UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

“THE IMPACT OF POOR FAMILY COMMUNICATION ON ADOLESCENT SELF-ESTEEM”

In partial fulfillment for the requirements of the course subject`

Research in Psychology 2

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

By

Anacan, Maria Judiel D.

Calderon, Jhoan G.

Iris, Marknel T.

Samane, Jean Rose C.

Villanueva, Czarae Jana D.

2021

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Communication is an essential building block of all relationships ever since the

beginning of humanity. Universally, it brings people together such as love, relatedness, and

better understanding with each other. Communication involves paying attention to what others

are thinking and feeling. Also, it is not just about talking but also listening to what others have to

say. In family relationships, communication is the interchange of verbal and non-verbal

information between family members and it is through communication that family members are

able to resolve the issues and conflicts that may arise.

Healthy communication between parent and their young adult children creates an

enabling environment in which a family member listens to what others are trying to say and not

only pass information about wants and needs. Communication helps to detect differences

among family members and provide immediate solution to any conflict that may happen every

day. Openness in family communication establishes trust and therefore, creates an atmosphere

in which individuals can express their thoughts without the fear of being contradicted.

Poor family communication can include lack of communication, yelling, carrying

grudges, keeping secrets, accusing, giving the silent treatment, issuing ultimatums or threats,

and misunderstanding. Families with poor communication are less likely to consider themselves

as close. In Filipino families, having strong family ties and effective communication is a priority

because it is part of the culture and values that were being passed through generations.

Previous study shows that having poor family communication can lead to numerous family

problems, such as lack of intimacy, excessive family conflict, ineffective problem solving and

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weak emotional bonding. Poor family communication is also associated with more behavioral

problems and unwanted attitudes in children such as having low self-esteem, psychological

distress, depression, aggressiveness, poor anger management, harming other people, attention

seeker, and being secretive (Livingiths, 2011). Self-esteem refers to a person’s positive

evaluation and perception of self-worth as a result of thesocialization process. Individuals’ self-

esteem is influenced by their living environment. Individuals’ primary developmental

responsibilities are resolved within the family, which is the most immediate and vital context for

individual growth and socialization.

Above all, poor family communication can influence the adolescent self-esteem while

continuously growing up. Time is crucial in fixing family communication. In most circumstances,

families who talk about their problems with each other have a greater chance in solving their

disputes than families who keep silent. This is because family talks would make both parents

and young adults aware of the wrong things they have done. Furthermore, talking and listening

effectively would give both parties a chance to explain their side and most importantly, to

development trust.

The researchers yearns to have a more vivid and profound understanding of the impact

of poor family communication on adolescent self-esteem. This research can give awareness for

everyone about the importance of having healthy communication between family members and

inspire people to establish and maintain positive relationship towards family members by

building effective communication. The researchers have prepared a survey questionnaire that

will be used to gather data among adolescents in Caloocan City that was reviewed and analyzed

in order to achieve the desired conclusions about the problems of this research study.

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Background of the Study

In today’s world, family members communicate less than they did in the past. According

to Cultural Atlas (2021), the Philippines is a collectivistic country and is known for having close

family ties. For Filipinos, communication gap has always been difficult, but with today’s

technology, it appears to be even wider (Manila Times, 2016). The researchers chose Caloocan

City-North as a locale of this study. Caloocan City has a population of 1.58 million people,

making in the fourth-most populous city in the Philippines and the third-largest city within

Metro Manila, according to Philippine Statistics Authority (2016). Caloocan is consists of 188

barangays and is divided into two geographical locations which is North and South. The

researchers believe that Caloocan City-North is the most efficient location to gather enough

data as well as it will be easier for the researchers to find the target respondents that is suitable

for the aim of this research study. Also, it will be easier to contact the participants in case of

emergency since the researchers are also residing in Caloocan City-North.

The target participants of this study will be late adolescent/young adults because they

are more emotional due to the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. Young

adults will be the most suitable respondents because they are more mature and open-minded

about this issue, therefore the researchers assume to have a valid result of this study. Their

response will be enough to come up with a conclusion regarding the impact of poor family

communication. Moreover, the cost of this study will be less expensive since the researchers will

use Google Forms to gather data since face to face interview is not allowed because of the

pandemic. The researchers aim to give awareness about how important having a healthy

communication is and to inspire people especially the respondents to develop and maintain

positive relationships with their parents through the process of effective communication.

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Theoretical Framework

To fully understand the impact of communication gap, one must understand it from

their position. In order to do this, these concepts were approached from two theoretical

orientations: McMaster family functioning model theory and Stanley Coopersmith’s self-esteem

theory.

McMaster Family Functioning Model Theory

Nathan Epstein (1987), the proponent of McMaster Family Functioning Model Theory

stated that the process of the family system is at its core, and that the main role of the family is

to provide adequate environmental circumstances for family members to develop on physical,

psychological, social, and other levels. The family system must conduct a succession of activities

to fulfill the fundamental function, including basic tasks (such as supplying the individual's

material needs in terms of food and clothes), developmental tasks (such as adopting and

fostering the members' growth and development), and crisis tasks (such as dealing with all kinds

of family emergencies). Additionally, this theory defines family as a social system in which

individuals interact to influence each other. Family functioning includes interactions and

communications and families with good dynamics more likely to engage in healthy habits.

To apply this theory, communication between families is vital for developing equal and

effective connections, according to this view. It fosters the growth of the family and its members

as a whole by completing a series of family duties in order to sustain effective family function,

improve interactions, and minimize development disruption. The General Functioning 12-item

subscale (GF12) of the McMaster Family Assessment Device will serve as the quick and effective

research tool to assess the overall functioning of families.

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Stanley Coopersmith’s Self-Esteem Theory

The Stanley Coopersmith’s Self-Esteem theory proposed by Stanley Coopersmith (1967-

1996) stated that self-esteem, according to general understanding, is built on a foundation of

trust, unconditional love, and security in early childhood, and is influenced as life continues by a

combination of positive and negative evaluations. Stanley Coopersmith's self-evaluation scale

measured adolescent’s self-esteem and then parent child rearing methods for those with high

self-esteem, indicating that the origins of higher self-esteem resided in clear rules and

boundaries imposed by the parents. Children create their sense of self from the environment in

which they grow up. The family communication plays a huge part in forming the character of

adolescents as they become adults. The way family members communicate to one another and

work together as a social group can shape adolescent’s self-esteem.

Additionally, the improvement of self-esteem is associated with the living environment

and cultural historical past of people. Family is the maximum direct and crucial environment for

individual growth and socialization. High self-esteem of adolescents positively connected with

significant degrees of closeness and emotional expression in the family. The closeness of

members of the family by having healthy communication and the expectations of parents will

influence the self-esteem of adolescents.

Self-esteem begins in early childhood depending on the positive and negative

experience a person encountered from childhood. This theory uses the idea that self-esteem is

constructed when a child feels safe, loved, and accepted and it is being influenced by how the

parents give positive attention and care. Every child’s self-esteem grows with each experience of

successful communications through encouraging words, their views and behaviors are

influenced by their parents.

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Conceptual Framework

Poor Family Adolescent Self-

Communication Esteem

Figure 1: Illustrates the variables of the study wherein the researchers aim to identify
the impact of poor family communication on adolescent self-esteem.

Statement of the Problem

This research study aims to have a profound understanding of the impact of poor family

communication on adolescent self-esteem. Specifically, it sought to answer the following

research questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

2. What is the perceived overall functioning of adolescents’ family communication in the

criteria of:

2.1 Poor family functioning

2.3 Healthy family functioning

3. What is the impact of poor family communication on adolescent self-esteem?

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Scope and Delimitation

This study covers the profound understanding of the influences brought by poor family

communication and its impact on the adolescent self-esteem and provides a conclusion which

may lead to a solution regarding poor family communication and rebuild a strong family

relationship that has been once affected by poor family communication.

The respondents will be 50 young adults (25) male and (25) female from Caloocan City

ranging from 18-24 years old, which is determined by the bracket of late adolescence/young

adulthood where they become more emotional and pressured due to the period of transition

between childhood and adulthood.

The researchers decided to conduct a total of 50 surveys for adolescents/young adults

in Caloocan City. The researchers seek knowledge about 50 participants’ perception of their

overall family functioning and its impact on their self-esteem. Caloocan City-North was chosen

as the locale of the study. The researchers aimed to conduct the research from August 2021

then have the results and finalize the whole study in October 2021.

Significance of the Study

This study hopes to establish a better understanding on how poor family

communication impacts the adolescent self-esteem. Furthermore, the result of the study could

be highly beneficial specifically to the following:

Community. This study aims to give awareness for the community about the importance of

having open communication between family members and inspire people to establish and

maintain positive relationships through building effective communication.

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Parents. The result of the study will help the parents to rebuild the relationships with their

children. This also gives awareness to parents to become more understanding and patient

towards their children.

Adolescents. This study will help adolescents to develop trust towards their parents and be

more open about their problems despite of the generation gap between them. This might also

encourage young adults to start establishing close and healthy relationships with family.

Future researchers. The study may be used as reference data in organizing and carying out new

research or in examining the validity of other correlated findings. This study will also serve as

their cross-reference that will give them a background and an overview in understanding poor

family communication.

Definition of Terms

In order to have a profound understanding about this research, the following words and

terms are defined based on how it is used or applied in this study:

Adolescent - A young adult who is in his/her late teenage years or early twenties.

Communication - It is the exchange of information through signs, symbols, and other elements.

It is a process of sharing one’s feelings, thoughts, and experiences.

Poor Family Communication - include lack of communication, yelling, carrying grudges, keeping

secrets, accusing, giving the silent treatment, misunderstanding.

Sef-Esteem – refers to the overall subjective sense of personal worth or value of a person.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature

Communication is one of the most important aspects of the parent-adolescent

relationship. Through the essence of communication that involves listening, availability,

understanding, mutual respect and emotion, it creates and maintains a relationship between

parents and adolescents, along with making engagement more efficient and strong, which both

lead to the development of mutual understanding and acceptance between parents and

adolescents (Goyala, 2019). In the Philippines, parenting is significant because family is seen as

the core of one's social environment. Filipinos learn a lot of things in their families that can

influence how they act in the society. According to Ngai (2013), communication is vital,

especially if parents would like to enhance their children's ability of essential life values. In an

experiment conducted by Ngai (2013), it was revealed that parent-child interaction has a greater

impact on a child's growth than parental guidance and treatment.

According to the Christian Family Movement's book "The Filipino Family" by Belen

Medina (2015), having family encounters, sharing their thoughts and experiences from the day,

listening to the children's burdens, and showing love and compassion would be a healthy

practice for adolescents to discover their strengths and weaknesses. Due to the rapid

emergence of hazardous behaviors of which today's millennial youth are victims, the role of

parents in the socialization of youth today appears to be more accountable. A study found out

that teenagers in this generation are more impulsive in their actions and make their own

decisions. Being with your family is one of the most appealing environments that anyone can

have, and the harmonious relationship you have with one another can contribute to personal

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growth and development, making your family a role model for society (Medina, 2015). Excessive

family tension, inadequate problem solving, a lack of intimacy, and poor emotional bonding are

only a few of the issues that may arise. A strong correlation has been discovered between family

communication and level of person' self-esteem, according to researchers (Blood, 2018). Lack of

communication is also associated with more behavioral problems and unwanted attitudes in

children such as psychological distress, depression, aggressiveness, poor anger management,

harming other people, attention seeker, and being secretive (Livingiths, 2011).

Along with the age gap, improper communication leads to erroneous assumptions, the

illusion of being able to read people’s mids, and a tendency to jump to conclusions. When a

person don’t know what is going on in his/her family, it is easy to become caught up in

unnecessary worry which leadt o stress. Arguments will be easier to start and a person’s self-

esteem may decrease that may cause you to be hesitant to speak to anyone (Pollack, 2019).

Moreover, parents’ expectations of adolescents can be particularly misguided.

Adolescents are, by nature, very self-absorbed. They haven’t fully developed the ability to

prioritize the interests of others over their own. Most teenagers are not very future-oriented,

and lectures about consequences do not inspire them. Unrealistic parental expectations as well

lack of support from family members cause unnecessary disagreements with adolescents, which

can quickly lead to feelings of uncertainty, vulnerability, remorse, or shame in their vulnerable

minds (Wevorce, 2017). According to Suldo and Huebner (2012), achieving life satisfaction is

closely linked to family functioning. One of the main factors that contribute to life satisfaction

appears to be the functioning of one's biological family. It entails being able to listen to other

individuals with respect and understanding. Separation and symbiotic relationship in the family

are not good indicators of its long-term functionality (Families for Life, 2021).

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Foreign Literature

A person’s self-esteem is influenced by their childhood experiences as well as present

connections with family members. Negative communication can take several forms, including

shouting, giving the silent treatment, accusing, cursing, name-calling, concealing information,

marking others as "evil," using threats, or physically assaulting them (Poor Family

Communication). Another type of negative communication is when family members have very

little to say to each other (Bartleby, 2020) According to SeeKen (2018), communication gap

occurs when things are not understood the way it was actually said what meaning intended by

the speaker or sender in not what is understood by the recipient.

SeeKen stresses the (4) four major Communication Gap Reasons. Generation gap

becomes the major reason for destroying relationships, and there are four reasons why it occurs

(1) Knowledge gap: usually knowledge gap happens between two different generations, this

knowledge gap occurs when two people have a different level of knowledge related to same

situation or topics. (2) Relevancy gap: it means those target audiences have no idea or

knowledge about the particular topic. (3) Perception gap: perception gap means things may not

be taken the way it was meant. And (4) Preconception Gap: It happens because everyone

perceives things differently (2018).

In addition to this, Olsonet (2011) stated that strong relationship between family

members, as well as their ability to adjust to various changes, have a positive impact on their

overall life satisfaction. On the other hand, limited involvement in the family causes low self-

esteem and lack of satisfaction in life. Moreover, Caron (2011) also point out that one of the

most important predictors of psychological well-being is the consistency of the overall

adolescent–parent relationship.

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Furthermore, part of a parent's responsibility to their children and adolescents is to be a

reliable source of support. Primary support is the backbone of the parent-child relationship

because it is emotionally sustaining, contributing significantly to the strength of attachment in

which the child feels safe, and it is never less important as their children develop. When their

children grow older, parents must be careful not to over-support them, as this will prevent them

from being self-sufficient, self-supporting, and self-reliant (Shi, et al.,2017).

Lastly, parent–adolecent relationships often involve discussion of emotional states, and

a number of studies have identified parallel and longitudinal associations between adolescent’s

discussions of emotions with parents and their understanding of emotions. The degree to which

parents discuss emotions with their adolescents, on the other hand, varies. Secure parents may

feel more comfortable discussing positive and negative emotions with their adolescents than

insecure parents, and as a result, adolescent of secure parents may have more opportunities to

discuss and learn about emotions. The hallmark of stable attachment, open communication

about emotions in the parent–adolescent relationship, may be important in the development of

adolesent’s emotional understanding. Insecure parents, on the other hand, can limit emotional

communication, thus limiting their adolescents to learn about emotions (Dykas & Cassidy, 2011).

Local Studies

Based on the study of Alampay (2014) entitled “Parenting in the Philippines,” The more

ground rules parents impose on their children, the less they believe they have the freedom to

make their own decisions. This suggests that when they approach young adulthood, Filipino

adolescents' cognitive function and behavior improve as they learn to think about their options

and make decisions about what they want since their sense of independence begins to emerge.

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It has been shown that adolescence experiences lack of communication and emotional support

from their parents as a result of these parenting styles (Alampay, 2014). Another study entitled

“A Correlational Study on Social Media Involvement and Parental Relationship” suggest that

there should have an annual family program in school setting for young adults who are still living

with each of their parents would be beneficial in promoting a healthy parent-child relationship

and allowing adolescents to communicate their interests, feelings, and emotions to their

parents. Since adolescence is such an important stage of life, emphasizing the parent-child

relationship is essential for their continued growth. It is important to provide adequate support

and guidance to children in order to help them develop a well-adjusted personality that will

serve them well in their adult lives (Leonora, 2017).

According to the Child and Youth Welfare Code (1976), which is quoted in Belen

Medina's book "The Filipino Family," published in 2015, parents are morally and legally

obligated to teach their children how to behave in the society to which they belong. It is

stipulated in the code that they should show love to their children, provide companionship, and

consider their behaviour and problems, as this will enable them to make a positive contribution

to their society as good citizens. In accordance to this, lack of consistency in caring for their

child's physiological, psychological, and holistic (spiritual/moral values) needs, can lead to

disruptive behaviour, delinquency, and anti-social behavior (Medina, 2015). Parents, on the

other hand, see this as a lack of interaction with their children and an inability to monitor their

safety and overall health (Taylor, 2013). These children have already missed out on genuine

interaction with various families, resulting in skewed social skills and a small real-life social

network, resulting in social isolation (Undiyaundeye, 2014).

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Foreign Studies

Parent-child contact leads more to children's growth than maternal control and parental

care, according to a study conducted by Ngai (2013). Several studies have identified a link

between the development of adolescent self-esteem and family communication, with

researchers discovering that insufficient caring and excessive parental control led to depressed

symptoms and lows self-esteem. Adolescents may reveal less to their parents because they

believe revealing personal experiences is unacceptably risky. If parents are not unresponsive or

dismissive of their children, particularly when their children reveal personal information to

them, their children will undoubtedly feel welcomed and valued by their parents (Pathak, 2012).

Additionally, McLaren and Sillars published a study titled "Hurtful Episodes in Parent–

Adolescent Relationships and found out that disassociation with teenage child, the parents

seem to feel greater pain than their adolescent child, according to this study. In order for this

intervention to be more successful, it includes empathy and the communication mechanism as

the key domain (McLaren & Sillars, 2014).

Moreover, a study conducted by Shahraki-Sanavi et al., (2013) entitled “A study on

family communication pattern and parenting styles with adolescent self-esteem and quality of

life” state that most parents had 'authoritative' parenting style, pluralistic and consensual

patterns were the most frequent styles of communication in families. Data suggested a

significant relationship between parenting style and some dimensions of quality of life, including

physical well-being, psychological well-being, social support and peers, and autonomy. There

was also a significant relationship between family communication patterns and adolescent self-

esteem.

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According to the study conducted by Aremu (2018) entitled “Relationship between

Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem” stresses that poor self-esteem among

adolescents represents a great challenge, which parenting styles can influence. This study

revealed that the way parents interact influences their adolescents’ future, whether for the

better or for the worse. Adolescents who do not have normal, open channels of communication

with their parents may feel as though they are lacking guidance and encouragement in their

lives, leading to low self-esteem and a loss of direction or intent in life. Adolescents yearn for

autonomy, but too much autonomy can lead to negative consequences. Parents would have no

idea what their adolescents are up to if they don't communicate with them (Ameru, 2018).

Furthermore, several studies have identified a link between the development of

adolescent self-esteem and parental attachment style, with researchers discovering that

insufficient care and excessive parental control contribute to depressive symptoms and low self-

esteem (Tulecka, 2019). Other studies indicate that high levels of affection and emotional

expression in the family are positively correlated with high levels of self-esteem and self-

achievement in adolescents.There is also evidence that poor family functioning has a damaging

impact on adolescents' physical and emotional health, possibly leading to feelings of

abandonment, vulnerability, and confusion.

Lastly, when expectations are effectively communicated, they can have a positive

influence on children, affecting their decisions and nudging them in the right direction. Similarly,

when a family's structure is rigid, with parents enforcing rules and decisions (stiffness), or when

the family is marked by authoritarianism and frequent rule changes (chaos), the family exhibits

strict system characteristics (Manzi, 2014).

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Synthesis

Every family is unique in its own way, but they all want the same thing: to be happy.

There are many pieces to the puzzle of a happy family, but communication is one of the most

important. Communication is a critical factor in influencing adolescents' positive actions and

progress. According to the articles and previous researches gathered, it is often believed actions

and progress. According to the articles that poor family communication is associated with more

behavioral problems and unwanted attitudes in children such as low self-esteem, psychological

distress, depression, aggressiveness, poor anger management, harming other people, attention

seeker, and being secretive. Along with the generation gap, unrealistic parental expectations as

well lack of support from family members cause unnecessary disagreements with adolescents,

which can quickly lead to feelings of low self-confidence, uncertainty, vulnerability, remorse, or

shame in their vulnerable minds. On the other hand, parents must be careful not to over-

support adolescents, as this will prevent them from being self-sufficient, self-supporting, and

self-reliant. Also, poor family communication and limited involvement in the family causes low

self-esteem and lack of satisfaction in life as per the gathered literatures and studies.

The above collection of both local and foreign literature and studies falls into one sharp

point- that poor family communication is the root of many conflicts in family relationships. In

this case, the researchers have theorized that children and adolescents need plenty of positive

interaction to build the traits and skills they will need for the rest of their lives. If parents lose

contact with their adolescents, there is a greater chance of a bleak future. The negative

consequences of poor family communication are limitless, but by maintaining a close

relationship via daily interactions can avoid these consequences.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides information on the research design, respondents of the study,

research locale, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of

data to be used by the researchers to fulfill the goals of the study.

Research Design

This study used survey research design, as well as quantitative. This design involves the

collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to predetermined

questions (Sunday, 2013). Survey design was chosen for this study as it is the most appropriate

for gathering information from selected young adults in Caloocan City. According to SIS

International Research, quantitative research is often used for studies that need to measure

extent and produce statistical results. Therefore, this study is a quantitative research because

the data gathered will be calculated and will use statistical treatments to provide results.

In order to create a well-oriented structure that would serve as the plan and basis in

conducting this study, descriptive research design was used as it aims to identify the impact of

poor family communication on adolescent self-esteem. Descriptive design is a research method

that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied

(AbiBhat, 2010). The descriptive research design involves gathering data that describes events

and then organize, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection. Along with the help of

the survey questionnaire that serves as the main instrument of the study, the researchers will

gather data, analyzed, and provide the variables to be treated statistically to formulate the

conclusion after gathering the data at the end of the study.

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Respondents of the Study

The respondents are 50 young adults (25) male and (25) female from Caloocan City

ranging from 18-24 years old, which is determined by the bracket of late adolescence/young

adulthood. According to the AMCHP Adolescent Development, late adolescence/young

adulthood phase is where adolescents become more emotional and pressured due to the period

of transition between childhood and adulthood. Adolescents/Young adults were chosen because

they are more mature and resilient to understand and to overcome family crises and find

something positive in negative events such as poor family communication.

Probability sampling, specifically simple random technique wherein the selection of the

sample is purely based on chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of

being selected as a sample. This technique was used to ensure an unbiased selection of

respondents for the study. The researchers selected both male and female respondents from

the population. Thus, they can provide the necessary information in order to find the answers to

the problems which are ought to be solved in this research study.

Research Locale

The study was conducted virtually through Google Forms, wherein the researchers will

be posting the test questionnaire containing the questions regarding the subject matter in which

the participants will have to answer. The residents shall be adolescents/young adults, aged 18-

24 and are residents in Caloocan City. The researchers believe that Caloocan City-North is the

most efficient location to gather enough data as well as it will be easier for the researchers to

find the target respondents that is suitable for the aim of this research study. The study will be

conducted during the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022.

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Research Instrument

The researchers will conduct a survey questionnaire in this study. The first part of the

survey consists of the items which gather respondent’s demographic profile such as their age

and sex. On the second part of the survey, the researchers will use General Functioning 12-item

subscale (GF12), a short version of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) with high

validity and reliability. GF12 is an effective tool to assess the overall functioning of families

which falls into two criteria: poor family functioning and healthy family functioning. In this part,

the researchers will use 4-point likert scale in which respondents specify their level of

agreement to a statement typically in four points: (1) Strongly disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Agree;

(4) Strongly agree. For the last part of the survey, the researchers will use the Coopersmith Self-

Esteem Inventory (CSEI) to assess an individual’s self-esteem. It consists of 58 items in which the

respondents will specify their level of agreement using a 5-point likert scale: (1) Strongly

disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Neutral; (4) Agree; (5) Strongly agree.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will conduct an online survey as a tool for gathering data. The

researchers will get the initial information of the respondents and provide informed consent.

For the quantitative method, the researchers will conduct online survey via Google Forms using

the General Functioning 12-item subscale (GF12) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI)

to measure the respondent’s overall family functioning and self-esteem. After conducting the

survey, the researchers will gather all the results of the questionnaires which will be interpreted

and statistically analyzed.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

After determining the research design, respondents, and research instrument, the

researchers need to tabulate and analyze the data collected. The data gathered must be

subjected to a statistical treatment so that the research questions proposed by the researchers

will be answered. The statistical treatments used in this study are further stated.

Weighted mean was used as a statistical treatment to determine the central tendency

of the results of respondents’ responses. It is used in the analyzing the level of agreement of the

respondents to the statements in the questionnaire regarding poor family communication and

its impact on adolescent self-esteem.

Weighted mean can be computed by adding all the quantities or frequency and then

dividing it by the number of responses.

Where: ∑ = sum of all the quantities

f x = frequency of scores

n = number of responses

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alampay, L. P. (2014). Parenting in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Department of

Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University

Aremu, T. A. (2017). Influence of parenting styles on adolescent self esteem.

ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/project/Influence-of-parenting-styles-on-
adolescent-self-esteem

Barnes, N., & Lescault, A. (2011). Social media soars as higher-edexperiments and reevaluates
its use of new communication tools.Journals.plos. https://journals.com/028200

Bartleby (2020). Filipino Communication Barriers. Bartleby Research.

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