BLGNOKL DN RIE AVIEBKRBL @IQKNV

BLGGN
GGNON LA RLBKIG _LVC IED DNQNGLZHNET RT^DKNR
HITMNHITKBR KE TMN HLDNVE _LVGD

Hldugn 2   TMN EIT^VN LA HITMNHITKBR

K. Hitmnhitkbig Gieouion ied Ryhflgs

GNIVEKEO TLZKBR0
9. Bmiribtnrkstkbs la hitmnhitkbig gieouion0 prnbksn, blebksn, plwnraug

6 6 N x p r n s sk v s . R n e tn be n s
2 2. B l e v n e t kle s ke tm n h i tm n hitkbig gieouion
4. Alur fiskb blebnpts0 snts, auebtkles, rngitkles, fkeiry lpnritkle
>. Ngnhnetiry glokb0 bleenbtkvns, quietkaknrs, enoitkle, virkifgns
1. Alrhigkty

  BLETNET

Bletkeuitkle …

Alur Fiskb Blebnpts0 RNTR, Auebtkles, Vngitkles, Fkeiry Lpnritkle

I orlup lr blggnbtkle la lf`nbts ks biggnd i snt. Nibm la suf`nbt ke i snt ks biggnd i hnhfnr lr ie ngnhnet la i snt.

Rnt Eltitkle

Tmnrn irn tmrnn wiys tl dnsbrkfn snts.

9. Tmn Dnsbrkptkvn Hntmld

 I snt bie fn dnsbrkfnd fy wrktkeo i dnsbrkptkle la kts ngnhnets.
Alr nxihpgn0
Q 8 blglrs ke tmn Zmkgkppken Agio
H 8 hugtkpgns la 1 fntwnne 9 ied 4::.

6. Tmn Gkst lr Vlstnr Hntmld

 I snt bie fn dnsbrkfnd fy gkstkeo igg kts ngnhnets wktmke i pikr la fribns, {}. Nibm ngnhnet ks snpiritnd arlh tmn
enxt fy i blhhi.
  Rnt Q bie fn wrkttne is Rnt H bie fn wrkttne
is Q 8 {fgun, rnd, wmktn, yngglw} H 8 {1, 96, 9=, …, 2;1}

2. Tmn Rnt-Fukgdnr Eltitkle

 I snt bie fn dnsbrkfnd uskeo virkifgns.  I virkifgn ks i syhflg, usuiggy i gnttnr, tmit bie rnprnsnet
dkaanrnet ngnhnets la i snt. Alr nxihpgn, supplsn ylu irn ketnrnstnd ke igg tmn bktkns la tmn Zmkgkppkens. Rkebn
tmnrn irn tll hiey ngnhnets ke tmks snt, kt wlugd fn fnttnr t usn tmn snt-fukgdnr eltitkle.

 I 8¼
¼
rnid is I ks tmn snt la igg x subm tmit x ks i bkty ke tmn Zmkgkppkens.
Nxihpgn0
_rktn nibm snt sukeo tmn rlstnr hntmld.
i. Tmn snt la dkstkebt gnttnrs ke tmn wlrd M^HKGKT[.
f. Tmn snt la blglrs la tmn rikeflw.
Rlgutkles0
i. {M, ^, H, K, G, T, [}
Eltkbn tmit wmne gkstkeo tmn ngnhnets la i snt, kdnetkbig ngnhnets irn elt rnpnitnd.
f. {rnd, lrieon, yngglw, ornne, fgun, kedkol, vklgnt}

Zrlpnrtkns la i Rnt

l Rupplsn tmn snt la studnets wml wnrn flre ke @uen ks eihnd snt I. @neey ks flre ke @uen. Rl ‗@neey ∍ I‘
hnies @neey ks ie ngnhnet la snt I. @nd ks flre ke Anfruiry. Rl, @nd ∍ I‘ hnies @nd ks elt ie ngnhnet la snt I.

l Ke i snt-fukgdnr eltitkle, slhn sktuitkles nxkst tmit hicn kt dkaakbugt tl dntnrhken wmntmnr ie lf`nbt fngleos tl tmn
snt lr elt. Alr kestiebn, ka wn irn ketnrnstnd ke ‗prntty okrgs ke tmn Zmkgkppkens‘ kt hkomt fn dkaakbugt tl dntnrhken ka i
pirtkbugir okrg fngleos tl tmn snt. tmn snt ‗prntty okrgs ke tmn Zmkgkppkens‘ ks elt wngg-dnakend.
9 | H I T MN H I T KB RKE T MNH L D NV E _ L V GD
Nxihpgn0 Rtitn wmntmnr tmn blggnbtkle ks i wngg-dnakend snt.

9. {suf`nbts ke Oridn ?}  yns, fnbiusn kt ks bgnir wmntmnr i suf`nbt ks tiuomt ke Oridn ? lr elt.
6. {plpugir ibtlrs}  el, fnbiusn slhn pnlpgn hiy bleskdnr ie ibtlr plpugir wmkgn ltmnrs hiy elt.

l  I snt wktm el ngnhnet ks biggnd ie nhpty lr eugg snt. kt ks dneltnd fy tmn syhflg {} lr ∎ .
l  I snt ks akektn snt ka kt nhpty lr ka kt bie fn pgibnd ketl i len-tl-len blrrnsplednebn wktm i snt la tmn alrh {9, 6, 2,
…, E}, wmnrn E ks i bluetkeo euhfnr. Ke ltmnr wlrds, tmn euhfnr la ngnhnets ke i akektn snt ks i wmlgn euhfnr. Ka i
snt ks elt akektn, kt ks sikd tl fn keakektn.

Nxihpgn0 Dnbkdn wmntmnr tmn snt ks akektn lr keakektn.

9. Tmn snt la bluetkeo euhfnrs ornitnr tmie 9:.  keakektn. Tmn snt ks {99, 96, 92, 94, …}
6. Tmn snt la wmlgn euhfnr gnss tmie >.  akektn. Tmn snt ks {4, 2, 6, 9, :}

l Twl snts I ied F, irn nquig (wrkttne I 8 F) ka tmny mivn nxibtgy tmn sihn ngnhnets.
l Twl akektn snts, I ied F, irn nqukvignet ka tmny mivn tmn sihn euhfnr la ngnhnets.

Nxihpgn0 stitn wmntmnr nibm pikr la snts ks nquig, nqukvignet, lr enktmnr.

9. C 8 {6, 4}, G 8 {9, 6, 2}  C ied G irn enktmnr nquig elr nqukvignet
6. H 8 {rnd, fgun, ornne} ied E 8 {ornne, fgun, rnd}  H ied E irn nquig snts. Tmn irrieonhnet la tmn
ngnhnets d dlns elt hittnr. Rl, H 8 E.
2. L 8 {6, 4} ied Z 8 {2, =}  L ied Z irn elt nquig snts skebn tmny dl elt mivn
nxibtgy Tmn sihn ngnhnets. Fut L ied Z irn nqukvignet
snts skebn Tmnrn ks len-tl-len blrrnsplednebn fntwnne
tmn ngnhnets
  la tmn snts.
 I len-tl-len blrrnsplednebn pikrs tmn ngnhnets la twl snts sl tmit, alr nibm ngnhnet la len snt, tmnrn ks nxibtgy
len ngnhnet la tmn ltmnr. Tmn twl snts mivn tmn sihn birdkeigkty.

l Tmn uekvnrsig snt, lr skhpgy tmn uekvnrsn, dneltnd fy ^, bletikes igg ngnhnets fnkeo bleskdnrnd ke i okvne

sktuitkle.
l Rnt I ks i sufsnt la F, wrkttne ‗I ⊙ F‘ ka ied legy la nvnry ngnhnet la I ks igsl ie ngnhnet la F.
Rnt I ks prlpnr sufsnt la F, wrkttne ‗I⊌ F‘, ka ied legy ka nvnry ngnhnet la I ks igsl ie ngnhnet la F ied tmit F
bletikes it gnist len ngnhnet tmit ks elt ke I.

Lpnritkles le Rnt

l Ketnrsnbtkle la snts I ied F, wrkttne  I ∫ F, ks tmn snt bletikekeo tmn ngnhnets tmit irn blhhle tl fltm I ied F.
I F
    l
    o
    e
Tmn ketnrsnbtile la I ied F bie fn smlwe ke tmn Qnee Dkiorih tl tmn rkomt.     i
Is tmn dkiorih smlws, hieol fngleos tl fltm snt I ied snt F. Kt ks ke tmn hkddgn smidnd rnokle. ippgn lrieon
    h

Tmnrnalrn,  I ∫ F 8 {hieol} Fieiei pkenippgn

_mne I ied F mivn el blhhle ngnhnets, tmne  I ∫ F 8 {}. _n siy I ied F irn dks`lket.
I F

l ^ekle la snts I ied F, wrkttne  I ∠ F, ks tmn snt la igg ngnhnets tmit irn ke I, lr ke F, lr ke fltm I ied F. tmn wlrd
‗lr‘ suoonsts uekle. Ke aibt, ”lr‛ ks tl uekle is ‗ied‘ ks tl ketnrsnbtkle. ^ekle ied Ketnrsnbtkle irn biggnd fkeiry
snt lpnritkle fnbiusn tmny rnpgibn snts wktm i tmkrd snt.

Nxihpgn0 Ke tmn akrst Qnee Dkiorih iflvn, tmn uekle la  I ∠ F 8 {ippgn, fieiei, hieol, lrieon, pkenippgn}

l Ka I ied F irn twl snts, tmne tmnkr dkaanrnebn ks okvne fy I - F lr F ‒ I. I ‒ F ks tmn snt la igg ngnhnets la I tmit
irn elt ke F. F ‒ I ks tmn snt la igg ngnhnets la F tmit irn elt ke I.

Nxihpgn0 Gnt I 8 {ippgn, hieol, fieiei} ied

  F 8 {lrieon, pkenippgn, hieol}
9. I ‒ F 8 {ippgn, fieiei}  eltkbn tmit wmkgn hieol ks ke I, wn nxbgudn kt arlh I ‒ F fnbiusn wn hust elt
ticn ieytmkeo tmit ks ke F.

6. F ‒ I 8 {lrieon, pkenippgn}
Tmn blhpgnhnet la i snt I, wrkttne I‛, ks tmn snt la ngnhnets ke tmn ^ekvnrsig snt tmit irn elt ke I.
l

lBirdkeigkty tmn tltig euhfnr la ngnhnets ke i snt.

6 | H I T MNH I T KB RKE T MNH L D NV E _ L V GD
 Nxihpgn0
 I 8 {6, 4, 1, =, 9:}  e(I) 8>  tmnrn irn legy > ngnhnets la snt I.

Nxihpgns0

9. I mkstlry tnibmnr wis ketnrnstnd tl celw iflut mnr bgiss la 16 studnets wml cnnps up wktm burrnet nvnets. Rmn oitmnrnd tmn
algglwkeo diti0
; studnets rnid tmn enwspipnr,
9= studnets gkstne tl tmn ridkl,
2: studnets witbm tngnvkskle,
2 studnets fltm rnid enwspipnr ied gkstne tl tmn ridkl,

Eltn0 Igwiys stirt wktm tmn 2: studnets wml witbm tngnvkskle legy
ketnrsnbtkle.

Rkebn tmnrn irn igrnidy 2 studnets wml fltm

rnid enwspipnr ied gkstne tl tmn
VNID EN_RZIZNV
ridkl, tmnrnalrn tmnrn irn legy 1 studnets
gnat wml rnid enwspipnr legy.
_ITBM TNGNQKRKLE

1
Rtirt wktm tmn ketnrsnbtkle. 2 studnets wml

fltm rnid enwspipnr ied gkstne tl tmn ridkl.

2 2:
Rkebn tmnrn irn igrnidy 2 studnets wml fltm
rnid enwspipnr ied gkstne tl tmn
9>
ridkl, tmnrnalrn tmnrn irn legy 9> studnets
gnat wml gkstne tl tmn ridkl legy. =
= studnets wml dl elt
GKRTNE TL TMN VIDKL rnid enwspipnr, witbm
tngnvkskle, ied gkstne tl tmn
ridkl.
9. e( Vnid Enwspipnr ∠ Gkstne ¼ tmn Vidkl ∠ _itbmTngnvkskle )8¼ >4
6.   e ( Vnid Enwspipnr ∫ Gkstne ¼ tmn Vidkl ) 82 
' 
2.   e ( Vnid Enwspipnr ∠ Gkstne ¼ tmn Vidkl ∠ _itbm Tngnvkskle ) 8=  
4.   e ( Vnid Enwspipnr ) 8>2 >4
' 

Lroiekzn
  tmn diti uskeo tmn Qnee Dkiorih.
9.96 studnets fltm gkstne tl tmn ridkl ied witbm tngnvkskle, 1 studnets fltm rnid tmn enwspipnr ied witbm tngnvkskle,
ied 6 studnets rnid tmn enwspipnr, gkstne tl tmn ridkl ied witbm tngnvkskle.

g ittned tmn quirtnrgy bleanrnebn.

ittned, ied 99 sikd tmnkr skfgkeos wkgg ittned. Akvn sikd tmnkr hltmnrs ied skfgkeos wkgg ittned, ied la tmnsn, 2 sikd tmnkr aitmnrs wkgg igsl ittned. Akvn sikd legy tmnkr skfgk
nsnets tmn okvne diti.

Ekvnri, Ogidys B., Hitmnhitkbs Zittnres ied Zribtkbigktkns ? pion >.

2 | H I T MN H I T KB RKE T MNH L D NV E _ L V GD
  

2 | H I T MN H I T KB RKE T MNH L D NV E _ L V GD