EELE 3370

Communications I

Analysis and
Transmission of Signals

Islamic University of Gaza

Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik 2016
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 Introduction

Engineers view signals in terms of frequency

spectra
We studied Fourier Series for periodic signals.
Here we will study spectra representation of
aperiodic signals.

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 Fourier Transform
The direct Fourier Transformation of g(t) is:

G( f )   g ( t )e  j 2 ft dt


The Inverse Fourier Transform of G(f) is:


g( t )   g ( f ) e j 2 ft df


Symbolically:
G ( f )  F g ( t ) 
g ( t )  F 1 G ( f ) 
or g ( t )  G ( f )

We can plot the spectrum G(f) as a function of f.

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 Fourier Transform
Since G(f) is complex, we have both amplitude and angle (or
phase) spectra:
j g ( f )
G( f )  G( f ) e
The Fourier Transform relationship in the ω-domain:

F g ( t )    g ( t )e  j t dt


Conjugate Symmetry property

If g(t) is a real function of t, G(f) and G(-f) are complex conjugate
G ( f )  G * ( f )
This means
G ( f )  G ( f )
 g ( f )   g ( f )
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 Fourier Transform Example
Find the Fourier Transform of g ( t )  e at u( t )

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Fourier Transform Example

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 Linearity of Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform is linear, that is, if

g 1( t )  G1( f ) and g 2 ( t )  G2 ( f )

Then for all constants a1 and a2, we have

a1 g 1( t )  a2 g 2 ( t )  a1G1( f )  a2G 2 ( f )

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 Transform of Useful Functions
Unit Rectangular Function

( x ) x 
 
 
Unit width and height ( x ) expanded by factor τ. (width= τ)

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 Transform of Useful Functions
Unit Triangular Function
Triangular pulse Δ(x) of unit height and unit width, centered at the
origin.


0
 x   
x  12 x 
  (width= τ)
1  2 x
 x  12
 
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 Transform of Useful Functions
Sinc Function sinc(x)
sin( x )
sin c( x ) 
x
It is an even function of x
Sinc (x) = 0 when sin x = 0 except at x = 0, i.e sinc (x) = 0 for
t   , 2 , 3 ,...
Sinc(0) = 1
Sinc (x) is an oscillating function with decreasing amplitude.
It has a unit peak at x = 0 and zero crossings at integer multiples of π
Product of sin x (T0 = 2π) and 1/x

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 Sinc(x)

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 Sinc(x)

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 Sinc(x)

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 Example
Find the Fourier Transform of   t 
 
Solution  

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 Example

t    
    sinc(  f  ) =  sinc  
   2 

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 Bandwidth of  t /  

 Signal bandwidth is the difference between the highest

frequency and the lowest frequency in the signal spectrum.
 Because the spectrum extends from 0 to ∞, B.W. is ∞.
 However, much of the spectrum is concentrated within the first
lobe (from f=0 to f= 1/τ), and we may consider f= 1/τ to be the
highest frequency in the spectrum.
 Therefore, a rough estimate of the Bandwidth of a rectangular
pulse of width τ seconds is (1/τ) Hz or (2π/τ) rad/s.

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 Example
Find the Fourier Transform of the unit impulse signal ( t )
Solution

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 Example
Find the Inverse Fourier Transform of ( f  f 0 )
Solution

e j 2 f 0t   f  f 0 
e  j 2 f 0t   f  f 0 
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 Example
Find the Fourier Transform of cos 2  f 0 t
Solution

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 Example
Find the Fourier Transform of sign function sgn(t)
Solution 1 t 0

sgn( t )   0 t  0
1 t  0


sgn( t )  lim e at u ( t )  e at u ( t ) 

a 0
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 Example
Solution
sgn( t )  lim e at u ( t )  e at u ( t ) 
a 0

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Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Duality Property

if g( t )  G( f )
then G( t )  g ( f )

if g( t )  G( )
then G( t )  2  g (  )

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Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Duality Property

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Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Duality Property

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Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Time Scaling Property
if g( t )  G( f )

then for any real constant a,

1 f 
g ( at )  G 
a a

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Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Time Scaling Property

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Reciprocity of Signal and its Bandwidth
 Time-scaling property implies that if g(t) is wider, its
spectrum is narrower and vice versa.
 Doubling the signal duration halves its bandwidth and vice
versa.
 Bandwidth is inversely proportional to the signal duration
(or width in seconds).
 For a rectangular pulse of width τ seconds, the bandwidth is
(1/ τ) Hz.

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 Example
Show that g ( t )  G ( f )
Use this result and the fact that e  at
u( t )  1 /  a  j 2 f 
a t
to find the Fourier transforms of e at u( t ) and e
Solution

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Example

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 Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Time-Shifting Property
if g( t )  G( f )
then
g ( t t0 )  G  f  e  j 2 ft 0

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 Example
Find the Fourier transform of:
 a t t 0
e
Solution

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Example

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 Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Frequency-Shifting Property
if g( t )  G( f )
then
g ( t )e j 2 f 0t  G f  f 0 
g ( t )e  j 2 f 0t  G f  f 0 

• This property is also called Modulation property.

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 Some Properties of Fourier Transform
Frequency shifting in practice is achieved by multiplying g(t) by a
sinusoid.
1
g ( t ) cos 2 f 0t   g ( t )e j 2 f 0t  g ( t )e  j 2 f 0t 
2
1
g ( t ) cos 2 f 0t  G  f  f 0   G  f  f 0  
2

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 Some Properties of Fourier Transform

 g( t ) when cos 2 f 0t  1
g ( t ) cos 2 f 0t  
 g ( t ) when cos 2 f 0t  1

 g(t) cos2πf0t touches g(t) when the sinusoid cos2πf0t is at its

positive peaks and touches –g(t) when cos2πf0t is at its negative
peaks.
 g(t) and –g(t) therefore acts as envelopes for the signal
g(t) cos2πf0t
 g(t) and –g(t) are mirror images of each other about the horizontal
axis.
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Amplitude Modulation

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