration plant and check the entire parameters of
drinking water and compare with WHO and national standard of Pakistan.

Study Area;

Township filtration plant.

Longitude of township;
31.4475° N
Latitude of township;
74.3081° E
 Figure 4: Township filter plant

Apparatus:
 pH meter
 conductivity meter
 Nephlometer
 Thermometer
 Flask, burette etc

Procedure:
(We take the sample from township in which we perform different test to calculates the values of
parameters and taste odor etc)
1. First we take the sample from our filtration plant about 1000ml

2. We find the pH of sample by Ph meter we take a little amount of sample and calculate pH
by meter and electrode.

3. Then we find the electric conductivity by meter and electrode to check the mobility of
ions and current passing.

4. Find the turbidity by nephelometric in which we find suspended particles or matters.

5. After taking the values we find the hardness

In hardness finding total hardness and calcium harness
Then we find magnesium hardness by given formula
(Magnesium hardness= total-calcium hardness)

6. .After all the physical experiment we compare our result with WHO and national
standard of Pakistan
Observation and calculation

Table 1: Experimental & guideline value of turbidity

Sr No Sample Turbidity
(NTU)

1 Township 0.312

WHO Guideline <5

Pakistan standard <5

CONDUCTIVITY
TABLE 1.2 conductivity, tds , salinity

Sr No Sample Salinity TDS Conductivity

(ppt) (ppm) (siemens)

1 Township 0.2 185 373

Pakistan <1000 Should not
standard exceeded
than 500
Who Should not
standard exceed more
than 400
HARDNESS
Calcium Hardness
Intial reading = 0
Final reading = 3.6
3.6−0 mg
Calcium Hardness = x 1000 =72 as CaCo3
50 l

Total Hardness
Intial reading = 0
Final reading = 22
29−07 mg
Calcium Hardness = x 1000 = 440 as CaCo3
50 l

Magnesium Hardness
mg
Magnesium Hardness = 440-72 = 368 as CaCo3
l

HARDNESS
TABLE 1.3 Hardness
Total Calcium Magnesium
Sr No Sample Hardness Hardness Hardness
mg mg mg
l
as CaCo3 l
as CaCo3 l
as CaCo3

1 Township 440 72 368

Who 75-200 30-150

guideline
Discussion:
According to result the value of Turbidity is 0.312 NTU the standard value
is from WHO is 5 NTU and Pakistan standard is also 5 NTU its mean disinfection is practiced.
The value of conductivity is 373 according to WHO it should not be exceed more than 400.the
mg mg
value of Calcium Hardness is 72 as CaCo3 and Magnesium Hardness is 368 as CaCo3.
l l
Conclusion;
After all the experiment it is concluded as the sample which we choose is drinkable and safe
from any bacteria(pthogens)and fungus. The given water sample has lowest values from standard
which mean water is good in state and have all good properties.