SAM Final

Paper
Spring 2021
Shahbaz ali : 17221598-140
SE-8C
Software Enginneering
Department
 Q#1
In Pakistan there is a huge amount of followers of Cricket and the craze of watching the live
matches is increasing. As the match officials has decided to conduct the Final match of PSL
match in Qaddafi stadium of Lahore so there are greater chances of high Number of vehicles
traffic on the road as the Lahore is Itself a populated city there are too many people that will rush
toward stadium on that day and also the people from all over the Pakistan will head toward the
stadium. Mostly the people will use their own vehicles and also some will use the public
transport. This rush of the vehicle can cause the high volume of traffic on the Qaddafi stadium
nearby roads that will cause the traffic congestion on the roads near stadium. This problem has
great effect on the audience of match as there will be loss of time for the audience of the match
or they can be late to reach the stadium and also this congestion will also have negative impact
on the social life and business of the local population of Lahore. There is why this problem is
needed to be solved to save the time and resources for match official , Audience and also for the
people of Lahore.

Q#2
As this is a national cricket event so there is whole nation spectating the matches with great
interest and also the importance of the match is considered as this is the final match of this
national series so there will be great number of spectator that will rush toward the Qaddafi
stadium on that day So the numbers of the vehicles on the Roads will also increase keeping in
view the importance of the event any congestion on the road is not bearable and this congestion
can also effect badly the businesses of people.
Keeping all the aspects in view we will first build the model that will be close to the road
scenarios of the real world and then we will be proposing the solutions and apply the solutions
on the simulation. As there is o chance to take the risk so we are first going to apply the
solutions on the simulation and then analyzing the result and then we will select the best
solution for our problem based on their result

s.
 Q#3

Q#4
I have selected a Traffic Management simulation for Qaddafi stadium. The above flow chart
shows how the system will work. Firstly, a decision is made whether a vehicle must go to
stadium or not. If not, then it will move on. If yes, it will move to stadium. Again, it depends
whether today is match or not. It will show the amount of traffic around the stadium. If there is
match then there will be traffic congestion problem. Then simulation model is made to show this
problem and find solutions and implement solution in model to show the continuous running of
traffic around Qaddafi stadium.

Q#5
We have worked on the traffic congestion management problem. In this given case study we
have identified the traffic congestion problem on the roads to the Qaddafi stadium as before the
start of the match there will be a huge amount of spectators that will be moving toward the
stadium on the vehicles and this audience from all over the Pakistan will cause the serious
congestion on the roads that reach toward the Qaddafi stadium. So the simulation team will
develop a simulation for the problem of Traffic congestion on the roads of Qaddafi stadium.

Q#6
We have selected three reference papers related to our problem names are listed below
 A dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system for solving the road
congestion problem
 Simulation of traffic congestion with sir model
 Self-Organizing Traffic Lights: A Realistic Simulation

Q#7
Paper Summary
“A dynamic and automatic traffic light control The traffic lights are used to avoid the congestion
expert system for solving the road congestion of vehicles on the road but they are not too
problem” affective because their work on their predefined
time as these traffic light The traffic lights are
used to avoid the congestion of vehicles on the
road but they are not too affective because their
work on their predefined time as these traffic light
system are not intelligent system.
proposed a intelligent model for traffic light
system to avoid the traffic congestion problem
event in the peak time of traffic flow.
They used the Interarrival time of vehicles on the
traffic lights to decide the time of Red and green
lights of traffic system are not intelligent system.
proposed a intelligent model for traffic light
system to avoid the traffic congestion problem
event in the peak time of traffic flow.
They used the Interarrival time of vehicles on the
traffic lights to decide the time of Red and green
lights of traffic
“Simulation of traffic congestion with sir Traffic congestion is a big problem in urban cities,
model” and there is also a problem that if there is a traffic
congestion in the nearby connected lane then there
can also be a traffic congestion in that lane if the
heavy traffic moves from congested lane to that
lane.
In this paper the Author describes that the
congestion problem is related to the rate of
infection and recovery rate of lanes from the
congestion.
And authors used the SIR(Susceptible, Infected
 and Recovered) Model to be applied on the traffic
congestion problem.
This model easily applies on a congestion
epidemic placed on road networks.
They first described the complexity of spread of
the traffic congestion and then applied SIR model
to the congestion problem of the cities and then
they have built a Simulation to check the results
of the proposed system.
The result of the simulation in this paper can be
help full for the traffic manager to understand the
cause of the traffic congestion and can also help
to understand the failure of the traffic networks.
The result of the paper are also on the Average
values from different scenarios but the real world
scenario might be different but according to the
authors the further research can add other factors
to understand the traffic problem more accurately.

“Self-Organizing Traffic Lights: A Realistic Traffic congestion is a problem in urban areas

Simulation” especially the traffic congestion occurs on the
traffic signals at the peak time of traffic. As there
are many intelligent traffic systems that has been
build that progressively learn about the traffic
routine and adopt the traffic lights behavioral
settings and these systems mostly run on a central
computer. The problem is that these systems does
not take into consideration the current density of
the traffic Flow.
As on the peak hours some vehicles have to wait
on the traffic light for two turns on green lights
and sometime the vehicles reach the next traffic
too early and it has to face the every red Light.
To avoid the traffic congestion and reduce the
waiting time of the traffic the authors in this paper
proposed a model that control the traffic light base
on the demand by the traffic density in the
Realtime.
This traffic model will work in heavy traffic mode
in such a way that it will allow large number of
groups of the vehicle to cross the road at one time
hence reduce the waiting time of the vehicle(such
that vehicle will wait to make a better group) so
that there will be no frequent switching of Red
and Green lights
And then they build a Simulation model to check
the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
 Q#11
We have identified the following possible solutions for our problem of traffic congestion
1. Distributed and adaptive traffic signal control within a realistic traffic simulation.
There is a model proposed in the system that will control traffic lights based on the
data collected from the censors placed on the roads and there the traffic lights will
communicate with each other. The system will continuously update the traffic lights
timing to meet the traffic
2. Self-Organizing Traffic Lights. Proposed a model that control the traffic light base on
the demand by the traffic density in the Realtime. This traffic model will work in
heavy traffic mode in such a way that it will allow large number of groups of the
vehicle to cross the road at one time hence reduce the waiting time of the
vehicle(such that vehicle will wait to make a better group) so that there will be no
frequent switching of Red and Green lights.
3. proposed an intelligent model for traffic light system to avoid the traffic congestion problem
event in the peak time of traffic flow. We used the Interarrival time of vehicles on the traffic
lights to decide the time of Red and green lights of traffic. if the inter arrival time of vehicles
is less than 3 seconds then the green light time is 95 and red light time is 65. If it is between 3
and 1.7 second then green light will remain on 110 seconds and red light 65 seconds. If it is
between 0 and 1.7 second then green light will remain on 125 seconds and red light 65
seconds. If it is between is exceptional then lights times will be manual.

Q#15
Abstract
In this case study the traffic congestion in urban cities has been studied because the traffic
congestion is a severe problem in urban cities and it has been the point of focus for the several
years. To solve this problem we have proposed a solution the advance and intelligent traffic light
system. The solution will use the interarrival time and inter departure time of the vehicles in the
traffic to analyze the traffic flow and then it will process the data and then the system will
purpose the time for green and red light accordingly to optimize the flow of traffic on the
intersections.
In the Experiment, we choose the roads that are near the Qaddafi stadium and the event is PSL
Final Match because on this match there will a heavy flow of traffic on the roads at the entrance
of Qaddafi Stadium. The result of the simulation has been good practically, showing the
effectiveness of the solution in the real world as the waiting time of the vehicles on the lights is
dropped significantly when the average duration of the time of red light is 65s and the duration
of the green light is set to 125s.
Finally the best results shown in the research can be used to control the green and red light
duration in different types of the traffic congestion problems.

Introduction
Today, a common problem faced by several countries collectively is traffic congestion in the
urban cities as the numbers of vehicles are increasing in the urban areas at the higher rates as
people now prefer to travel on their own vehicle that causes increase in traffic.
Most commonly this problem is faced on the traffic lights in the urban areas at the peak time(The
specific time when number of vehicles increase significantly e.g. on Special Events, Festivals ,
gatherings) of the traffic as on traffic lights the vehicles has to wait a long time, even some
vehicles have to wait on the lights for more than one turn of the green light. Traffic congestion is
seen in the different populated areas of the Pakistan day by day. Both urban and rural areas are
equally suffering from the poor traffic provisions as well as the financial and life losses caused
by the traffic is causing a great burden on economic conditions of the country. The effects of
these traffic congestions are the low productivity of the transport because of the delay due to
traffic jams, it can also causes road accidents, environmental and noise pollution.
A growing body of evidence proves that simply expanding a road infrastructure cannot solve
traffic congestion problem and also due to resource limitations the road expansion is not a
feasible solution. We will be making a simulation model in Any Logic, the simulation will be
showing the same scenarios as in the real world and then we will apply the proposed solution to
the simulation. After applying the solution to the simulation we will be analyzing the result and
find out the best time for the traffic lights in peak time and in normal or low flow of the traffic.
The best solution will be identified on the basis of the peak time traffic flow on the traffic lights.

Problem Statement
Traffic congestion is a severe issue in the urban cities especially in the peak hours of the days.
This traffic congestion has costly effects on the environment and daily life of the people. The
environment is effect from traffic congestion as it causes the air and noise pollution in the urban
areas. The traffic congestion also has the social effect on the people as the slow traffic or
congestion can cause less productivity of the vehicles by and also the more consumption of gas
or fuel and wastage of the time in congestion.
On the time of peak time of traffic a large number of traffic move on the road that causes the
serious congestion that has a damaging effect on the vehicles as the significant time is wasted to
remove the traffic congestion.
So this traffic congestion causes serious time and economic loss in the urban areas.
We have selected the Qaddafi stadium Road Because on the big event of PSL Final Match a
heavy number of traffic will move towards this Road and there will be a great issue of traffic
congestion on this road due to this huge amount of traffic . We have taken this Qaddafi stadium
road as a case study to create a simulation that will show the real world scenario and we will
apply the solution on this simulation.

Q#16
We have purposed the solution that will use the traffic lights time management for the control of
the traffic flow on the road that loads to the Entrance of the Qaddafi stadium. The Traffic Light
will be installed at some distance from the entrance of the stadium and then the system will
decide the time of red and green light for the vehicles that are approaching toward the entrance
of Qaddafi stadium. The system will manage the vehicles to pass through the traffic light so that
there will be no traffic congestion on the entrance of the Qaddafi stadium.

Q#20
Advantages of simulation
1. It can avoid the loss of life and danger.
2. We can investigate the different situations without risks.
3. Can change the situation and analyze the outcomes.
4. Less costly
5. Can speed up the simulation and study the behavior in the long run.
6. Can make the simulation slow to study behavior more critically.
Disadvantages
1. It can be very costly to identify and measure that how one factor effect other and to
record the initial measurements and to create the model.
2. Thorough understanding and awareness of the complete case is needed in order to create
a simulation