EX. NO.

:01

DATE: MODELLING OF SOLAR PV CELL

AIM :

To plot the IV and PV characteristics of a solar PV cell both for constant and varying
irradiance using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :

MATLAB

THEORY :

Solar cell is a semiconductor device, which converts the solar energy into electrical energy. It
is called a photovoltaic cell. A solar cell consists of number of cells connected in series and
parallel. The EMF generated by the cell in open circuit is called the open circuit voltage, Voc.
Similarly the current that flows when the PV terminals are short circuited is called short circuit
current, Isc. Ideal power is the product of Voc and Isc.

Ideal power=Voc*Isc

The maximum useful power is the area of the largest rectangle that can be formed under the
VI characteristics.

Pmax=Vm*Im

The ratio of the maximum useful power to ideal power is called the fill factor.
𝑽𝒎∗𝑰𝒎
Fill factor= 𝑽𝒐𝒄∗𝑰𝒔𝒄

FORMULAE USED:

The output current produced by the solar cell is given by

𝒒(𝑽+𝑰∗𝑹𝒔)
𝑽+𝑰∗𝑹𝒔
I=Iph-Io∗ 𝒆( )−𝟏
𝒂∗𝑲∗𝑻 − where
𝑹𝒔𝒉

Iph - Photo generated current(A)

Io-Saturation current of PV cell (A)

A-1.2 (ideality factor)

Rs-Series resistance (Ω)

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T-PV cell temperature(K)

Rsh-Shunt resistance(Ω)

K-Boltzmann constant=1.3806*10^-23 𝐽/𝐾

q-charge of electron=1.602*10^-19 C

𝑻𝟑 𝒒∗𝑬𝒈𝒐 𝟏 𝟏
Io=Irs∗ (𝑻𝒓 )*𝒆(( )∗( − ))
𝒂∗𝑲 𝑻𝒓 𝑻 where

Tr-reference temperature(298K)

Ego-energy band gap=1.1 Ev(for Si)

𝒒∗𝑽𝒐𝒄
Irs=Isc/(𝒆(𝑵𝒔∗𝒂∗𝑲∗𝑻) − 𝟏) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Isc-short circuit current(A)

Ns-number of cells connected in series

Voc-open circuit voltage(V)

𝒈
Iph=Isc+(𝒈𝒏 (𝒌𝒊) ∗ (𝑻 − 𝑻𝒓)) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

g-Irradiance(W/m2)

gn-Reference irradiance=1000 W/m2

ki-short circuit current temperature coefficient=0.0032

INTERNAL CIRCUIT OF SOLAR CELL:

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MATLAB CODING:
clc;
clear all;
%-------------Initialization of Silcon Polycrystalline PV Cell-------------
Gref=1000;
A=1.3; % Ideality factor
Eg=1.12; % Barrier potential
Rs=0.55; % Series Resistance
Rsh=10000; % Parellel resistance
Ns=36; % Number of cells in series
Usc=0.0013; % Temperature coefficient
K=1.3806*1e-23; % Boltzmann constant
q=1.602*1e-19; % Charge of an electron
Voc=21.8;
Isc=3.11;
Iphref=Isc;
Tcref=273+25; % Reference temperature (K)
Tc=273+45; % Current cell temperature (K)
Vt= K*Tc/q;
a= Ns*A*Vt;
I=0;
P=zeros();
V_out= zeros();
I_out=zeros();
I_V=zeros();
P_V=zeros();
Leg=[{'G=200W/m2'},{'G=400W/m2'},{'G=600W/m2'},{'G=800W/m2'},{'G=1000W/m2'}];
%----------------Generation of IV and PV characteristics-------------------
for G=200:200:1000
j=G/200;
for V=1:1:20
i=V;
Iph= (G/Gref)*(Iphref+(Usc*(Tc-Tcref)));
part1= Isc/(exp(Voc/a));
part2= (Tc/Tcref)^3;
part3= exp(((q*Eg)/(A*K))*((1/Tcref)-(1/Tc)));
Io=part1*part2*part3;
Idiode=Io*(exp((V+(I*Rs))/a)-1);
Ish =(V+(I*Rs))/Rsh;
I=Iph-Idiode-Ish;
if(I>=0)
V_out(i)=V;
I_out(i)=I;
P(i)=V.*I;
else
break;
end
end
figure(1)
I_V(j)=plot(V_out,I_out);
xlabel('Voltage(V)');
ylabel('Current(A)');
legend(I_V(1:j),Leg(1:j));
hold on;

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 figure(2)
P_V(j)=plot(V_out,P);
xlabel('Voltage(V)');
ylabel('Power(W)');
legend(P_V(1:j),Leg(1:j));
hold on;
end

PROCEDURE:

 Identify the parameters of the solar cell concerned.

 Calculate the values of Iph,Irs,I0 using the formulae.
 Set the initial values of current, voltages as zero, Voc respectively.
 Calculate I from the formula by decrementing the voltages in small steps from Voc to
zero.
 Plot V,I using “plot” function.
 Also calculate the power and plot P Vs V.
 For varying irradiance, run an external “for” loop incrementing “g”in equal steps.

OUTPUT:

IV CHARACTERISTICS:

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PV - CHARACTERISTICS:

RESULT :

Thus the IV and PV characteristics of the given solar cell for constant and varying irradiance is
obtained using the MATLAB software.

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EX. NO. : 02

DATE : DESIGN OF BUCK, BOOST, BUCK- BOOST CONVERTERS

AIM:

To design a buck boost converter for DC bus voltage regulation and model it in MATLAB.

SOFTWARE USED:

MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

The DC-DC converters used for the step-up and step-down process. The chopper circuits
along with the filter design conventionally mentioned as converters. The buck, boost and buck-
boost converter circuits and its appropriate L & C values are calculated as follows:

PARAM BUCK BOOST BUCK-BOOST

ETERS CONVERTER CONVERTER CONVERTER

L ((1-D)*R)/(2*F) ((D)*(1-D)^2)/(2*F) (((1-D)^2)*R)/(2*F)

C (1-D)/(8*L*r*F^2) D/(R*r*F) D/(R*r*F)

Vo Vin*D Vin/(1-D) (Vin*D)/(1-D)

PID TUNING:

A PI controller is a feedback control loop that calculates the error signal by computing the
difference between the output of the system and the set point, and then multiplies it by the
proportional and integral gains, and output of the control signal. This control signal may be
compared with a triangular carrier to obtain the pulses necessary for firing the DC-DC converter.

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 The PID tuning can be done in random manner else by forming the transfer function for the
circuit. The transfer function can be formed by following steps as follows:

 Draw equivalent circuit for both switching conditions of the converter choosen.
 Write the state space equation in the form of dx/dt = Ax + Bu and y = Cx + Du.
 By state space averaging method, add both matrices with respect to duty cycle.
 Now consider both the steady state and perturbation part of the equations.
 Now form the transfer function by using the form C(INV(SI-A))B + D
 Tune the PID values using the Auto tune method or Zeiger nicholas method.

Thus the Transfer function of the buck, boost, buck-boost converter can be found to be as
follows:
𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒊𝒏/𝑳𝑪
BUCK CONVERTER: = 𝟏 𝟏
𝑫 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺( )+
𝑹𝑪 𝑳𝑪

𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒐 ( )[𝟏−𝑺𝑳/((𝟏−𝑫)𝟐 𝑹]
𝑳𝑪
BOOST CONVERTER: = 𝟏 (𝟏−𝑫)𝟐
𝑫 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺( )+
𝑹𝑪 𝑳𝑪

𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒐 ( )[(𝟏−𝟐𝑫)−𝑺𝑫𝑳/((𝟏−𝑫)𝟐 𝑹]
𝑳𝑪
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER: = 𝟏 (𝟏−𝑫)𝟐
𝑫 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺( )+
𝑹𝑪 𝑳𝑪

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PROCEDURE:

The MATLAB simulink for the converters can be done by following the steps. They are:

S1: Open MATLAB

S2: Design BUCK, BOOST, BUCK-BOOST Converter circuit.

S3: For PID tuning develop TF and initialise all functions in simulink.

S4: Get Kp, Ki, Kd values for optimum tuning.

S5: Substitute the values in the PID controller block of closed loop system

S6: Substitute in the circuit and analyse the expected voltage output is tracked or else.

BUCK CONVERTER:

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BOOST CONVERTER:

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER:

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

BUCK CONVERTER:

BOOST CONVERTER:

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER:

RESULT:

Thus the DC-DC converter circuits has been designed and its closed looped operation through
PID tuning has been analysed successfully.

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EX. NO. : 03

DATE : BATTERY MODELLING

AIM :

To model a battery and to obtain its voltage-time, current-time, state of charge-time

characteristics using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :

MATLAB

THEORY :

In the aspect of technology, the rechargeable battery is improved from lead acid battery to Ni-
Cd battery to Lithium ion battery, due to its higher terminal voltage, higher power, and the
energy density as compared to other types. It is very much necessary to model the battery in
order to predict or optimize battery runtime or circuit performance. Out of many battery models
available, equivalent circuit model with two resistor capacitor parallel network is proven to have
high accuracy and capable to predict run time and current voltage (I-V) performance of battery.

DYNAMIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL :

This model consists of a dc voltage source in series with series resistance representing the
battery internal dc resistance, and RC parallel network to characterize the transient behavior of
voltage. DC voltage source represents the open circuit voltage of the battery. In this model, those
parameters are dependent on SOC and current.

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FORMULA USED :

1. SOC CALCULATION:

𝑰 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝑶𝑪 = (𝑺𝑶𝑪)̥ − ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝜶ᶸ ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

where,

(SOC)0 – Initial State of Charge (in %)

I – Battery Output Current (A)

𝛼ᶸ - Usable Capacity of Battery (A-hr)

2.VOCCALCULATION :

VOC = 3.685 + 0.2156(SOC) + (-0.1178) (SOC)2 + (0.3201) (SOC)3 - (1.031)𝒆−𝟑𝟓(𝑺𝑶𝑪)

where,

SOC – State of Charge

VOC – Open Circuit Voltage (V)

3.RC VALUES :

R1(SOC) = 0.3208𝒆−𝟐𝟗.𝟏𝟒(𝑺𝑶𝑪) + 0.04669

C1(SOC) = -752.9𝒆−𝟏𝟑.𝟓𝟕(𝑺𝑶𝑪) + 703.6

R2(SOC) = 6.603𝒆−𝟏𝟓𝟓.𝟐(𝑺𝑶𝑪) + 0.04984

C2(SOC) = -6056𝒆−𝟐𝟕.𝟏𝟐(𝑺𝑶𝑪) + 4475

4. VOLTAGES V1,V2 :
𝟏 𝑰 𝑽𝟏
V1 = [𝒔 ] [𝐂𝟏 − 𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟏]

𝟏 𝑰 𝑽𝟐
V2 = [𝒔 ] [𝐂𝟐 − 𝑹𝟐𝑪𝟐]

where,

V1 – Voltage Across R1C1 Parallel Network (V)

V2 – Voltage Across R2C2 Parallel Network (V)

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 I – Battery Output current (A)

5.VS – VOLTAGE ACROSS SERIES RESISTANCE :

VS = I*RS

where,

RS – Series DC Resistance (Ω)

6. BATTERY TERMINAL VOLTAGE, Vt :

Vt = VOC – V1 – V2 – VS

where,

VOC – Open Circuit Voltage (V)

V1 – Voltage Across R1C1 Parallel Network (V)

V2 – Voltage Across R2C2 Parallel Network (V)

VS – Voltage Across Series Resistance (V)

PROCEDURE:

1. BATTERY DISCHARGING:

 Open simulink in MATLAB.

 Drag and drop all necessary components to perform these empirical formulations.
 For reducing complexity, design each equations in subsystems.
 Check SOC from the scope.
 Analyse the draining through R-Load.

2. BATTERY CHARGING:

 Open the simulink

 Now your entire system formulated before without involving the R-load is the battery
design.
 Use constant current, constant voltage, cccv method of charging using controlled current
and voltage source.
 Check SOC through scope.

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DISCHARGING MODEL SIMULINK:

CHARGING MODEL SIMULINK:

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SOC CALCULATION - SUBSYSTEM

VOLTAGES OF RC PARALLEL NETWORK- SUBSYSTEM

R, C VALUES CALCULATION- SUBSYSTEM

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VOC CALCULATION- SUBSYSTEM

CC MODE OF CHARGING CIRCUIT:

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OUTPUT:

DISCHARGING WAVEFORM;

CHARGING WAVEFORM:

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RESULT:

The Li-ion battery has been modeled and critically charging and discharging test were done
successfully.

EX. NO. : 04

DATE: MPPT TRACKING OF PV PANEL

AIM:

To simulate and compare different MPPT methods for a solar PV panel in “MATLAB
Simulink”.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

Various MPPT techniques differing in tracking accuracy, convergence speed, dynamic response,
are available in literature. Some of them are:

1. Perturb and Observe Method

2. Incremental Conductance Method

3. Constant Voltage Method

4. Temperature parametric Method

PERTURB AND OBSERVE METHOD:

In this method, the controller adjusts the voltage for a small amount from the array and
tracks the maximum power. This method works perturbing the system by increasing or
decreasing the PV module operating voltage and observing the output power. The instantaneous
values of voltage and current are made available through measurements. If ∆P (∆P= Pnew- Pold) is
positive, it implies that the operating point has moved closer to MPP. Otherwise, the operating
point will be moving away from MPP and the path of perturbation should be inverted back to
move towards MPP. By this way, the MPP is tracked.
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INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE METHOD:

The Incremental conductance method is based on the fact that, the slope of the PV array’s
power curve is zero at its MPP, positive on left of MPP and negative on the right side of MPP.
This can be given by,

If (dI/dt) ꞊ (-I/V) , MPP is reached

(dI/dt) ˃ (-I/V), MPP is on the right

(dI/dt) ˂ (-I/V), MPP is on the left

So, if the MPP is on the right side (dI/dt) ˃ (-I/V), the photovoltaic voltage has to be increased
in order to reach MPP. The procedure starts with measuring the present values of PV module
voltage, current and calculation of changes in voltage, current. The flowchart shown clearly
illustrates the IC method. This method has a good tracking efficiency compared to perturb and
observe method.

FLOWCHART FOR PERTURB AND OBSERVE METHOD

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FLOWCHART FOR INCREMENTAL AND CONDUCTANCE METHOD

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PROCEDURE:

1. Open MATLAB Simulink page.

2. Pick and place the necessary components from the library browser.

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3. Implement the MPPT tracking algorithm using “State Flow Chart” option.

4. Input the necessary parameters like irradiance, temperature, Voc, Isc and other parameters.

5. View necessary waveforms using scope.

6. Compare and verify the obtained characteristics with the model characteristics

SIMULINK FOR P&O:

MFILE P&O:
function V1= PandO(V,v,P,p)

dP=P-p;
dV=V-v;
V1max=363;
V1min=0;
V1init=300;
Vold=0;
Pold=0;
deltaV=0.1;
datatype= 'double';
Vold=V1init;
if dP ==0
if dP>0
if dV>0
V1=Vold+deltaV;
else
V1=Vold-deltaV;
end
else
if dV<0
V1=Vold+deltaV;

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else
V1=Vold-deltaV;
end
end
else
V1=Vold;
end
if V1>V1max || V1<V1min
V1=Vold;
end
Vold=V1;
Pold=P;

SIMULINK ICC:

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MFILE ICC:
function V1= INC(V,v,I,i)
dI=I-i;
dV=V-v;
V1max=363;
V1min=0;
V1init=300;
Vold=0;
Iold=0;
deltaV=0.1;
datatype= 'double';
Vold=V1init;
if dV ==0
if dI==0
V1=Vold;
else
if dI>0
V1=Vold+deltaV;
else
V1=Vold-deltaV;
end
end
else
if dI/dV==(-I/V)
V1=Vold;
else
if(dI/dV)>(-I/V)
V1=Vold+deltaV;
else
V1=Vold-deltaV;
end
end
end
if V1>V1max || V1<V1min
V1=Vold;
end
Vold=V1;
Iold=I;

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF P&O:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF ICC:

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RESULT:

Thus the MPPT of solar PV panel is tracked using the P&O and ICC method is analyzed and
simulated successfully.

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EX. NO. : 05

DATE : INDUCTION MOTOR MODELLING

AIM :

To model an induction motor using MATLAB Simulink and obtain its necessary
waveforms.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED :

MATLAB Simulink.

THEORY:

Induction motor plays a vital role in industries and daily life due to its low cost, reliable
& robust operation, and low maintenance. Thus, modeling of an induction motor is required for
studying its performance.

The popular induction motor modeling is explained through the KRAUSE concept of
reference frame theory.

d-q EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR:

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EQUATIONS USED:

(i) STATOR VOLTAGES (abc):

Vas = √2 Vrmssin (ωt)
Vbs = √2 Vrmssin (ωt - 2π/3)
Vcs = √2 Vrmssin (ωt + 2π/3)

(ii) abc TO dq TRANSFORMATION:

𝑉𝑎𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 cos(𝜃 − 2𝜋/3) cos(𝜃 + 2𝜋/3)
[ 𝑉 ] = √(2/3) [ ] [𝑉 𝑠 ]
𝑞𝑠 − sin 𝜃 − sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋/3) − sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋/3) 𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑐

(iii) VOLTAGE EQUATIONS:

𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑑𝑠 𝑅𝑠 00 0 𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝐿 𝑠 0𝑀 0 𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑠
𝑉𝑞𝑠 0 𝑅𝑠 0 0 𝑖𝑞𝑠 0 𝐿𝑠 0 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
[ ]=[ ] [ ]+ [ ]
0 0 𝜔𝑟 𝑀 𝑅𝑟 𝜔𝑟 𝐿𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑟 𝑀 0𝐿 𝑟 0 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑟

𝜔𝑟 𝑀 0−𝜔𝑟 𝐿𝑟 𝑅𝑟 𝑖𝑞𝑟 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑀 0 𝐿𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑟
[ 𝑑𝑡 ]

[R] can be split into two sub matrices

[R] = [R1] + [R2], where

𝑅𝑠 00 0 0 00 0
0 𝑅𝑠 0 0 0 00 0
[R1] = [ ] and [R2] = [ 0 𝜔 𝑀 0 𝜔𝑟 𝐿𝑟 ]
0 0 𝑅𝑟 0 𝑟
0 00 𝑅𝑟 𝜔𝑟 𝑀 0−𝜔𝑟 𝐿𝑟 0

[dI] = inv[L] * [[U] – [R][I]], where [I] = ∫[𝑑𝐼].

(iv) TORQUE EQUATION:

Te = (3/2) M P [iqsidr - ids iqr].

(v) SPEED EQUATION:

ωr(s) = (P/(Js+F)) [Te(s) – TL(s)].

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 (vi) STATOR CURRENTS (abc):
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
𝑖𝑎 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑖
[𝑖𝑏 ] = √(2/3) [cos(𝜃 − 3 ) −sin(𝜃 − 3 )] [𝑖𝑑𝑠 ]
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑞𝑠
𝑖𝑐 cos(𝜃 + 3 ) −sin(𝜃 − 3 )

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open MATLAB Simulink.

Step 2: Model all the equations in submodules by dragging and dropping the necessary
components/blocks from the library.

Step 3: Initialize the constant parameters used in the equations.

Step 4: Use a “Step Function” for load torque to give a step load change.

Step 5: Run Simulation and view necessary waveforms using scopes.

VALUES OF PARAMETERS USED:

 Stator Resistance, Rs = 1.15Ω

 Rotor Resistance, Rr = 1.44Ω
 Stator to Stator Inductance, Ls = 0.156H
 Rotor to Rotor Inductance, Lr = 0.156H
 Mutual Inductance, M = 0.143H
 Inertia constant, J = 0.024 kg m2
 F=0
 No. of Poles, P = 2
 Frequency, f = 50Hz.

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SIMULINK DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT:

Thus, an induction motor is modeled using MATLAB Simulink and its necessary
waveforms are obtained.

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EX. NO.: 06
DATE : VOLTAGE SENSOR & CURRENT SENSOR CALIBRATION

AIM:

To calibrate the given voltage sensor and observe the voltage sensor output in DSO.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Voltage sensor LV25-P

 Current sensor LA25-P
 Resistor (120Ω, 1/2 watt)
 Potentiometer
 Resistor (47kΩ, 5W)
 3Φ AC supply
 Digital storage Oscilloscope
 DC Regulated Power supply
 Connecting wires

THEORY:

For any drive or control applications, it is necessary to condition the signal to be

measured before giving it to the microcontroller or processor used. Voltage transducer serves
such purpose, ie. the measured signal has to be stepped down to a safer level such that the
processor should withstand it.

VOLTAGE SENSOR CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

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CURRENT SENSOR CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

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VOLTAGE SENSOR TABULAR COLOUMN:

( keeping Rm and pot as

Vp Vs Kp=(Vp/Vs) constant )

CURRENT SENSOR COLOUMN:

a) keeping constant primary voltage and varying load

R(0.25 Ip(A) Vs(volts) Is(mA) Ki =

kw) (Ip/Is)
1
2
3
4
5

b) Keeping load constant and varying Vp

Vp Ip Vs Is Ki =
(volts) (A) (mv) (mA) (Ip/Is)

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RESULT:

Thus the Voltage sensor (LEM LV25-P) and Current sensor (LEM LA25-P) has been
calibrated and its operation understood successfully.

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EX. NO. :07 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN LOOP ROTOR
DATE: INJECTION OF DFIG IN SUBSYNCHRONOUS GENERATING MODE

AIM:

To perform the open loop rotor injection of the DFIG- Doubly fed induction generator in
subsynchronous generating mode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)

 Prime mover (DC Motor)
 3 Phase back to back connected converter
 3 Phase Auto Transformer
 FPGA Artix-7 processor
 Level shifter
 Laptop with XILINX VIVADO software
 3 phase Resistive Load
 Multimeter (or voltmeter, ammeter)
 Tachometer
 Connecting wires

THEORY:

DFIG is an induction generator with both stator and rotor windings available.It is widely
used in the variable speed wind energy applications with a static converter connected between
the stator and rotor.Depending on the rotor speed, there are two modes of operation in a
DFIG(only generation mode) namely;

1. Super Synchronous mode (slip-negative)

2. Sub syschronous mode (slip-positive)

SUB SYNCHRONOUS MODE OF OPERATION:

For the subsynchronous mode of operation the rotor receives power from the grid via the
converters. Both mechanical power |Pm| and rotor power |Pr| are delivered to the grid through the
stator . Although the stator power is the sum of |Pm| and |Pr| , it will not exceed the power rating
, since in the sub synchronous mode , the power ‘Pm’ from the generator shaft is lower than the
super synchronous mode . Since the DFIG generates high power when operating in super
synchronous mode , the power rating of the converter is determined by the rated or maximum
slip in the super synchronous mode.

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PULSE GENERATION FOR INVERTER – SPWM :

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is used for the generation of pulses to the inverter. In
this method , a high frequency carrier wave is compared with sinusoidal reference wave to
generate pulses. For three phase inverter , a balanced set of three sinusoidal modulating signals
along with high frequency triangular wave (carrier) is required .

M = (Am/Ac) ; where

Am – Amplitude of the sinusoidal reference wave

Ac – Amplitude of the triangular carrier wave

M – Modulation index

PROCEDURE : [ OPENLOOP ROTOR INJECTION ]

 Connect the grid side converter as a rectifier and rotor side converter as an inverter , for
which pulses are provided via level shifter , FPGA .
 The output terminal of the rotor side converter is connected to rotor of DFIG.
 The stator output terminal of the DFIG is connected to three phase resisitive load, instead
of connecting it to the supply.
 Turn on the power supply.
 Run the prime mover at specific speed [to emulate the wind turbine ].
 After ensuring the pulses are fed to the inverter , the open loop rotor injection is
performed either by varying the autotransformer or by varying the modulation index(M).
 For each variation of the rotor input ( or inverter output ) note down the stator voltage,
current and speed of the DFIG.

PROCEDURE FOR GENERATION OF PULSES FOR INVERTER :

1.BUILDING A MODEL WITH SYSTEM GENERATOR:

 Right click on the system generator and click “Run as administrator”.

 MATLAB page opens pick and place the necessary components from “Xilinx
blockset” and connect them according to the block diagram required . Also place a
“system generator” which is vital,similar to the “powergui”.
 After saving the file , click on “system generator”.
 Select the processor name (Artix 7).
 Select folder location
 Select prefered language “VHDL or Verilog” and click generate.

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2.BITSTREAM GENERATION :

 Open the folder generated in the previous step , and tap on the vivado project file.
 Select “Add source” and choose “Add or create constraints”.
 Click “create file” and mention file type and file name.
 Copy a pre existing XDC file and paste it on XDC editor window created or type the
command in the following format:set_property PACKAGE_PIN
L4[get_ports{digit[3]}
 Save the file created (.xdc) and perform synthesis , impementation and generate
bitstream by clicking them one by one in the “Flow Navigator”.

3.DUMPING THE BIT FILE INTO FPGA :

 Connect EDGE Artix 7 FPGA kit to PC\Laptop through USB cable and turn on the
kit.
 If the device detected sucessfully , then select “Program Device” by right clicking the
target device XC7035t_0
 Once the program succeeds “Done LED D1” lights up on EDGE Artix 7 FPGA kit.

4. LEVEL SHIFTING THE PULSES GENERATED

 The pulses available fromFPGA is to be level shifted in order to drive the IGBT of
the converter. For this “AMS – 12 PWM card” from “Entuple technologies”is used ,
inorder to convert the 3.3V pulses to 15V pulses.
 “J13” is used as input port and any three ports from the set {J3,J4,J6,J7,J9,J10} is
used as output port through which the pulses propogate to IGBTs’.
 After selecting the output ports connect the respective pins to the inverters’ gate
terminal.
 Provide a 15V DC supply to the level shifter.
 The connection between the output ports and J13 can be found from the “Entuple user
Manual”.
 The pulses generated are viewed through DSO before giving it to the inverter.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULAR COLOUMN:

S.NO Vp Ip N(rpm)

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RESULT:

Thus the open loop rotor injection of DFIG is performed in sub synchronous generating mode
and the readings are tabulated.

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EX. NO. :08

DATE : VARIABLE SPEED OPERATION OF PMSG

AIM:
To observe the variable speed operation of the permanent magnet synchronous generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 PMSG
 DC motor (Prime mover)
 Back to Back connected converter
 Three phase Resistive load
 Three phase AC supply
 FPGA Processor (Artix-7)
 Level Shifter
 Laptop with XILINX VIVADO Software
 Multimeter
 Tachometer
 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

As the name implies, in a permanent magnet synchronous generator, the excitation field
is created using permanent magnets in the rotor. Permanent magnets can be mounted on the
surface of the rotor, embedded into surface or installed inside the rotor. For low speed direct
drive wind turbine generators, the PMSG is more competitive because it can have higher pole
number of 60 or more poles. Also the excitation implementation is simpler, more durable. The
one major disadvantage of PMSG is that with no control of the rotor flux, they attain their peak
efficiency only at one pre defined wind speed. It’s speed is given by

𝟏𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝐟
𝑵=
𝑷
where f - Frequency
P - No of Poles

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the front end rectifier to the stator terminals of the PMSG and inverter to a three
phase resistive load bank.
2. Provision of the gate pulses to the inverter is setup (Laptop, FPGA and Level Shifter are
connected).
3. Turn on the power supply
4. Run the DC motor at a specified speed
5. Vary the load in equal steps and note down the stator output voltage, speed, stator current
reading.
6. Repeat the same procedure by varying the modulation index of the sPWM based inverter.
7. Tabulate the readings taken

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PMSG – DC MOTOR SET

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ROCKWELL AUTOMATION CONTROL PANEL SETUP

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BACK TO BACK CONNECTED CONVERTER (SEMIKRON INVERTER)

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TABULATION

( I ) BY VARYING THE LOAD

STATOR OUTPUT STATOR
LOAD
S.NO SPEED [IN RPM] VOLTAGE VSph CURRENT
[IN KW]
[ IN V] ISph[IN A]
1.
2.
3.

( II ) BY VARYING THE MODULATION INDEX

LOGIC
STATOR
INPUTS ( FOR STATOR
OUTPUT SPEED
S.NO VARYING CURRENT ISph
VOLTAGE [IN RPM]
MODULATION [IN A]
VSph[IN V]
INDEX)
1.
2.
3.

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RESULT:
Thus the variable speed operation of the PMSG was observed successfully.

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